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藥物中毒之藥事照顧經驗分享-2
加護病房查房日誌
1
案例二 劉小姐
• 在路邊倒下,意識不清,由路人呼叫119送至急診,
呈現意識不清及呼吸窘迫的情況。在急診緊急插管後,
送至加護病房照護。
• 緊急插管時的用藥為lidocaine、midazolam、
succinylcholine cholride 。
• 病人轉入ICU後情況:嘴唇跟四肢發疳、FiO2:100% 、
ABG:O2 sat 100% 、SpO2: 80% 。
2
Saturation gap?
3
正常的對比 病人發紺的手
嘴唇發紺
巧克力咖啡色動脈血
醫師懷疑為變性血紅素血症
檢驗MetHb: 33.8 % (正常是0-0.8)
4
什麼是變性血紅素血症?
5
和氧氣結合
X
Ref: Methemoglobinemia, http://illustratedmedicine.blogspot.com/2010_09_01_archive.html,
2011 updated
甲基血紅素的代謝路徑
6
正常人<1%
1
2
變性血紅素血症的機轉
7
無法和氧結合
變性血紅素血症的原因
• 先天性
▫ Cytochrome b5 reductase 缺陷、Hemoglobin M
disease
• 大部份為後天性
▫ 發生率約0.7%
8
Ref:
1. Dyshemoglobinemias. In: Disorders of Hemoglobin:
Genetics, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management,
Steinberg, M (ed.) 2nd Edition, 2009; p. 607.
2. Drug Saf 1996 Jun;14(6):394-405.
我們較懷疑為lidocaine
那病人會怎樣?
9
Ref: Crit Care Nurse. 2002;22: 50-55
10
正常 發紺
嘴唇發紺
巧克力咖啡色動脈血
那要怎麼治療呢?
• 若為後天性
▫ 第一步:停用可疑藥物
 無症狀或metHb < 20 %
 不用治療
▫ 有症狀或metHb > 20%
 Methylene blue
▫ 其它治療:
 blood transfusion or exchange transfusion
 Hyperbaric oxygen
11
甲基藍(又稱甲烯藍)要怎麼用呢?
• 1 to 2 mg/kg IV over 5 mins
• 很快就有效
▫ 1小時後再驗metHb,若高可以再給
▫ 通常打一劑就會有效,但有時因毒物吸收時間較久,可
能有rebound methemoglobinemia
• 小心過量 (> 7mg/kg)
▫ 呼吸困難及胸痛的情況
▫ 高劑量時,加重methemoglobinemia
12
病人後來的情況
13
80 80
92
80 79
92
33.8
16.8 12.5
32.3
39.2
2.80
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
SpO2(%)
MetHb(%)
施打甲基藍
施打甲基藍
案例學習
• Lidocaine可能會導致變性血紅素血症
▫ 過去文獻較多為局部使用
▫ 但本案例是靜脈注射
• 臨床上若遇到病人有發紺的情況,且動脈血的
PO2是正常的時候或是呈現巧克力咖啡色的血時
▫ 就要懷疑有變性紅血球血症
14
補充說明
• 那裡有甲基藍呢?
15
全國解毒劑儲備網
但是,故事還沒有結束……
• 星期一在別院的醫師打電話來,有開立鋰鹽給病
人,要趕快驗鋰鹽
• 小夜班接到醫師的電話
• 病人鋰鹽的濃度是 7 mEq/L
▫ 正常值: 0.8-1.2 mEq/L
16
Lithium (鋰鹽)
• 用於治療雙極性情感疾患或抗憂鬱藥治療
• 治療區間狹窄
• 許多長期使用的病人,在治療期間都至少發生過
一次中毒
17
Ref: Jeanmarie P. MD Lithium poisoning. In: UpToDate, Jonathan G, MD(Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2015.
鋰鹽中毒類型
• 平常沒吃,自殺一下子吃一整瓶急性
• 平常有吃,自殺一下子吃一整瓶急慢性
• 平常有吃,可能因為腎功能低下慢性
18
Ref: Jeanmarie P. MD Lithium poisoning. In: UpToDate, Jonathan G, MD(Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2015.
急性與急慢性中毒
19
病史詢問
• 鋰鹽是長效還是短效? 吃多少? 甚麼時候吃? 故意
的嗎?
• 另外要注意病人是否脫水?
▫ 嘔吐,拉肚子,發燒或感染
• 是否並用會導致脫水或腎功能不全的藥品?
▫ 利尿劑,ACEI (angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitors),NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs)
20
Ref: Jeanmarie P. MD Lithium poisoning. In: UpToDate, Jonathan G, MD(Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2015.
臨床症狀
• 噁心,嘔吐,腹瀉
腸胃道
• 心律不整,QTc延長或心跳過慢
心臟
• 較慢發生,因要通過中樞神經
• 昏迷,癲癇,腦病變神經
21
Ref: Jeanmarie P. MD Lithium poisoning. In: UpToDate, Jonathan G, MD(Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2015.
長期神經併發症
• 有些病人,就算洗腎後,仍有神經併發症
• 包括:
▫ 小腦失能
▫ 外錐體路徑症候群
▫ 腦幹失能
▫ 失智症
22
Ref: Jeanmarie P. MD Lithium poisoning. In: UpToDate, Jonathan G, MD(Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2015.
慢性中毒
23
臨床表徵
• 與急性中毒不同
• 長期使用可能導致腎臟損傷,多尿,口渴
• 危險因子
▫ 脫水,尤其是天氣暖和的地方或並用藥品
 NSAIDs 或ACE inhibitors
24
其他表徵
• 慢慢發生,神經肌肉興奮,顫抖,癲癇
• 危險因子: > 50歲,慢性使用,腎功能不全神經
• 心律不整,QT延長,心律過慢
心臟
• 腎因性尿崩症,過多的尿排除,體液缺乏,
小心高血鈉腎臟
25
檢查數據
鋰鹽濃度
(0.8-1.2)
全血球 電解質
腎功能 心電圖 其他監測
26
濃度和嚴重度不一定相關
治療處理
維持生命 補充水分
洗胃 洗腎
27
幫助排除
活性碳無法預防吸收
洗腎
• 首選,因為鋰鹽低分子量,無白蛋白結合,分布
體積小
• 濃度> 4 mEq/L,不論臨床上是否有症狀
• 濃度> 2.5 mEq/L且
▫ 病人有明顯毒性症狀,包括: 癲癇,憂鬱等
▫ 病人腎功能不全,不易排出鋰鹽
▫ 病人有心衰竭,不能給大量水分
• 洗腎後六小時要再驗濃度
▫ 監測是否反彈鋰鹽濃度上升
28
回到病人
• 小夜班立即洗腎並且六小時後再監測濃度
• 但病人隔天卻兵敗如山倒,敗血性休克,急救無
效
• 檢討:
▫ 其實病人入住加護病房已經2天,但得知鋰鹽中毒
時間較慢,而且病人亦無中毒的症狀。
▫ 之後只要遇到服藥自殺的病人,都會問之前的醫院
或用雲端藥歷查詢用藥。
29
感恩聆聽
有興趣的同仁可到我臉書粉絲頁
「加護病房查房日誌」
每天進步一點
或是email: ymkbaz60@gmail.com
30

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Notas del editor

  1. Fingerstick glucose, to rule out hypoglycemia as the cause of any alteration in mental status ●Acetaminophen and salicylate levels, to rule out these common coingestions ●Electrocardiogram, to rule out conduction system poisoning by drugs that affect the QRS or QTc intervals ●Pregnancy test in women of childbearing age