Slides used for the presentation in Session T04A "Inclusive data management and sharing in archaeology" at WAC-8 Kyoto 2016.

1. T04A: Inclusive Data
Management and Sharing
in Archaeology
Chairs
Yasuhisa Kondo & Eric Kansa
1
Tuesday, August 30, 14:20 to 16:20, at RY301

2. Inclusive Data Management & Sharing:
Scope
• Inclusive = ‘not excluding any section of society or
any party involved in something’ (Oxford Dictionary
of English)
• How do we reconcile opportunities for data sharing
to make interpretation more public and inclusive
while recognizing that archaeological data can also
be misused and appropriated?
• What kinds of archaeological practice need to be
developed to make data management more inclusive
and not a new form of colonialism?
2

3. Presentation Line-up
1 Poster
• Takata & Morimoto: Publishing the Comprehensive
Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan for the
Purpose of Increasing Information Accessibility
4 Orals
• Kondo: Open science, transdisciplinary research, and
the future of archaeology
• Miki et al.: Toward inclusive data sharing using Bat
Digital Heritage Inventory: a comparison of inventories
for the World Heritage sites at Bat, Oman
3

4. Presentation Line-up
4 Orals (cont.)
• Aspöck: Digitizing early farming cultures: sharing
data on Neolithic sites and finds in Greece and
Anatolia
• Kikuchi: Open-access and application of 3D Bone
Atlas Database
‘Inclusive’ talks and discussions up to 16:20
4

5. transdisciplinary research,
and the future of archaeology
Yasuhisa Kondo
WAC-8 Kyoto 2016 Session T04A Inclusive Data Sharing in Archarology
5

6. Today’s talk
• Current trends in open science
– Open research data
– Citizen science
• Societal issue-driven research
– Participatory research
– Action research
– Transdisciplinary research
• Foresight: how can we bind open science and
transdisciplinary approaches to promote inclusive
data sharing in archaeology?
6

7. 7

8. Open Definition
“Open means anyone can freely access, use,
modify, and share for any purpose (subject, at
most, to requirements that preserve provenance
and openness).”
http://opendefinition.org/
8

9. Open Science at dawn
G8 Open Data Charter (June 2013)
8. We therefore agree to follow a set of principles that will
be the foundation for access to, and the release and re-
use of, data made available by G8 governments. They are:
 Open Data by Default
 Quality and Quantity
 Useable by All
 Releasing Data for Improved Governance
 Releasing Data for Innovation
10. We also recognise the benefits of open data can and
should be enjoyed by citizens of all nations.
9

10. Making Open Science a Reality
OECD Report, October 2015
“Open science commonly refers to
efforts to make the output of
publicly funded research
more widely accessible
in digital format to
the scientific community,
the business sector,
or society more generally.” (p.9)
10
doi: 10.1787/5jrs2f963zs1-en

11. Open science includes various concepts:
11
Open Research Data
Open Access
Citizen Science
Data Papers & Journals
Data Citation

12. Open Access (OA)
“Free, immediate, online availability of
research articles, coupled with the rights
to use these articles fully in the digital environment.”
http://www.sparc.arl.org/issues/open-access
• Gold OA: Authors pay OA fee to publishers to
make their articles open access.
• Green OA: Institutional repositories make articles
of affiliated members open access. Time delay
(embargo) may apply.
13

13. Open Data
“Open data and content can be freely used,
modified, and shared by anyone for any
purpose.”
http://opendefinition.org
• Open Government Data >> advanced!
• Open Research Data >> to be accomplished
14

14. Data Citation
as a gateway to open science
Data Journals Data Repositories
15
https://www.datacite.orghttp:///www.nature.com/sdata

15. Workflow of open research data
16
Cabinet Office of Japan (2015.3) Promoting open science in Japan. Executive summary.
http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/sonota/openscience

16. Research Data Alliance (RDA)
17http://rd-alliance.org

17. Debate: Are data easily shared in your
field?
 Rather easy in:
• Astronomy
• Geomagnetics
where “big data” have
internationally been
shared over decades.
 Rather difficult in:
• Human ecology
• Cultural anthropology
where human right issues
may remain to be solved.
18
Archaeology is somewhere in-between.

18. Some negative feedbacks
19
I don’t want other people to use
and interpret my data beyond my
control.
I’m reluctant to publish the data until I
write and publish a scientific paper using
it because the data itself has an original
value to be securely kept.
Illustration: http://www.irasutoya.com/

19. How can we make them willing to give data?
20
Illustration: http://www.irasutoya.com/
OK, I will give my
data to those
whom want.
‘Trust’ is most important for inclusive data sharing.
Dialogue (50-50 relationship) may grow the trust.

20. 23

21. My experience: digital heritage inventory
development at Bat, Oman
24
Bat Heritage Management
This map shows location of monuments and buffer zones at Bat, Al-Khutum, and Al-Ayn. Online version is available at http://goo.gl/QvhR71
UNESCO zone (2000)
All items
Bat Digital Heritage Inventory
cairn
tomb
stone alignment
house
unidentified
mound
tower
stone accumulation
cobble accumulation
lithic scatter
soil sampling
well
cairn or tomb ?
tombcemetery
built stone accumulation
dam wall
falaj
platform
stone enclosure
Charlotte's survey
All items
Malakiya 2015
All items
Malakiya 2015 (nodes)
All items
Malakiya 2015 buffer (200m
wide)
All items
(Kondo et al. 2016. doi:10.1108/JCHMSD-01-2016-0005)
Miki et al. this session

22. Town meeting with local residents
25

23. Typology of societal issue-driven research
1. Participatory Research
2. Action Research
3. Transdisciplinary Research
26

24. Researchers
Stakeholders
1. Participatory Research
27
Research
outputs
Methods: questionnaire, interview, ideathon, etc.
Initiative
(Adapted from Scholz 2014)

25. 2. Action Research
28
Researchers
Stakeholders
solution
Research
outputs
Initiative
(Adapted from Scholz 2014)

26. 3. Transdisciplinary Research
“Science with Society”
• Co-design of research agenda,
• Co-production of knowledge, and
• Co-dissemination of the results
with societal stakeholders such as governmental
agencies, funders, industries, NPOs and civil society.
(Mauser et al. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.07.001)
29

27. 3. Transdisciplinary Research in sensu stricto
30
Researchers
Residents
Decision
for
solutionDecision makers
“Co-x”
Co-plan
Co-product
Co-delivery
Co-leadership
Mutual trust
through
dialogue & mutual learning
Solution
└Societalstakeholers┘
Research
outputs
(Adapted from Scholz 2014)

28. Tacit-explicit cycle of knowledge
31(Adapted from Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995)
Tacit
Knowledge
Explicit
Knowledge
Research Publication
Education, Outreach

29. A foresight
How can we bind open science and
transdisciplinary approaches to promote
inclusive data sharing in archaeology?
• Open research data with sharing the attached
tacit knowledge.
• Promote engagements of pro bonos who have
skills to bridge different knowledge systems.
• Establish mutual trust with potential
stakeholders through dialogue.
32Thank you for listening. Contact: kondo@chikyu.ac.jp