24. Indicator sets to know about the computing
business history
1. Scale : #numbers of total computing resource (server)
2. Complexity : capability to use which could be handled via
computing system
3. Professional IT Skills : requisite IT Engineer’s computing skills
4. Personal IT Skills : requisite IT skills for personnel
26. (1) starting point
• Firstly for military use
• MARK I (in 1944) : electro-mechanical computer
• “ It began computations for the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships in May and was officially presented to
the university on August 7”
• “The Mark I had 60 sets of 24 switches for manual data entry and could store 72 numbers, each
23 decimal digits long.[4] It could do three additions or subtractions in a second. A multiplication
took six seconds, a division took 15.3 seconds, and a logarithm or a trigonometric function took
over one minute.
• The Mark I read its instructions from a 24 channel punched paper tape and executed the current
instruction and then read in the next one. It had no conditional branch instruction. This meant
that complex programs had to be physically long. A loop was accomplished by joining the end of
the paper tape containing the program back to the beginning of the tape (literally creating a
loop). This separation of data and instructions is known as the Harvard architecture (although the
exact nature of this separation that makes a machine Harvard, rather than Von Neumann, has
been obscured with the passage of time, see Modified Harvard architecture). The first
programmers of the Mark I were computing pioneers Richard Milton Bloch, Robert
Campbell, and Grace Hopper.[5]”
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I
27.
28.
29.
30. In 1946
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer)
• first general-purpose electronic
computer
• ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum
tubes, 7,200
crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 r
esistors, 10,000 capacitors and
around 5 million handsoldered joints.
• Using for computing course of a
bullet (as known)
31. (old-type) Main Frame
• From 1970s
• Mostly used for big firm for
commercial use
• with bunched card
33. In 1984
• Mackintosh
• Computer
becomes more
personal
• 1st generation
of Keyboard +
mouse input
style.
http://www.ncssm.edu/~morrison/personal/computingHistory.php
35. 1980s-1990s: Client-Server System
• One Powerful Server and several
“client”
• Server mostly handles any
computing matters, users issues
command from client.
36. 1990s-2000s: Data Center
• More comprehensively, more collectively
• Demanded for internet era from
1990, Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee
invents World Wide Web.
• Many servers, many LAN-cables and
network configurations….
37. 2010s: Cloud Computing
• “computing” power plant
• Ex. Facebook, google
• “Facebook currently leases space in
about six different data centers in
Silicon Valley, located in Santa Clara and
San Jose, and at least one in San
Francisco. The company has also leased
space in three wholesale data center
facilities in Ashburn, Virginia. Both Santa
Clara and Ashburn are key data center
hubs, where hundreds of fiber networks
meet and connect, making them ideal for
companies whose content is widely
distributed.”
Facebook data center
http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/the-facebook-data-center-faq/
38. What’s change during these 50 years for
computing business?
Increase? Decrease?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Scale?
Complexity?
(requisite) Professional IT Skills?
(requisite) Personal IT Skills?
39. One of the possible answer
Complexity
capability
Scale
Professional IT Skills
Personal IT Skills
time
40. Complexity x Scale >> IT Skills
• Scale keeps growing in Moore’s Law
• Complexity keeps increasing
• requisite personal IT skills keep lowering
• Ex. Apple I -> Macintosh -> iMac -> iPhone
• Attracting more ordinary people in numbers and attempted to use
• requisite professional IT skills keep growing
• To meet the needs of solving multi-equation problem of IT systems.
41. Scalability ≒ “Economies of scale”
• Economies of scale…
• Very simple notation: “more
goods can be produced on a larger
scale with lower costs”
• Ex.) In the graph
• At Output Q average cost will be C
• But at Output Q2, average cost will
be C1.
• Cost could be lowering by producing
single unit, optimizing the
throughput.
42. Scalability ≒“Economies of scale”
• Economies of scale…
• In IT sector…
• More integrated, amassed computing resources (servers) could process
the demand for computing issues in low cost compared to with previous
system.
• That’s because, Main Frame in 1970s, Server-Client System in
1980s, Datacenter in 1990s/2000s and Cloud Computing in 2010s
aggregates enormous number of computing resources.
• To make possible to yield one system/service with lowering per unit cost
43. How firm tackles to “economies of scale”
in ICT industry?
• Simple answer :
• “need to make difference” than (potential) competitor
• Google, Apple, Amazon and Facebook launches very enormous datacenter to transact its
data
• Lowering average cost as much as possible.
• And, to make lowering customer’s entry cost for ICT to attract potential ICT users, these
firms needs to have R&D more efficient ICT devices.
45. Summary
• Via technological progress in 20th century, people could use verypowerful computing device in low price.
• But, in doing so, these suppliers do need to face complexity and scale
of its computing system.
• Emergence of “Cloud Computing”
46. Current : ICT Business in segmented
model
B2C
CONTENTS
B2B
C2C
DeNA
GREE
Microsoft
Apple
Amazon
AMAZON EC2
Platform
Google
CloudStack by
Citrix
Citrix
Infra
structure
Cisco
47. B2C, B2B, C2C
• B2C : Business to Customer
• “Business or transactions conducted directly between a company and consumers
who are the end-users of its products or services. Business to consumer as a
business model differs significantly from the business to business model, which
refers to commerce between two or more businesses.
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/btoc.asp#ixzz2EZLGxwgv
• B2B : Business to Business
• C2C : Customer to Customer
• Many C2C businesses have online operations. Online auctions and classifieds such
as Ebay and Craig's List are examples of very successful customer to customer
business models. These sites don't look to directly sell goods to their
members, instead the customers are exchanging with other customers.
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/ctoc.asp#ixzz2EZLkINVg