3. 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROJECT
1. TO DESIGN SPACES THAT INTEGRATE BOTH NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
2. UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING AND DAYLIGHT STRATEGIES (PSALI)
3. TO INTEGRATE DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES SUCH AS PSALI INTO THE FINAL DESIGN
1.2 SITE ANALYSIS
SOUTH KLANG IS AN AREA THAT IS RICH WITH CULTURE AND HISTORY DATING BACK TO THE BRITISH COLONISATION. IT IS ONE OF
THE OLDEST TOWN IN THE WHOLE OF KALNG VALLEY AS IT USED TO BE A TIN MINING TOWN. IT IS SAD TO SAY THAT NOW
SOUTH KLANG’S UNIQUE CULTURE IS UNDER-APPRECIATED BY LOCALS AS WELL AS VISITORS. IT IS A DYING TOWN AND THE
CONDITIONS HAS WORSEN DUE TO THE OPENINGS OF NEW TOWNSHIPS SUCH AS SHAH ALAM AND KUALA LUMPUR. JALAN
BESAR NOW HAS BEEN DEGRADED INTO BEING FAMOUS FOR JUST THEIR FOOD CULTURE.
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JALAN DATO HAMZAH
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JALAN BESAR
JALAN DATO HAMZAH
JALAN STESEN 1
JALAN TENGKU DIAUDIN
JALAN
RAYA
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SITE PLAN
NOT TO SCALE
SITE
9. 9
7:18 PM
15 May
7:03 AM
9:00 AM
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1.5 SUN SHADING DIAGRAM
7:18 PM
15 May
7:03 AM
1:00 PM
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7:18 PM
15 May
7:03 AM
6:00 PM
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at 9am, the east facade of library
receives the most morning natural
lighting. the fire staircase service
spaces located at the back acts as
shading from direct glare into the
spaces.
at 1pm, the light passes through the
roof glazing of the library all the
way down to the ground floor which
illuminates the courtyard and top
floor spaces.
at 6pm, the natural light passes
through the front facade to the
spaces inside. the perforated brick
facade provides shading from direct
glare and also provides a certain
mood to the spaces.
10. 10
1.6 LIGHTING STRATEGIES
ROOF GLAZING SITUATED ON STRATEGIC AREA ON THE ROOF PROVIDES NATURAL LIGHT TO ENTER AND BRIGHTEN THE
LIBRARY SPACES ON THE UPPER FLOORS.
OPEN CORE ALLOWS NATURAL LIGHT ENTERING FROM ROOF TO GROUND FLOOR, LIGHTENING UP THE SPACES IN EACH
FLOOR AND COURTYARD.
DESIGN OF FRONT FACADE ALSO ALLOWS NATURAL LIGHT TO FILL THE SPACES AT THE FRONT OF THE BUILDING. THIS
PROVIDES SUFFICIENT NATURAL LIGHTING THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING.
11. 11
2.0 LIGHTING ANALYSIS
2.1 LIST OF FORMULAS
DAYLIGHT FACTOR
Average Daylight Factor is used to determine the adequacy of daylight for the library, following the given
formula:
ROOM INDEX, RI
ROOM INDEX, K IS REQUIRED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE UF VALUE, THE FORMULA IS AS FOLLOWS:
12. 12
LUMEN METHOD,N
Lumen method is a simplified method to calculate the light level in a room. The method is a series of
calculations that uses horizontal illuminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. The
formula is as follows:
MAXIMUN SPACING BETWEEN FITTINGS, SMAX
- FOR FLUORESCENT TUBES IN DIFFUSING LUMINARIES :
S MAX = 1.5 X HM
- FOR FILAMENT LAMPS (BLUBS) IN DIRECT LUMINAIRIES :
S MAX = 1.0 X HM
S MAX = MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL SPACING BETWEEN FITTINGS
HM = MOUNTED HEIGHT OF FITTING ABOVE THE WORKING PLANE
13. 13
2.2 SPACE A - LIGHT READING AREA
2.2.1 DAYLIGHT FACTOR CALCULATION
SPACE A
floor area, a (m²) 10m x 6.6m
= 66m²
area of window, w (m²) 4m x 4.5m
= 18m²
total internal surface area, a (m²) 2(4 x 6.6) + 2(10 x 4) + 2(6.6 x 10)
= 264.8m²
average reflectance, r 0.5
glass transmittance, t 0.6
visible sky angle, θ° 74°
average daylight factor, df (18/264.8) x [(0.6 x 74)/(1-0.5)]
= 6%
the average daylighting factor of space a is 6% which according to the ms1525 is considered to be “good”.
artificial lighting is still required to brighten up some area of the space further from the window.
daylight contour of light reading area at
1pm (not to scale)
14. 14
2.2.2 artificial lighting calculation
TYPE OF FIXTURE RECESSED light
IMAGE OF FIXTURE
PRODUCT MODEL PHILIPS LED BULB
DIMENSIONS 60mm x 100mm
TYPE OF LUMINOUS soft white
LUMINOUS FLUX, f 1600lm
POWER 14.5w
COLOUR TEMPERATURE 2700k
COLOUR RENDERING INDEX 80
lighting fixture properties
15. 15
lux required, e 150lux
floor area, a (m²) 10m x 6.6m
= 66m²
LUMINOUS FLUX, f 1600lm
utilisation factor, uf 0.59
maintenance factor, mf 0.8
number of lamps required, n n = (e x a) / (f x uf x mf)
= (150 x 66) / (1600 x 0.59 x 0.8)
= 13 ≃ 14
maximum spacing between fittings, smax smax = 1.0 x 3
= 3m
lumen method calculation
room dimension (l x w) 10m x 6.6m
= 66m²
height of room 4m
height of working plane, m 1m
mounting height, hm 4m - 1m
= 3m
ROOM INDEX, ri (k) RI = (10 x 6.6) / 3(10 + 6.6)
= 1.3 ≃ 1.5
room index calculation
17. 17
2.2.3 permanent supplementary artificial lighting of interior (psali)
psali is the method of placing luminaries which allows maximum utilisation of daylight, with the electrical
lighting used to supplement the daylight in the interior parts of the room. the need to switch on certain lights
depend on the brightness of the daylight for the interior space, hence having different switches for different
rows of lights.
switch c and switch b will be on during the morning, afternoon and cloudy days.
at night, switch a and switch c will be on to light up the space. equally distributed lights will light up
the space evenly. during this time, switch be is off to minimise energy use.
switch c will be on at all times as the inner space does not have natural lighting and is always shaded.
18. 18
2.3 space b - coffee cafe
2.3.1 artificial lighting calculation
SPACE B
lighting fixture properties
TYPE OF FIXTURE recessed dimmable light
image of fixture
PRODUCT MODEL PHILIPS LED BULB
DIMENSIONS 71mm x 134mm
TYPE OF LUMINOUS warm glow
LUMINOUS FLUX, f 2700lm
POWER 18w
COLOUR TEMPERATURE 2700k
COLOUR RENDERING INDEX 80
daylight contour of coffee cafe at 1pm (not
to scale)
19. 19
lux required, e 150lux
floor area, a (m²) 10m x 8.45m
= 84.5m²
LUMINOUS FLUX, f 2700lm
utilisation factor, uf 0.55
maintenance factor, mf 0.8
number of lamps required, n n = (e x a) / (f x uf x mf)
= (150 x 84.5) / (2700 x 0.55 x 0.8)
= 10.67 ≃ 10
maximum spacing between fittings, smax smax = 1.0 x 4
= 4m
lumen method calculation
room dimension (l x w) 10m x 8,45m
= 84.5m²
height of room 5m
height of working plane, m 1m
mounting height, hm 5m - 1m
= 4m
ROOM INDEX, ri (k) RI = (10 x 8.45) / 4(10 + 8.45)
= 1.15 ≃ 1.25
room index calculation
22. 22
3.0 references
Indoor Luminaires. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lighting.philips.com.my/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-
CINDOOR_GR
MRKextreme Follow. (2015, May 26). Lighting architecture lecture 2. Retrieved from https://
www.slideshare.net/MRKextreme/lighting-architecture-lecture-2
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.msonline.gov.my/default.php
Daylighting Performance and Design. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://books.google.com.my/books?
hl=enlr=id=RBMHD5Wk6LwCoi=fndpg=IA1dq=daylighting performance and lighting ander
gots=sxWNZn6qdRsig=IiYswU1FmDpD-_aM0qyMnegJtNU#v=onepageq=daylighting performance and lighting
ander gf=false
