Strategies for Landing an Oracle DBA Job as a Fresher
Perception
1.
2. What is Perception
• Perception is the process through which
people take raw sensations from the
environment and interpret them, using
knowledge , experience and understanding of
the world, so that the sensation become
meaningful experiences.
4. The Influence of Motivation
• The extent of our motivation
will affect the speed and way
in which we perceive the
world.
• For example, food products
will seem to be brighter in
color when you are hungry.
5. The Influence of Expectation
• What we see is, at least to
some extent, influenced by
what we expect to see.
• Expectation can be useful
because it allows the
perceiver to focus their
attention on particular
aspects of the incoming
sensory stimulation.
• However, it can distort
perceptions too.
6. • For example, we may fail to notice printing errors or
writing errors because we are expecting to see
particular words or letters.
7. The Influence of Emotion
• Emotions affect our perception on a
physiological level. Physiologically our
current emotion could effect our
perceptions by altering how the
information is taken in.
• We find people with squeaky voices
who speak very rapidly as extremely
annoying if we are tired, but If we are
in a good we probably wouldn't find
them annoying.
8. Influence of culture
• Culture plays a major role in how we
view the world, and how we take in the
things around us.
• In Russia Red revolution.
• In China, brides wear Red and it is
considered a Good Luck color. To most
• Asians Red means happiness and
prosperity. In India Red is a symbol of
life-giving purity.
• In the Middle East the color symbolism
of Red is Danger and Evil.
9. Influence of past experience
• Past experiences can also
affect perception because
those experiences were being
stored in the mind of an
individual.
10. Perception and communication
• Perception and communication
are related as Perception is a
necessary step toward the
process of communication.
• This process of perception and
communication is two-fold.
• A person first communicates with
him or herself based on the way
he or she perceives the sensory
data from different senses
through a process known as
intrapersonal communication.
11. • In terms of interpersonal communication,
perception and communication are linked
in the various ways that perception guides
the way people relate and communicate
with each other.
12. Perception affects communication
• In any type of communication there
is always the chance that the
intended meaning is lost in the
communication.
• Robert L. Scott, a communication
scholar said that "Nothing is clear in
and of itself but in some context for
some person."
• Everybody perceives things
differently. That does not mean that
one person is right and the other
wrong.
15. Perception in Psychology
• In order to receive information from the
environment we are equipped with sense organs e.g.
eye, ear, nose.
• Each sense organ is part of a sensory system which
receives sensory inputs and transmits sensory
information to the brain
• There are several theories that psychologists have
that show us how we perceive the world. These
theories (except bottom-up and top down) are not in
opposition to each other.
16. • A major theoretical issue on which psychologists are
divided is the extent to which perception relies
directly on the information present in the stimulus.
• This controversy is discussed with respect to Gibson
(1966) who has proposed a direct theory of
perception which is a 'bottom-up' theory, and
Gregory (1970) who has proposed a constructivist
(indirect) theory of perception which is a 'top-down'
theory.
17. Gibson’s 'bottom-up' theory
• Gibson argues that there is enough
information in our environment to make
sense of the world in a direct way.
• As we move through our environment, objects
which are close to us pass us by faster than
those further away.
18. Evidence to Support Gibson’s
Theory:
• ‘Light and the Environment
• Changes in the flow of the
optic array contains
important information about
what type of movement is
taking place.
• Gibson claims that the
center of that movement
indicates the direction in
which the perceiver is
moving.
19. • ‘The Role of Invariants
in Perception’
• Gibson notes that we
rarely see a static view
of an object or scene.
When we move our
head and eyes or walk
around our
environment, things
move in and out of our
viewing fields.
• Two good examples of
invariants are texture
and linear perspective.
20. • Affordances’
• Affordances are cues in the environment that
aid perception. Important cues in the
environment include:
• Optical Array
• Relative Brightness
• Texture Gradient
• Relative Size
• Superimposition
21. Evidence against Gibson’s Theory:
• Gibson’s theory of perception provides an
explanation for fast accurate perception, however he
fails to explain why perceptions are sometimes
incorrect.
• Gibson’s theory fails to explain naturally occurring
‘illusions’.
• One of the weakest aspects of Gibson’s theory is the
concept of affordances. Humans live within a
particular cultural context in which knowledge about
the use of objects is learned rather than ‘afforded’.
22. Gregory’s Top-Down Theory of Perception
• Gregory sees perception as a hypothesis – he
argues that formation of incorrect hypotheses
will lead to errors in perception
• Gregory notes that a lot of information
reaches the eyes but is lost by the time it
reaches the brain (about 90% is lost).
23. Evidence to Support Gregory’s Theory:
• ‘Perception allows behavior to be generally
appropriate to non-sensed object
characteristics’.
• For example, we respond to certain objects as
though they are doors even though we can
only see a long narrow rectangle as the door is
ajar.
24. • Perceptions can be interpreted
• if you stare at a cross on the cube
the orientation can suddenly
change or ‘flip’, then one pattern
produces two perceptions.
• Gregory argues that this occurs
because the brain develops two
equally
reasonable hypotheses and is
unable to decide between the
two.
25. • highly unlikely objects tend to be mistaken for
likely objects
• Gregory tested this with a hollow mask he
argues that although the audience was aware
• The mask was hollow (they were aware of the
environment) they were still tricked by the
visual illusion.
26. Evidence against Gregory’s
Theory:
• The Nature of perceptual hypotheses’
If perceptions make use of hypothesis testing
the question can be asked ‘what kind of
hypotheses are they?
• ‘Perceptual development’
If we all have to construct our own worlds
based on past experiences why are our
perceptions so similar, even across cultures
34. Brightness Constancy
• We perceive objects as being a constant color
even as the light reflecting off the object
changes.
• A white piece of paper indoors reflects
considerably less light than does a black lump
of coal outside on a bright, sunny day. Yet the
paper looks white, and the coal black.
35. Depth Cues
• The concept of depth
is one of the most
studied aspects of
perception.
• Researcher E.J. Gibson
conducted a very
famous experiment
called the visual cliff
experiment to
determine when
humans are able to see
depth.
37. Amodal Perception
• Amodal perception is one of the
most recognizable types of
perception in psychology.
• It is the observation and
interpretation of things in terms
of depth and motion.
38. Color Perception
• Color perception, on the other hand,
describes the way the visual senses, denoting
the eyes, observe hues and contextualize
them in the environment.
39. Speech Perception
• The other types of perception in psychology
include those that interpret verbal output.
• Speech perception, for one, helps in not only
understanding one another, but deducing
meaning from mere sound.
40. Depth Perception
• Depth perception also acts
as one of the types of
perception psychology
• It is the visual ability to
judge the relative distance
of objects and the spatial
relationship of objects at
different distances.
