8. 1. Development: Alec Fisher and Michael Scriven ( Critical Thinking: Its Definition and Assessment , 1997) “ skilled and active interpretation and evaluation of observations, communications, information and argumentation”
15. Educational ideal: basic argument Any system of education should aim to teach the knowledge, develop the skills, and foster the attitudes and dispositions of a “critical thinker”. A disposition to respond to perplexities with skillful critical thinking is helpful to anyone in managing their life. Attention to the knowledge, skills and attitudes of a critical thinker can improve them noticeably. Everybody encounters perplexities about what to believe or what to do. Skillful critical thinking is more likely to lead to a satisfactory resolution of such perplexities. Noticeable gain, more than expected. (Hitchcock 2004) Other studies found greater gains. A student can improve thinking in six different respects. (Swartz & Perkins 1990)
16.
17. Educational ideal: three models Model Advantage Challenge Infusion (in subject courses) ready-made domain knowledge transfer Stand-alone course wide range of subject-matters domain knowledge may be missing Combination domain knowledge plus wide range of subject-matters institutional commitment
![Critical thinking as an educational ideal David Hitchcock (Li zhe) McMaster University [email_address]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-criticalthinking2-110529223047-phpapp01/85/2011-05-29-Critical-thinking-1-320.jpg)
