2. THE CLASSICAL METHOD
Grammatical rules
Memorization of vocabulary
Translation of texts
Written exercises
Means for teaching foreign languages
3. GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD
What Classical method had become in the 19th century
Speaking in mother tongue language
Teaching vocabulary words in isolation
Long explanation in grammar
Little attention in text content
Target language to Mother tongue language and vice –
versa
No attention to pronunciation
Form and inflection of words
4. SERIES METHOD (FRANCOIS GOUIN)
Teaching learners DIRECTLY (without
translation) and conceptually (without
grammatical rules and explanations)
Series of connected sentences that are
easy to perceive
5. DIRECT METHOD / BERLITZ METHOD
Using the target language
Teaching everyday vocabulary and sentences
Applying question – and – answer technique
Teaching grammar inductively
Modeling and practicing tasks
Teaching concrete and abstract vocabulary
Teaching speech and listening comprehension
Emphasizing correct pronunciation and grammar
6. AUDIOLINGUAL METHOD (ALM)
Material in dialogue form
Mimicry, memorization, overlearning
Repetitive drills
Inductive analogy in grammar
Limited vocabulary
Tapes, language labs, visual aids
Pronunciation
Very little use of MT
Reinforced successful and error – free responses
Language manipulation
8. Community Language Learning
Learners as GROUP rather than CLASS
1. Learners in a circle. Teacher is just outside.
2. A student speaks in his NT and the counselor translates the
utterance back to the learner in the second language
3. The learner then repeats that English sentence as
accurately as possible.
4. The conversation could be taped for later listening.
Affective advantages
Success depends largely on the expertise of the counselor
9. SUGGESTOPEDIA (Georgi Lozanov, 1979)
“The human brain could process great quantities
of material if simply given the right conditions for
learning.”
Relaxation and giving over of control to the teacher
Baroque Music with 60 beats per minute
Vocabulary, readings, dialogues, role – plays, drama,
and a variety of other typical classroom activities
Need of comfortable chairs
10. THE SILENT WAY (Caleb Gattegno)
Problem – solving approach to learning
Discovery learning
Physical objects
Develops autonomy, independence, and
responsibility
11. TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (James Asher, 1977)
“Memory is increased if it is stimulated or traced
through association with MOTOR ACTIVITY.”
Great deal of listening and acting
“The instructor is the director of a stage play in
which the students are the actors.” (Asher, 1977)
Imperative mood
Interrogatives
12. THE NATURAL APPROACH (S. Krashen and T. Terrell)
Basic personal communication skills
Commands, games, skits, and small – group work
3 STAGES OF NATURAL APPROACH
a) Preproduction stage: listening comprehension
b) Early production: errors and meaning
c) Extending production into longer stretches of discourse:
fluency