The document discusses top lighting as a daylighting strategy. It defines top lighting as using openings located at the roof plane to admit daylight. It describes different types of top lighting like skylights, clerestories, and sawtooth roofs. Top lighting is well-suited for overcast skies and single-story buildings. Advantages include coordinated electric lighting and expressive building forms. Drawbacks can include visual discomfort from direct sun and lack of exterior views. The design process involves setting daylight factor targets, arranging spaces under roof openings, selecting aperture types, and adding shading as needed.

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2. Chapter 4

3. Chapter 4 1.4 Double Envelopes

4. Building and facade orientation Double envelopes: Are multiple leaf wall assemblies used in the transparent or largely transparent portions of a building façade Outer leaf Intermediate space Inner facade

6. aesthetic Relationship of glazing to overall facade The glass wrapped facade used the glass panels as shingles on the building exterior. Glazed balconies in Venice, Italy

7. Thermal insulation Relationship of glazing to overall facade Outer glazing covers the entire surface of the façade at the Arup offices in London A “double skin glazed thermal buffer” curtain wall addresses solar heat gain as the project’s critical factor. Simply put, a shading device within the double skin absorbs solar gain and re-radiates it as heat trapped in the cavity

8. climate control Performance goals at the transparencies most double envelopes are designed to maximize daylight while controlling solar gain – a condition typical of office buildings dominated by internal heat gain . The interstitial space is used as a protected enclosure for operable shading devices that might otherwise suffer from wind damage and weather exposure.

9. active heating and cooling Performance goals at the transparencies Double envelope mitigate the surface temperature of the interior glass, reducing the mechanical intervention required to provide comfortable conditions under both and cooling modes The double envelope facade of Bayerische Vereinsbank Building in Germany has operable leaf glass louvers

10. Configurations: 4 main types Construction Strategies Box window Corridor facade Multi-story facade Shaft-box

11. Box windows Pre-fabricated curtain wall system Construction Strategies Kofmehl Building (Switzerland) Architect: SSM Architekten’s

12. Corridor facade Construction Strategies City Gate (Dusseldorf) Architect: Petzinka, Pink & Partners Pre-fabricated curtain wall system

13. Effective with regard to ventilation Incorporate service walkways of metal grating Construction Strategies Corridor Multi-story Victoria Ensemble (Koln) Architect: Thomas Van Den Valentyn

14. Shaft box Construction Strategies ARAG Turm, Dusseldorf Architect: Norman Foster

15. LEED Rating Energy and Atmosphere (35 points) Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems Minimum Energy Performance Fundamental Refrigerant Management Indoor Environmental Quality (15 points) Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control Innovation and Design Process (6 points) Construction Strategies

16. Utilization Maintenance Requirements Efficiency of the façade can only be assessed in the context of the climate conditions of the site Each double façade must be tailored to the occupant’s function

17. Europe: Operable inner glazing leaf Control over outdoor air in the workspace North America: Interior hinge plate glass “ exhaust window” Maintenance Requirements

19. Case Study Herz Jesu Church, Munich

21. Case Study

22. Any Questions? If you are interested in this strategy you might want to consider the following literature: On the Typology, Costs, Energy Performance, Environmental Quality and Operational Characteristics of Double Skin Facades in European Buildings. Available: http://www.earthscan.co.uk/Portals/0/Files/Sample%20Chapters/9781844073894.pdf Double Skin Facades, Maria Wall Available: http://www2.ebd.lth.se/ebdhome/avd_ebd/main/personal/Harris/main/Double%20Skin %20Facades.htm Case Studies: Double FaçadeAvailable: http://www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca/ faculty_projects/terri/sustain_casestudies/ut4.pdf Case Studies: Double Facades in Germany Available: http://www.bbri.be/activefacad es/new/index.cfm?cat=5_example_building&sub=8_germany

23. Chapter 4 1.5 Green Roofs

39. Chapter 4 2.1 Daylight Factor

40. Daylight Factor

52. Chapter 4 2.2 Daylight Zoning

53. Daylight Zoning The process of grouping various spaces in a building with similar luminous requirements into a day-lighting zone, thereby enabling design and control cost saving. Kuwait University College of Engineering Department of Architecture Design 4 Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Dhare’ah Al Nafjan 206111265 Nouf Al Bader 206111043

54. Daylight Zoning : According to Location and Orientation of a space.

56. The Designer has control over the location and orientation of a space to maximize day-lighting, while function and usage schedule are based on the program.

57. Sometimes a space needs to be zoned with equal amount of light reaching both sides of the building

60. Maximizing the buildings Perimeter and the use of Top-Lighting for critical interior spaces optimizes daylight access for zones where lighting is needed.

61. Using an Atrium or Light Courts can also help in lighting the space.

62. Skin : Volume Ratio A building that optimizes day-lighting and natural ventilation would be shaped so that more of the floor area is close to the perimeter.

63. Daylight zoning can be difficult at times because the spaces cannot be grouped based on functions and times of usage due to the program of the building.

64. Not all sites allow Solar Access as a form of day-lighting because of the adjacent and circulation needs

66. Shading devices on the external walls of a building can be used to decrease the amount of light entering the building Shading Devices

68. Measurement would show how far into the room will the side-lighting extent reach depending on how big the window openings are

69. Adjacency of a particular space will also affect the amount of light coming through the windows which will also affect the zoning of that space.

70. An example showing the combination of day-lighting and electric lighting in a computer area

71. A study made while planning a space to help show how affective day-lighting is with and without the use of electric lighting

72. Three distinct daylight zones: Reading Cubicles, Corridor and Stack Area

73. Chapter 4 2.3 Toplighting

74. Top Lighting Is a day light strategy that uses openings located at the roof plane as the point of admission for the surrounding daylight. TopLighted cault in musee de orsay ,Paris

76. Skylight musueem

77. Clerestory library cathedral Santa fe opera , interior of the theatre

78. Sawtooth

79. Light scoop

80. Roof monitor

81. Over cast sky- the weather where the sky consists of 95% clouds. Top lighting is an ideal strategy :

82. International Examples Arup Campus Solihull in Blythe Valley Park Dual function of roof pods seen from the inside and exterior

83. Bristish Museum

85. One story

86. Multiuse room with top lighting and side lighting to provide daylight distributions.

88. Comparing different top lighting scenarios

91. 3)Determine what type of top lighting aperture eg (sky lighting, clerestory etc), is most appropriate for the space, building orientation, sky conditions and climate. 4) Evaluate different glazing options for the aperture (which is an opening in which the light travels in). Glazing should have:- -VT ( high visible transmittance) - SHGC ( in hot climates a low solar heat gain coefficient), so as to minimize sloar heat gain

92. 5) Estimate the size of daylighting apertures. A=((DFavg)(Afloor))/(AE) A being the required area of aperture,ft2(m2) DFavg being the target daylight factor Afloor being the illuminated floor area, ft2(m2) AE being the Aperture effectiveness factor 6)Arrange surfaces adjacent to the top lighting aperture to diffuse entering light to reduce contrast and distribute daylight throughout the space. 7)Evaluate the need for shading for top lighting apertures and design appropriate devices to provide necessary shading.