2. A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly
created to commemorate a person or important event,
or which has become important to a social group as a
part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural
heritage, or as an example of historic architecture.
fig:1.1 fig:1.2
3. In ancient Greece, the golden ratio may have been
used to lay out some buildings.
In Islamic architecture, geometrical shapes and tiling
patterns are used.
The pyramids of ancient Egypt have mathematical
proportions including the golden ratio, for whatever
reason.
Hindu temples may have been laid out using the
mathematics of astrology; they also have a fractal-like
structure where parts resemble the whole.
4. • The Walt Disney concert hall
At 111 south grand avenue of
Los angels,california,is the
Fourth hall of the los angels
Music center and was designed
By Frank Gehry
The most interesting thing about it
Is it has subtle touches of design brilliance,
Like the acoustical architecture , that have . Fig:1.3
industry experts nodding in appreciation
In the twentieth century, styles such as modern monuments and de
constructivism explored different geometries to achieve desired effects.
5. Constructed in 430 or 440 BC the Parthenon was built on the
Ancient Greek
ideals of harmony, demonstrated by the building’s perfect
proportions.
The width to height ratio of 9:4
governs the vertical and horizontal
proportions of the temple as
Well as other relationships of the
buliding ,for example the spacing
Between the columns.
fig: 1.4
6. The Taj mahal was built by shah Jahan in 1632.The
workers who built this monument had been ruined by
removing their thumbs so that they would not built
such monument again.
Shah Johan dedicated this
Monument to his wife
Mumtaz Mahal.
This monument is an
Epitome of love and affection,
Indian architecture and it is Fig:1.5
One of the seven wonders in the world.
7. Nowadays the marble(caco3)with which the Taj Mahal has
been built is getting corroded due to acid rain.
This can be ensured by looking at its decrease in colour
compared to previous years, Taj Mahal is turning yellow
because of pollution.
Taj mahal: In past fig:1.6 At present
8. Under the favorable condition some of the
cryptogrammic groups of plants: Algae, Moss, Lichens,
and others are grown up on broken joint portion of
stone. They die in dry weather and proliferate again
forming humus. Taller plant or higher group of
plants: Peepal, Bhimsenpati and other grown up,
when some birds excreta with seed drops on this
surface. under the favorable condition it grown up,
after years and years it makes ugly look the temple,
finally they damage the stone temples, etc.
9. Vatsala durga temple is located in bhaktapur durga
square in nepal,it was built by King Bhupatindra in
either 1672.it is effected by the biological factors
mentioned above.
Day by day its outlook
is getting effected
due to biological as well
as the chemical factors
which are created in
its locality
fig:1.7
10. The Carnac stones are a dense collection of more than
three thousand standing stones around the French village
of Carnac—the largest such collection in the world. The
stones were erected between 4500 and 3300 B.C.
There is a variety of theories as to the purpose of the
stones. Some claim that the stones are aligned
astronomically, with the intention of creating an
observatory or a calendar system.
Others believe that they were actually used as primitive
seismic instruments, with the balanced stones acting as
earthquake detectors.
The Carnac site is also thought to support the controversial
idea of the “megalithic yard”, a theoretical common unit of
measurement that was used to build most megalithic sites.
11.
12. On Easter Island there is one of the most remote
inhabited islands on Earth—lies one of the world’s
most famous mysteries. The giant stone statues
(Moai) of Easter Island are a favorite of tourists—
but little is actually known about them. Although
it was thought at first that the statues were merely
heads, excavation has shown almost all of them to
have bodies. Very few of the statues were ever
actually erected; most were left in quarries, or
abandoned during transport.
13.
14. The astronomical significance of the Delhi iron pillar has been
highlighted by addressing its probable original erection site at
Udayagiri and the probable image that was atop the pillar’s
capital.
Based on the astronomical significance of Udayagiri’s location on
the Tropic of Cancer, and earlier solar observations at Udayagiri,
it has been shown that the iron pillar may have been aligned
with the cardinal directions such that, on summer solstice day,
the early-morning shadow of the pillar fell along a specially cut
passageway in the direction of one of the important bas reliefs
(in cave temple 15) at Udayagiri site.
Evidences have been provided to corroborate the identification
of a circular disc-shaped object (20² diameter and 2² thick) that
was probably atop the Delhi iron pillar capital.
15. Iron pillar is qutb
Complex which is best
Known for its rust resistance.
Early indians has developed
A process which prevented it
From rusting.
It is 8m long and weighs 6
Tonnes i.e 6000 kg.
16. Itsukushima Shrine (Japanese: 厳島神
社 Itsukushima-jinja) is a Shinto shrine on
the island of Itsukushima (popularly
known as Miyajima), best known for its
"floating" torii gate. It is in the city
of Hatsukaichi in Hiroshima
Prefecture in Japan. The shrine complex is
listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site,
and the Japanese government has
designated several buildings and
possessions as National Treasures.
17. The shrine was designed
and built on pier like str-
ctures over the bay so that
it would appear floating on
the water separate from
the sacred island, which
could be approached by
the devout
