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Estimation
               Direct Linear Transformations



                                                백용환




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University         http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Direct Linear Transformation




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University            http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Our Goal?
       ●    다음을 만족하는 H :

       ●    이렇게?
             –    문제점 : Scale Factor!


       ●    정확히는



Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University               http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Then How?
       ●    변형 :
             –    (Why? Wikipedia Link)


       ●    풀어쓰면


                                                       {                 }



Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University              http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Reorganize
       ●    또한                                  =

       ●                                  꼴의 형태이고 이는 Linear

       ●       의 3개 열중 2개는 Dependent
            (한 열은 무시해도 상관 X)



Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University             http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
What is a Solution?
       ●    명백한 해 :                             =0
             –    Not Interested!
       ●    그 외의 해는?
             –    A is 12 x 9 (8 x 9) Matrix[Rank : 8, Null-
                  Space : 1] → Has a Solution
       ●       는 의 Scale을 제거한 것이므로
             || ||=1를 만족할 것이다.


Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University            http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
What is the Problem?
       ●    4개 이상의 대응점을 주어주는 경우
            Rank 개수 이상을 만족하므로 h에 대한
            Exact Solution이 존재
             –    하지만 만약 그 4개의 대응점이 Error를 포함하고
                  있다면? 그 Exact Solution은 우리가 원하는
                  Solution이 아닐 것이다.
                  (Overdetermined)




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Constraints
       ●    What to minimize?
       ●    Avoid =0
       ●    || ||=1
       ●    If No Solution? Minimize ||                  ||

       ●    3번째, 4번째를 요약하면 : ||                          ||/|| ||
       ●    위의 사항을 이용한 Basic DLT Algorithm.

Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University                       http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Basic DLT Algorithm




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University    http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Cost Function




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University         http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Algebraic Distance
       ●    기하학적, 통계적 의미 X
       ●    Normalize를 거치면 좋은 결과를 냄
       ●    Linear(Unique Solution)
       ●    연산이 빠름
       ●




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University      http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Geometric Distance
       ●    Error in one Image
             –    H에 의해 Transfer된 점과, 측정된 점과의
                  Euclidean Distance 합으로 표현


       ●    Error in two Images (Symmetric Transfer
            Error)
             –    두 이미지 모두의 Error를 최소화 하고자함 →
                  Forward와 Backward를 모두 계산


Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University    http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Algebraic vs. Geometric
       ●    Algebraic :
       ●    Geometric :

       ●    Geometric Distance에 Algebraic Distance
            가 내포되어 있다 (조건 :              )
             –    Affine Transformation




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Reprojection Error
       ●    True Point와 Measured Point 사이의 거리
            (Correction)
             –    얼마나 True Point에 가깝게 Estimate 하는가
       ●    Transfer했을 때의 True Point와 Measured
            Point 사이의 거리(Correction)
       ●    Measured Point의 Transfer는 Perfect함




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University      http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Reprojection vs. Symmetric




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Geometric Interpretation
                   of Reprojection Error
       ●   2개의 평면에 대한 Homography는 4차원 공간상
           에서 공간면에 Fitting하는 관점으로 해석할 수 있
           다.
       ●   주어진 점과 4차원 공간면에 접하는 가장 가까운
           점을 고른다. (Perfect Fit)
       ●   주어진 점과 접하는 점 사이의 Geometric
           Distance를 구하면

             –   이는 Reprojection Error와 동치

Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Reprojection vs. Symmetric




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Geometric Error Problem
       ●    우선 H를 추정해야함.

       ●    추정한 H에 Fitting하는 Point
            찾아내야함

       ➔    높은 복잡도, Non-Linear, But 정확


Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Sampson Error
       ●          의 First-order Approximation을 사용
             –    테일러 전개 이용


       ●                                               (                 )

       ●                                  가 최소가 되는 것



Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University              http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Sampson Error
       ●    적절한 식정리를 하면(책 참고)
             –   Error :


       ●                   는 모두                 에 Dependent함
             –   적절한 처리를 하면 쉽게 구해낼 수 있음


       ●     를 구하는 것이 Hyperplane상의 Fitting형
            태로 문제가 바뀜

Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University                  http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Statistical Cost Function
       ●    측정된 값들의 Error가 확률 분포를 이룬다 라
            고 생각




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Error in one Image
       ●    Exact Value의 표현

       ●    Log-likelihood를 구함

       ●    Maximum Likelihood Estimate는 Log-
            likelihood를 Maximize = Minimize



Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University      http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Error in both Images
       ●    Exact Value의 표현



       ●    마찬가지로 Log-likelihood를 Maximize
            = Minimize




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University    http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Mahalanobis Distance
       ●    One Image인 경우, Log-likelihood를
            Maximize = Mahalanobis Distance가
            Minimize
       ●    Both Images인 경우, 두 이미지는 독립이라
            생각하면
       ●    각 Point들도 서로 독립적이라 하면




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Transformation Invariance & Normalization




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Invariance to Image Coordinate
              Transformations
       1.한 이미지에 변환 T를 가했을 경우
       2.다른 한 이미지는 T’로 보일것
       3.이를 이용해 H를 찾을 수 있다

       ●    이때, 알고리즘에 의해 영향을 받으면 안되어
            야함



Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Non-invariance
       ●    변환을 가했을 경우, H와 H’은 서로 같은 조건
            인가?
       ●    H와 H’은 1:1 대응이 아닐 수 있음

       ●    Transform의 전후 관계에 따라 H가 다르게
            나올 수 있다



Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University        http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Invariance of Geometric Error
       ●    Euclidean Transformation T, T’을 사용한 경
            우

       ●    Euclidean Distance는 Euclidean
            Transformation에 영향을 받지 않으므로 성
            립
       ●    H는 결국 Geometric Error가 동일하게 수렴
            하므로 Invarient

Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Normalizing Transformations
       ●   DLT Algorithm을 적용하기 전에 사용
       ●   SVD 분해를 할 때 극단적으로 값이 달라서
           Round-Off Error가 커질 수 있음
       ●   Point Near Infinity의 경우 힘듬


       1.Centroid가 원점에 가도록 Translate
       2.원점으로부터 평균 거리가                          가 되도록 Scale
       3.두 이미지에 각각 적용

Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University          http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Normalized DLT for 2D
                        Homographies




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Iterative Minimization Methods




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University      http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Iterative Minimization Method
       ●    Minimize Cost Function에 필요한 기법
       ●    Cons : 느림, Initial Estimate 문제, Local
            Minimum 문제, Stop 조건 문제

       ●    Iterative하게 Implement시 주의할 점이 더
            필요함



Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Technique of Iterative
                           Minimization
       ●   Cost Function
            –   Minimization에 대한 지표
       ●   Parametrization
            –   Finite # of Parameters
       ●   Function Specification
            –   Parameters에 대한 Function 정의
       ●   Initialization
            –   초기값 추정 (보통 Linear Algorithm 이용)
       ●   Iteration
                 ●   Cost Function에 따라 점점 정확해져야함


Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University      http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Initialization
       ●   Normalized DLT Algorithm으로 직접 구하기
             –   Outlier를 가진 경우

       ●   Robust Estimation으로 구하기

       ●   Dense Sampling of Parameter Space

       ●   Fixed Point in Parameter Space

Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University              http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Golden Standard Algorithm +
               Sampson Error




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Robust Estimation




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University              http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Robust Estimation
       ●    단순히 점들을 이용하는 경우, 선별한 점이
            Mismatch할 가능성이 있음 (Outlier 정보들)

       ●    목표 : Inlier에 해당하는 집합을 찾아(추정)보
            자




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University      http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
RANSAC
       ●    장점 : 많은 Outlier를 가지고 있어도 사용가
            능
       1.점 2개를 무작위로 선택 (Line을 이루게됨)
       2.일정 Distance 내에 있는 Point의 수를 기록
       3.위 과정을 반복한 후, 가장 많은 Point를 내포
         하고 있는 것을 Robust Fit으로 사용 & 내포
         된 Point들은 Inlier


Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University            http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
RANSAC Robust Algorithm




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
RANSAC Problems
       ●    일정 Distance에 대한 판별
             –    Error Probability Distribution (DOF, Variance)
       ●    Sample 개수
             –    확률모델 이용(                                   )
       ●    Acceptable Consensus Set?
             –




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University           http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Robust Maximum
                         Likelihood Estimation
       ●    RANSAC으로 찾아낸 Inlier들을 이용하여 re-
            estimate를 하자.
             –    Inlier들 중에서 Optimal한 값을 추려냄
             –    ML Cost Function을 Minimize
       ●    Robust Cost Function
             –    전체 Data에 대한 적당한 Cost Function




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University    http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
Automatic Computation of
                   a Homography




Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University   http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr

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Multiple View Geometry - Estimation (Direct Linear Transformation)

  • 1. Estimation Direct Linear Transformations 백용환 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 2. Direct Linear Transformation Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 3. Our Goal? ● 다음을 만족하는 H : ● 이렇게? – 문제점 : Scale Factor! ● 정확히는 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 4. Then How? ● 변형 : – (Why? Wikipedia Link) ● 풀어쓰면 { } Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 5. Reorganize ● 또한 = ● 꼴의 형태이고 이는 Linear ● 의 3개 열중 2개는 Dependent (한 열은 무시해도 상관 X) Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 6. What is a Solution? ● 명백한 해 : =0 – Not Interested! ● 그 외의 해는? – A is 12 x 9 (8 x 9) Matrix[Rank : 8, Null- Space : 1] → Has a Solution ● 는 의 Scale을 제거한 것이므로 || ||=1를 만족할 것이다. Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 7. What is the Problem? ● 4개 이상의 대응점을 주어주는 경우 Rank 개수 이상을 만족하므로 h에 대한 Exact Solution이 존재 – 하지만 만약 그 4개의 대응점이 Error를 포함하고 있다면? 그 Exact Solution은 우리가 원하는 Solution이 아닐 것이다. (Overdetermined) Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 8. Constraints ● What to minimize? ● Avoid =0 ● || ||=1 ● If No Solution? Minimize || || ● 3번째, 4번째를 요약하면 : || ||/|| || ● 위의 사항을 이용한 Basic DLT Algorithm. Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 9. Basic DLT Algorithm Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 10. Cost Function Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 11. Algebraic Distance ● 기하학적, 통계적 의미 X ● Normalize를 거치면 좋은 결과를 냄 ● Linear(Unique Solution) ● 연산이 빠름 ● Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 12. Geometric Distance ● Error in one Image – H에 의해 Transfer된 점과, 측정된 점과의 Euclidean Distance 합으로 표현 ● Error in two Images (Symmetric Transfer Error) – 두 이미지 모두의 Error를 최소화 하고자함 → Forward와 Backward를 모두 계산 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 13. Algebraic vs. Geometric ● Algebraic : ● Geometric : ● Geometric Distance에 Algebraic Distance 가 내포되어 있다 (조건 : ) – Affine Transformation Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 14. Reprojection Error ● True Point와 Measured Point 사이의 거리 (Correction) – 얼마나 True Point에 가깝게 Estimate 하는가 ● Transfer했을 때의 True Point와 Measured Point 사이의 거리(Correction) ● Measured Point의 Transfer는 Perfect함 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 15. Reprojection vs. Symmetric Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 16. Geometric Interpretation of Reprojection Error ● 2개의 평면에 대한 Homography는 4차원 공간상 에서 공간면에 Fitting하는 관점으로 해석할 수 있 다. ● 주어진 점과 4차원 공간면에 접하는 가장 가까운 점을 고른다. (Perfect Fit) ● 주어진 점과 접하는 점 사이의 Geometric Distance를 구하면 – 이는 Reprojection Error와 동치 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 17. Reprojection vs. Symmetric Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 18. Geometric Error Problem ● 우선 H를 추정해야함. ● 추정한 H에 Fitting하는 Point 찾아내야함 ➔ 높은 복잡도, Non-Linear, But 정확 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 19. Sampson Error ● 의 First-order Approximation을 사용 – 테일러 전개 이용 ● ( ) ● 가 최소가 되는 것 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 20. Sampson Error ● 적절한 식정리를 하면(책 참고) – Error : ● 는 모두 에 Dependent함 – 적절한 처리를 하면 쉽게 구해낼 수 있음 ● 를 구하는 것이 Hyperplane상의 Fitting형 태로 문제가 바뀜 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 21. Statistical Cost Function ● 측정된 값들의 Error가 확률 분포를 이룬다 라 고 생각 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 22. Error in one Image ● Exact Value의 표현 ● Log-likelihood를 구함 ● Maximum Likelihood Estimate는 Log- likelihood를 Maximize = Minimize Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 23. Error in both Images ● Exact Value의 표현 ● 마찬가지로 Log-likelihood를 Maximize = Minimize Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 24. Mahalanobis Distance ● One Image인 경우, Log-likelihood를 Maximize = Mahalanobis Distance가 Minimize ● Both Images인 경우, 두 이미지는 독립이라 생각하면 ● 각 Point들도 서로 독립적이라 하면 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 25. Transformation Invariance & Normalization Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 26. Invariance to Image Coordinate Transformations 1.한 이미지에 변환 T를 가했을 경우 2.다른 한 이미지는 T’로 보일것 3.이를 이용해 H를 찾을 수 있다 ● 이때, 알고리즘에 의해 영향을 받으면 안되어 야함 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 27. Non-invariance ● 변환을 가했을 경우, H와 H’은 서로 같은 조건 인가? ● H와 H’은 1:1 대응이 아닐 수 있음 ● Transform의 전후 관계에 따라 H가 다르게 나올 수 있다 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 28. Invariance of Geometric Error ● Euclidean Transformation T, T’을 사용한 경 우 ● Euclidean Distance는 Euclidean Transformation에 영향을 받지 않으므로 성 립 ● H는 결국 Geometric Error가 동일하게 수렴 하므로 Invarient Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 29. Normalizing Transformations ● DLT Algorithm을 적용하기 전에 사용 ● SVD 분해를 할 때 극단적으로 값이 달라서 Round-Off Error가 커질 수 있음 ● Point Near Infinity의 경우 힘듬 1.Centroid가 원점에 가도록 Translate 2.원점으로부터 평균 거리가 가 되도록 Scale 3.두 이미지에 각각 적용 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 30. Normalized DLT for 2D Homographies Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 31. Iterative Minimization Methods Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 32. Iterative Minimization Method ● Minimize Cost Function에 필요한 기법 ● Cons : 느림, Initial Estimate 문제, Local Minimum 문제, Stop 조건 문제 ● Iterative하게 Implement시 주의할 점이 더 필요함 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 33. Technique of Iterative Minimization ● Cost Function – Minimization에 대한 지표 ● Parametrization – Finite # of Parameters ● Function Specification – Parameters에 대한 Function 정의 ● Initialization – 초기값 추정 (보통 Linear Algorithm 이용) ● Iteration ● Cost Function에 따라 점점 정확해져야함 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 34. Initialization ● Normalized DLT Algorithm으로 직접 구하기 – Outlier를 가진 경우 ● Robust Estimation으로 구하기 ● Dense Sampling of Parameter Space ● Fixed Point in Parameter Space Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 35. Golden Standard Algorithm + Sampson Error Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 36. Robust Estimation Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 37. Robust Estimation ● 단순히 점들을 이용하는 경우, 선별한 점이 Mismatch할 가능성이 있음 (Outlier 정보들) ● 목표 : Inlier에 해당하는 집합을 찾아(추정)보 자 Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 38. RANSAC ● 장점 : 많은 Outlier를 가지고 있어도 사용가 능 1.점 2개를 무작위로 선택 (Line을 이루게됨) 2.일정 Distance 내에 있는 Point의 수를 기록 3.위 과정을 반복한 후, 가장 많은 Point를 내포 하고 있는 것을 Robust Fit으로 사용 & 내포 된 Point들은 Inlier Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 39. RANSAC Robust Algorithm Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 40. RANSAC Problems ● 일정 Distance에 대한 판별 – Error Probability Distribution (DOF, Variance) ● Sample 개수 – 확률모델 이용( ) ● Acceptable Consensus Set? – Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 41. Robust Maximum Likelihood Estimation ● RANSAC으로 찾아낸 Inlier들을 이용하여 re- estimate를 하자. – Inlier들 중에서 Optimal한 값을 추려냄 – ML Cost Function을 Minimize ● Robust Cost Function – 전체 Data에 대한 적당한 Cost Function Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr
  • 42. Automatic Computation of a Homography Mixed Reality Laboratory | Hanyang University http://mr.hanyang.ac.kr