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心臟與血管疾病之藥物治療 
加護病房查房日誌 
1
血栓症之藥物治療 
2
靜脈血栓栓塞包括 
3 
肺栓塞 
(pulmonary embolism, PE) 
深層靜脈栓塞 
(deep venous thrombosis, DVT)
靜脈血栓栓塞的原因 
• 第五凝血因子Leiden 
• 凝血酶原基因突變 
• 50-60% 
先天 
• 大手術、外傷、不動、惡性 
後天腫瘤、懷孕、口服避孕藥 
4 
Kenneth, AB. Overveiw of the causes of venous thrombosis. In: UpToDate, Geraldine, F (Ed), UpToDate,Waltham, MA, 2013
靜脈血栓栓塞的藥物治療 
5 
Ref: the 2012 ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy 
Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e419S
急性期治療 
• 不論是PE或DVT,都需使用 
▫ Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH,低分子量) 
▫ Unfractionated intravenous heparin 
▫ Fondaparinux (Factor Xa inhibitor) 
▫ Adjusted dose subcutaneous heparin 
6 
我們醫院臨床主要用這兩種
7 
內在路徑凝血連鎖反應 
外在路徑
Heparin和LMWH的作用機轉 
8 
Ref: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine - 17th Ed. (2008) 
antithrombin Ⅲ亦可與 
factor Ⅹa結合而抑制其作用。 
可加強antithrombin Ⅲ與thrombin的結合, 
從而抑制了thrombin的作用 
對凝血因子Ⅹa具有選擇性的拮抗作用
低分子量肝素(Low Molecular Weight 
Heparin, LMWH) 
• Enoxaparin 
• Tinzaparin 
• Dalteparin 
• Nadroparin 
• Ardeparin 
• Reviparin 
9 
Ref: Tapson VF. Treatment of acute pulmonary embolism 
In: UpToDate, Wilson KC (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
Enoxaparin (Clexane) 
• 機轉/分類: 抑制凝血因子9,10,11,12/抗凝血藥物 
• 常用適應症/劑量(SQ/IV,不能IM) 
• 急性冠心症: 1 mg/kg (最高一次投與75 mg) SC Q12H 
• 深度靜脈栓塞: 
▫ 預防: 40 mg SC QD 
▫ 治療: 1 mg/kg SC Q12H 
• 腎功能不全病患劑量調整: 
▫ GFR <30 ml/min: 劑量減半,否則容易引起出血!! 
• 療效與安全性指標: 不須監測aPTT,但要注意血小板 
低下 
10
使用LMWH要監測什麼? 
• 不需監測anti-Xa levels 
• 但要特殊族群需要小心使用 
▫ 肥胖 
BMI>40 
▫ 體重較輕 
男生<57 kg,女生<45 kg 
▫ 腎功能不好 
Clcr: 30-80 ml/min, 不用調整劑量 
< 30 ml/min, 不建議使用,可改選UFH或降一半劑量 
11 
Ref: Tapson VF. Treatment of acute pulmonary embolism 
In: UpToDate, Wilson KC (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
Unfractionated heparin的用法 
一開始劑量80 units/kg bolus, then 18 units/kg per hour 
aPTT結果處置下次監測aPTT時間 
< 35 secs 
(<1.2 x control) 
80 units/kg bolus,之後每 
小時增加輸注速率4 
units/kg 
6小時 
35-45 secs 
(1.2-1.5 x control) 
40 units/kg bolus,之後每 
小時增加輸注速率2 
units/kg 
6小時 
46-70 secs 
(1.5-2.3 x control) 
不變6小時(若連續兩次 
都正常,下次可在 
隔天早上測) 
71-90 secs 
(2.3-3.0 x control) 
每小時降低輸注速率2 
units/kg 
6小時 
>90 secs 
(>3.0 x control) 
停止輸注1小時,每小時 
降低輸注速率3 units/kg 
6小時 
12
Heparin過量時的解毒劑 
• 使用protamine sulfate緩慢靜脈注射 
▫ < 20 mg/min 且< 50 mg in 10 min 
• 1 mg protamine中和100 units heparin 
▫ 具強鹼性,與heparin並用,因heparin具強酸性,可 
與之形成穩定的鹽而失去抗凝血的作用。 
13 
Ref: Valentine KA. Therapeutic use of heparin and low molecular weight heparinIn: UpToDate, 
Landaw SA (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
LMWH比heparin好的地方 
14
Heparin引起的血小板低下 
(Heparin induced thrombocytopenia, HIT) 
• 發生率: 10-30%,四天內發生,輕 
微下降(很少低於100,000/uL),不須 
停用heparin,3-5天自動回復。 
第一型 
• 發生率: UFH:3%,LMWH: 0.7%,常發生在使用超 
過一周以上,可能會致命 
• 應改用直接凝血酶抑制劑或第10凝血因子抑制劑 
第二型 
15
打針和口服抗凝血藥要重疊使用 
16 
針劑-例如: 低分子量heparin 
中間要重疊五天 
口服warfarin 
必記
Warfarin 
• 鏡像異構物 
▫ S 和R 型 
• S 型主要由CYP2C9 肝臟酵素代謝 
• 高蛋白結合,主要為白蛋白 
▫ 只有未結合態有效 
• 水溶性,可完全經口吸收 
• 半衰期:36到42小時 
17 
Ref: Valentine, KA. Therapeutic use of werfarin. 
In: UpToDate, Landaw, SA. (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
Warfarin的作用機轉 
18 
凝血因子2,7,9,10 
的輔助因子
Warfarin 臨床應用 
• 起始劑量 
▫ 如果> 5 mg/day 
▫ 會先使得factor VII先降低,之後才會降factor II 
▫ INR會先延長,抗血栓的效果之後才會出現 
• 個人化劑量 
▫ 尤其是老人和容易出血的人 
• 懷孕禁用,致畸胎 
▫ 會通過胎盤 
▫ 可改用UFH或LMWH 
19 
Ref: Valentine, KA. Therapeutic use of werfarin. 
In: UpToDate, Landaw, SA. (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
Warfarin建議起始劑量與監測 
• 前兩天:最好不超過5 mg/day 
▫ 老年人更少 
▫ 根據INR值調整劑量 
▫ 影響劑量的因子很多 
年齡、藥物、食物、基因等 
• 劑量 
▫ 監測INR,一開始1-2天監測 
▫ 穩定1-2星期後,可以2-4星期監測一次 
▫ INR目標大多為2-3 
20 
Ref: Valentine, KA. Therapeutic use of werfarin. 
In: UpToDate, Landaw, SA. (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
基因交互作用 
•Hepatic cytochrome 
P-450 2C9 CYP2C9 
•Vitamin K1 epoxide 
reductase complex 1 VKORC1 
21
Warfarin藥物交互作用 
• 影響血小板功能(aspirin, clopidogrel) 
• 腸胃道傷害(NSAIDs) 
• 影響腸胃道內vitamin K的合成(抗生素) 
• 影響warfarin的吸收(維他命C, azathioprine) 
• 影響warfarin的代謝(amiodarone, rifampin) 
▫ 酒精(急性: 抑制代謝,慢性: 誘導代謝) 
• 干擾vitamin K的代謝(acetaminophen) 
22 
Ref: Valentine, KA. Therapeutic use of werfarin. 
In: UpToDate, Landaw, SA. (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
影響warfarin的代謝 
• INR上升: Acetaminophen, 
allopurinol, Azole, Macrolides, 
fluroquinolones, SSRIs, Statins 
抑制代謝 
• INR下降: Carbamazepine, 
Griseofulvin, Phenytoin, 
Primidone, Rifampin 
誘導代謝 
23 
必考,臨 
床也要特 
別小心
Warfarin和食物的交互作用 
• 動物肝臟,深綠色蔬菜(青花椰菜, 
菠菜,芥藍等),不須避免,但要定量 
富含 
vitamin K 
• 蔓越莓汁,銀杏,當歸等 
增加出血 
風險 
24
Wafarin 中毒時之處理 
INR 是否出血? UpToDate建議處置與ACCP 2012不 
同處 
<5 無1. 降低warfarin dose或停幾個dose 
2. 密切監測INR,以調整劑量。 
5-9 無1. 停一個dose,給口服低劑量(1-2.5 
mg)的vit K。 
2. 密切監測INR,等INR正常再重新給 
warfarin並調整劑量。 
INR 4.5-10,不 
需常規給vit K, 
除非是高風險出 
血的病人。 
>9 無1. 停用warfarin,給口服低劑量(2.5-5 
mg)的vit K。 
2. 密切監測INR,等INR正常再重新給 
warfarin並調整劑量。 
不管INR 
嚴重出血甚至有 
生命危險 
1. 停用warfarin,給slow IV infusion 
(10 mg)的vit K,FFP或 
prothrombin complex 
concentration。 
2. 密切監測INR,等INR正常再重新給 
warfarin並調整劑量。 
25
補充說明-醫藥新知 
26
Warfarin(維他命K拮抗劑)與新型口服抗 
凝血劑之比較表 
Warfarin 新口服抗凝血劑 
需常規抗凝血監測 
食物與藥物交互作用 
治療區間狹窄 
個體對於劑量反應之多變性 
固定劑量不需常規監測 
較少食物與藥物交互作用 
治療區間較寬 
可預測之抗凝血效果 
起始作用時間延遲起始作用時間快速 
半衰期長半衰期短 
主要肝臟代謝主要腎臟代謝 
有解毒劑無解毒劑 
透過INR來監測抗凝血功能無標準監測項目 
INR: international normalized ratio 
27
新舊口服抗凝血藥之藥理學比較 
28 
學名Dabigatran Rivaroxaban Apixaban Warfarin 
作用標的Thrombin Factor Xa Factor Xa 
Vitamin K 
dependent 
coagulation 
factor 
給藥間隔每日兩次每日一次每日兩次每日一次 
生體可用率6% 66-100% >50% >95% 
藥物達尖峰時間0.5-2小時2-4小時1-4小時90分 
半衰期12-14小時9小時8-13小時36-42小時 
腎臟排除80% 66% 25% 92% 
蛋白結合35% 90% 90% 99% 
藥物交互作用 
P-gp 抑制劑 
和誘導劑 
合併P-gp和 
CYP3A4抑制劑 
和誘導劑 
合併P-gp和 
CYP3A4抑 
制劑和誘導 
劑 
CYP2C9, 
1A2, 3A4 
解毒劑 
無 
(建議洗腎) 
無 
(建議PCCs) 
無 
(建議PCCs) 
PCCs或FFP 
或vitamin K 
縮寫:FFP-fresh frozen plasma, PCCs-prothrombin complex concentrates, P-gp-P-glycoprotein
感恩聆聽 
未來有任何問題都可以上 
臉書-加護病房粉絲頁留言提問喔 
不管是臨床或國考都可以喔 
29

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Heparin warfarin use

  • 3. 靜脈血栓栓塞包括 3 肺栓塞 (pulmonary embolism, PE) 深層靜脈栓塞 (deep venous thrombosis, DVT)
  • 4. 靜脈血栓栓塞的原因 • 第五凝血因子Leiden • 凝血酶原基因突變 • 50-60% 先天 • 大手術、外傷、不動、惡性 後天腫瘤、懷孕、口服避孕藥 4 Kenneth, AB. Overveiw of the causes of venous thrombosis. In: UpToDate, Geraldine, F (Ed), UpToDate,Waltham, MA, 2013
  • 5. 靜脈血栓栓塞的藥物治療 5 Ref: the 2012 ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e419S
  • 6. 急性期治療 • 不論是PE或DVT,都需使用 ▫ Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH,低分子量) ▫ Unfractionated intravenous heparin ▫ Fondaparinux (Factor Xa inhibitor) ▫ Adjusted dose subcutaneous heparin 6 我們醫院臨床主要用這兩種
  • 8. Heparin和LMWH的作用機轉 8 Ref: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine - 17th Ed. (2008) antithrombin Ⅲ亦可與 factor Ⅹa結合而抑制其作用。 可加強antithrombin Ⅲ與thrombin的結合, 從而抑制了thrombin的作用 對凝血因子Ⅹa具有選擇性的拮抗作用
  • 9. 低分子量肝素(Low Molecular Weight Heparin, LMWH) • Enoxaparin • Tinzaparin • Dalteparin • Nadroparin • Ardeparin • Reviparin 9 Ref: Tapson VF. Treatment of acute pulmonary embolism In: UpToDate, Wilson KC (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
  • 10. Enoxaparin (Clexane) • 機轉/分類: 抑制凝血因子9,10,11,12/抗凝血藥物 • 常用適應症/劑量(SQ/IV,不能IM) • 急性冠心症: 1 mg/kg (最高一次投與75 mg) SC Q12H • 深度靜脈栓塞: ▫ 預防: 40 mg SC QD ▫ 治療: 1 mg/kg SC Q12H • 腎功能不全病患劑量調整: ▫ GFR <30 ml/min: 劑量減半,否則容易引起出血!! • 療效與安全性指標: 不須監測aPTT,但要注意血小板 低下 10
  • 11. 使用LMWH要監測什麼? • 不需監測anti-Xa levels • 但要特殊族群需要小心使用 ▫ 肥胖 BMI>40 ▫ 體重較輕 男生<57 kg,女生<45 kg ▫ 腎功能不好 Clcr: 30-80 ml/min, 不用調整劑量 < 30 ml/min, 不建議使用,可改選UFH或降一半劑量 11 Ref: Tapson VF. Treatment of acute pulmonary embolism In: UpToDate, Wilson KC (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
  • 12. Unfractionated heparin的用法 一開始劑量80 units/kg bolus, then 18 units/kg per hour aPTT結果處置下次監測aPTT時間 < 35 secs (<1.2 x control) 80 units/kg bolus,之後每 小時增加輸注速率4 units/kg 6小時 35-45 secs (1.2-1.5 x control) 40 units/kg bolus,之後每 小時增加輸注速率2 units/kg 6小時 46-70 secs (1.5-2.3 x control) 不變6小時(若連續兩次 都正常,下次可在 隔天早上測) 71-90 secs (2.3-3.0 x control) 每小時降低輸注速率2 units/kg 6小時 >90 secs (>3.0 x control) 停止輸注1小時,每小時 降低輸注速率3 units/kg 6小時 12
  • 13. Heparin過量時的解毒劑 • 使用protamine sulfate緩慢靜脈注射 ▫ < 20 mg/min 且< 50 mg in 10 min • 1 mg protamine中和100 units heparin ▫ 具強鹼性,與heparin並用,因heparin具強酸性,可 與之形成穩定的鹽而失去抗凝血的作用。 13 Ref: Valentine KA. Therapeutic use of heparin and low molecular weight heparinIn: UpToDate, Landaw SA (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
  • 15. Heparin引起的血小板低下 (Heparin induced thrombocytopenia, HIT) • 發生率: 10-30%,四天內發生,輕 微下降(很少低於100,000/uL),不須 停用heparin,3-5天自動回復。 第一型 • 發生率: UFH:3%,LMWH: 0.7%,常發生在使用超 過一周以上,可能會致命 • 應改用直接凝血酶抑制劑或第10凝血因子抑制劑 第二型 15
  • 16. 打針和口服抗凝血藥要重疊使用 16 針劑-例如: 低分子量heparin 中間要重疊五天 口服warfarin 必記
  • 17. Warfarin • 鏡像異構物 ▫ S 和R 型 • S 型主要由CYP2C9 肝臟酵素代謝 • 高蛋白結合,主要為白蛋白 ▫ 只有未結合態有效 • 水溶性,可完全經口吸收 • 半衰期:36到42小時 17 Ref: Valentine, KA. Therapeutic use of werfarin. In: UpToDate, Landaw, SA. (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
  • 19. Warfarin 臨床應用 • 起始劑量 ▫ 如果> 5 mg/day ▫ 會先使得factor VII先降低,之後才會降factor II ▫ INR會先延長,抗血栓的效果之後才會出現 • 個人化劑量 ▫ 尤其是老人和容易出血的人 • 懷孕禁用,致畸胎 ▫ 會通過胎盤 ▫ 可改用UFH或LMWH 19 Ref: Valentine, KA. Therapeutic use of werfarin. In: UpToDate, Landaw, SA. (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
  • 20. Warfarin建議起始劑量與監測 • 前兩天:最好不超過5 mg/day ▫ 老年人更少 ▫ 根據INR值調整劑量 ▫ 影響劑量的因子很多 年齡、藥物、食物、基因等 • 劑量 ▫ 監測INR,一開始1-2天監測 ▫ 穩定1-2星期後,可以2-4星期監測一次 ▫ INR目標大多為2-3 20 Ref: Valentine, KA. Therapeutic use of werfarin. In: UpToDate, Landaw, SA. (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
  • 21. 基因交互作用 •Hepatic cytochrome P-450 2C9 CYP2C9 •Vitamin K1 epoxide reductase complex 1 VKORC1 21
  • 22. Warfarin藥物交互作用 • 影響血小板功能(aspirin, clopidogrel) • 腸胃道傷害(NSAIDs) • 影響腸胃道內vitamin K的合成(抗生素) • 影響warfarin的吸收(維他命C, azathioprine) • 影響warfarin的代謝(amiodarone, rifampin) ▫ 酒精(急性: 抑制代謝,慢性: 誘導代謝) • 干擾vitamin K的代謝(acetaminophen) 22 Ref: Valentine, KA. Therapeutic use of werfarin. In: UpToDate, Landaw, SA. (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
  • 23. 影響warfarin的代謝 • INR上升: Acetaminophen, allopurinol, Azole, Macrolides, fluroquinolones, SSRIs, Statins 抑制代謝 • INR下降: Carbamazepine, Griseofulvin, Phenytoin, Primidone, Rifampin 誘導代謝 23 必考,臨 床也要特 別小心
  • 24. Warfarin和食物的交互作用 • 動物肝臟,深綠色蔬菜(青花椰菜, 菠菜,芥藍等),不須避免,但要定量 富含 vitamin K • 蔓越莓汁,銀杏,當歸等 增加出血 風險 24
  • 25. Wafarin 中毒時之處理 INR 是否出血? UpToDate建議處置與ACCP 2012不 同處 <5 無1. 降低warfarin dose或停幾個dose 2. 密切監測INR,以調整劑量。 5-9 無1. 停一個dose,給口服低劑量(1-2.5 mg)的vit K。 2. 密切監測INR,等INR正常再重新給 warfarin並調整劑量。 INR 4.5-10,不 需常規給vit K, 除非是高風險出 血的病人。 >9 無1. 停用warfarin,給口服低劑量(2.5-5 mg)的vit K。 2. 密切監測INR,等INR正常再重新給 warfarin並調整劑量。 不管INR 嚴重出血甚至有 生命危險 1. 停用warfarin,給slow IV infusion (10 mg)的vit K,FFP或 prothrombin complex concentration。 2. 密切監測INR,等INR正常再重新給 warfarin並調整劑量。 25
  • 27. Warfarin(維他命K拮抗劑)與新型口服抗 凝血劑之比較表 Warfarin 新口服抗凝血劑 需常規抗凝血監測 食物與藥物交互作用 治療區間狹窄 個體對於劑量反應之多變性 固定劑量不需常規監測 較少食物與藥物交互作用 治療區間較寬 可預測之抗凝血效果 起始作用時間延遲起始作用時間快速 半衰期長半衰期短 主要肝臟代謝主要腎臟代謝 有解毒劑無解毒劑 透過INR來監測抗凝血功能無標準監測項目 INR: international normalized ratio 27
  • 28. 新舊口服抗凝血藥之藥理學比較 28 學名Dabigatran Rivaroxaban Apixaban Warfarin 作用標的Thrombin Factor Xa Factor Xa Vitamin K dependent coagulation factor 給藥間隔每日兩次每日一次每日兩次每日一次 生體可用率6% 66-100% >50% >95% 藥物達尖峰時間0.5-2小時2-4小時1-4小時90分 半衰期12-14小時9小時8-13小時36-42小時 腎臟排除80% 66% 25% 92% 蛋白結合35% 90% 90% 99% 藥物交互作用 P-gp 抑制劑 和誘導劑 合併P-gp和 CYP3A4抑制劑 和誘導劑 合併P-gp和 CYP3A4抑 制劑和誘導 劑 CYP2C9, 1A2, 3A4 解毒劑 無 (建議洗腎) 無 (建議PCCs) 無 (建議PCCs) PCCs或FFP 或vitamin K 縮寫:FFP-fresh frozen plasma, PCCs-prothrombin complex concentrates, P-gp-P-glycoprotein

Notas del editor

  1. unfractionated heparin (簡稱為UFH),其可加強antithrombin Ⅲ與thrombin的結合,從而抑制了thrombin的作用;另一方面,antithrombin Ⅲ亦可與factor Ⅹa結合而抑制其作用。