dna cloning, project report

1. KENDRIYA VIDYAL
2022
PROJECT
REPORT
DNA CLONING
SUBMITTED TO
RAMESH CHANDRA
PGT(BIO)
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
2022-2023
PROJECT
REPORT
ON
DNA CLONING
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY
RAMESH CHANDRA VAISHNAVI SHARMA
XII
YA
SUBMITTED BY:
VAISHNAVI SHARMA

2. C
CE
ER
RT
TI
IF
FI
IC
CA
AT
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E
This is to certify that VAISHNAVI SHARMA of Class XII-A of
Kendriya Vidyalaya has completed her project entitled on
the topic “DNA CLONING” under my supervision.
She has taken proper care and shown utmost sincerity in
completion of this project.
I certify that this project is up to my expectation and as per
the guidelines issued by CBSE.
………………….. …………… …………………..
Internal Examiner Principal External Examiner

3. A
AC
CK
KN
NO
OW
WL
LE
ED
DG
GE
EM
ME
EN
NT
T
I would like to express a deep sense of thanks to our Biology
Ma’am Mr.RAMESH CHANDRA for guiding me immensely
through the course of the project. He always evinced keen
interest in my work, His constructive advice and constant
motivation have been responsible for the successful
completion of this project.
My sincere thanks goes to , our principal for her
co-ordination in expending every possible support for the
completion of this project.
I also thank my parents for their motivation and support. I
must thank my classmates for their timely help and support
for the completion of this project.
I would like to thank all those who had helped directly or
indirectly towards the completion of this project.
VAISHNAVI SHARMA
CLASS-XII

4. INDEX
SR NO DESCRIPTION SIGN
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DIAGRAM
3 PROCEDURE
4 IMPORTANCE
5 BIBLIOGRAPHY

5. INTRODUCTION
“DNA cloning is a molecular biology
technique which is used for the creation
of exact copies or clones of a particular
gene or DNA.”
DNA cloning is the process of
making multiple copies of a particular
segment of DNA. During this technique, the
selected DNA fragment is inserted into a
plasmid (the circular piece of DNA) using
enzymes. Restriction enzymes and DNA
ligase are used in the process.
The restriction enzymes are used to cut the
DNA fragments at specific sequences and
DNA ligase enzymes are used to join the
nicks. The recombinant DNA thus produced
is introduced into bacteria. These bacteria

6. reproduce and produce an exact copy of the
plasmid. These copies are known as clones.

7. DIAGRAM

8. PROCEDURE
DNA Cloning
DNA Cloning takes place in the following steps:
Cutting and Pasting DNA
Two types of enzymes are used in this method:
 Restriction enzymes
 DNA ligase
The restriction enzymes cut the DNA at specific target
sequences. The target gene is inserted into the cut site and
is ligated by DNA ligase. This is known as a recombinant
plasmid.
Bacterial Transformation and Selection
The recombinant plasmid is introduced into bacteria such
as E.coli. The bacteria are subjected to very high
temperatures which compel them to take up the DNA.
This process is known as transformation. The plasmid
contains an antibiotic resistance gene which helps them to

9. survive in the presence of antibiotics. The plasmid-
containing bacteria are selected on a nutrient containing
antibiotics. The transformed bacteria survive, while the
ones without a plasmid die.
Protein Production
The plasmid-containing bacteria are cultured, and the
bacteria are provided with a chemical signal that helps
them to target the protein. After protein production, the
bacteria are split open to release it. The protein is
purified, and the target protei

10. IMPORTANCE OF DNA
CLONING
The DNA molecules produced through the cloning
techniques are used for many purposes, which include:
1. DNA cloning can be used to make proteins such as
insulin with biomedical techniques.
2. It is used to develop recombinant versions of the non-
functional gene to understand the functioning of the
normal gene. This is applied in gene therapies also.
3. It helps to analyse the effect of mutation on a
particular gene.

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NCERT TEXTBOOK(Biology)
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.Byju.com
 www.vedantu.com