Since 1957, Lord was involved in swiflet research. Till todate, more of his works has not been shared. This is the opportunity for those interested to share his works...

2. SWIFTLETS (COLLOCALIINI) of MALAYSIA RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES 2010 Photo: Lim Chan Koon

4. Swallows share the skies with swiftlets, but are unrelated

5. Unlike swallows, swiftlets cannot perch. They feed (on aerial arthropods) and drink on the wing. Lim Chan Koon

6. APODIFORMES APODI TROCHILI Lim Chan Koon Apodidae Hemiprocnidae T rochilidae Tree-swifts Swifts Hummingbirds

7. APODIDAE APODINAE CYPSELOIDINAE Lim Chan Koon Chaeturini Collocaliini Apodini Swiftlets Spinetails Typical swifts

8. COLLOCALIINI Lim Chan Koon Aerodramus Collocalia Hydrochous Glossy Grey-brown Giant swiftlet swiftlets swiftlets /Waterfall swift Schoutedenapus Africa 2 species

9. Diversity peaks World range of swiftlets: Indo-Pacific Mascerenes Eastern Himalayas New Caledonia Hawaii Indo-Malayan region

10. World range of swiftlets: Indo-Malayan Mascerenes A erodramus unicolor New Caledonia

12. Diversity of swiftlets of Indian ocean, Asia & Australasia [nos. of species] [1] [1] [1] [ < 1 > ] [3] [ < [ 8 ] > ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [1] [ 6 ] [1] Migratory

13. Hot-spot Malaysia 3 genera, 8 species of swiftlets

16. Waterfall swift (also called the “giant” swiftlet Breeding records Sight records

17. Waterfall swift, Hydrochous gigas

18. The nest of the Giant Swiftlet is built of mossy vegetation, loosely held together by soft, moist salivary material. This swiftlet lays a single egg Photo: J-H. Becking

19. The single nestling of the giant swiftlet. The plumose down is unique among swiftlets Photo: J-H. Becking

21. troglodytes esculenta Plain tailed linchi Glossy swiftlets Two species in Malaysia White spots on tail feathers

22. Speciation among Glossy swiftlets, Collocalia C. esculenta L. 1758 C. linchi H & M 1834 C. troglodytes Gray 1845 All build self-supporting cup-like nests of strands of plant material, fixed with a basal band of edible nest ‘cement’

23. Collocalia : glossy swiftlets 1. White-bellied swiftlets C. esculenta

24. Collocalia : glossy swiftlets 1. White-bellied swiftlets C. esculenta cyanoptila

25. Key character: a single feather tuft on the hind toe (hallux) Collocalia esculenta cyanoptila

26. Collocalia linchi, Linchi swiftlet : Java, part of Sumatra & Kinabalu, Sabah Green glossed upperparts No tuft on hallux

28. Black-brown swiftlets Aerodramus Photos: Lim Chan Koon

30. Six swiftlets of interior Borneo: Comparative wing lengths Scale in mm Chris Stimpson Diagram by C. Stimpson

31. Speciation among ‘mossy’ nest swiftlets Permanently soft, glutinous salivary nest-cement Lim Chan Koon

32. A.vanikorensis Q & G 1830 A.salanganus Streubel 1848 * * * = type locality The two allopatric “mossy-nest” swiftlets

33. There is only one species of swiftlet building the ‘Black’ nests this is Aerodramus maximus Lim Chan Koon

34. Hevily feathered tarsus = A. maximus Naked (or lightly feathered) tarsus = others Field characters 2.

35. Black-nest swiftlet Aerodramus maximus New discovery: Sembilan Is Bau/Serian Tj Datu Tatau/Kakus NIAH Eastern Sabah A. m. maximus A. m. lowi

37. Pulau Gua, Sarawak

39. A. maximus lowi at Tjg Datuk, Sarawak

40. Glossy swiftlets Collocalia Linchi Black-brown, Aerodramus Giant swiftlet Hydrochous Black nest White nest Mossy nest Bracket vegetable nest Indo-Malayan swiftlets

42. White nests ( ‘vestitus’) Salai cave, Baram, Sarawak Photo Lim Chan Koon

43. White nests are highest value These nests are composed almost entirely of edible nest-cement, with no more than a few feathers adhering to or incorporated, Raw nests may be worth RM 7000 per kg of ~100 nests

45. There are also two species of “white-nest” swiftlets This is the typical dark-rumped form Aerodramus f. fuciphagus of Java

46. White-nest swiftlets from Sarawak Aerodramus fuciphagus vestitus

47. AMNH 634703 f Coll. H.C. Robinson, Koh Pennan (Phangan Is) 13 June 1913. L Wing 112 No moult. Grey rumped, or Germain’s swiftlet Aerodramus germani Coasts and islands from Hainan (China) & Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, to Andaman Is Grey rump, with dark shaft streaks

49. Skins from Satang Kecil (1933)

50. Young bird from Satang Kecil, Sarawak Turtle Is. Collected in 1957

51. White-nest swiftlet from Gomantong cave , Sabah

52. Two skins from Juara Bay Tioman island (1907)

53. P. Condore Type locality Malacca Satang Island Mantanani Is. Berhala Is. Maratua Is. (ssp. perplexus ) Southern and western limits of Grey-rumped swiftlets Aerodramus germani in Malaysia P. Tioman Gomantong Sembilan Is

54. Batu Putih, Kepulauan Sembilan Photo: Lim Tze Tshen

56. “ White Rock” (Sembilan Is.) Eleven nests of Grey-rumped swiftlet on 7/4/2010

57. SWIFTLETS (COLLOCALIINI) of MALAYSIA RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES 2010 1. Conservation issues Photo: Lim Chan Koon

58. Karst limestone of interior Borneo Surprisingly, no records of Aerodramus swiftlets in any cave in Msia Semenanjung Caves in limestone and other rocks are the natural nesting sites of swiftlets.

59. White cliffs Dizzy heights Twisty tunnels The work of nest collectors is very hazardous

60. A. (f.) vestitus Salai cave, Baram, Sarawak Rarely can nests be gathered by hand Lim Chan Koon

61. Walkways in cave interiors are made of natural materials Panguma cave, Niah, Sarawak Black-nest colony

62. Nuar at Panguma Fixed climbing aids also use available natural materials

63. Johari Top of the pole Sarawak Museum

64. Collecting head at the end of the pole (penyulok ) Huge loss of life – eggs and young birds : Kayan river, Kalimantan Timur George Nawan

65. SWIFTLETS (COLLOCALIINI) of MALAYSIA RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES 2010 1. Identity of house farmed white-nest swiftlets Photo: Lim Chan Koon

66. House-farm buildings are now a familiar part of the street scene Is this the solution to sustainbility ?

67. HOUSE-FARMING THE LATEST DOMESTICATION Intensive management of housed swiftlets began in Java, Indonesia, in the 1970s

69. In Java, especially, skills developed in transforming buildings naturally colonised by glossy swiftlets into white-nest houses

70. Egg transfer

71. Nest management

72. House in transition C. linchi > A. fuciphagus Glossy swiftlet nests White nests

73. New nest house at Bayang Kara, Kaltim. Original wooden house with C. esculenta nests enclosed in concrete shell; eggs imported from W. Java Ventilation holes Cladding, for coolness Javanese technology exported

74. Spontaneous occupation of buildings by edible/white-nest swiftlets Penang & Butterworth Kuala Terengganu Bintulu Melaka Singapore Java (multiple instances) Banjermasin Since 1890

75. Spontaneous colonisations of buildings in Pen. Malaysia Penang (1947) K. Terengganu (1974) Kuala Lumpur (1948) Known start dates Melaka (1953) Singapore (1935)

77. Since 1990s swiftlet-farming has relied on the direct attraction of free-flying birds into specially constructed houses

78. Tower block North Sumatra New build (2002)

79. Vertiginous new structure in Pak Phanang, S. Thailand

80. A young bird at Miri, Sarawak Resembles neither of the wild species of Borneo

81. An adult from Kuching house

82. House-farmed white-nest swiftlets of Sarawak do not resemble either of the wild species Aerodramus germani on islands Aerodramus (f.) vestitus of inland caves

86. Pak Phanang S. Thailand

87. A bird that flew into a house in Taiping Presumably from a local farm-house

88. Adult bird no. 2, Penang 29 Oct 08

89. Adult bird no. 3, Penang 29 Oct 08

90. Adult bird Kota Bahru Oct 08

92. Neighbour Joining Tree based on partial Cyt b region Sibu (03) Setiawan (SW102) Setiawan (SW01) Setiawan (SW101) Kuantan (KT152) Endau (EN191) Endau (EN193) Rompin (RP61) Selangor (SB32B) Selangor (SB32A) Sumatra ( SM77) Sumatra (SM78) Sumatra (SM77a) Sumatra (SM76) vestitus Goh Wei Lim Baram (LS01) Baram (LS09 ) Kuantan (KT41B ) Setiawan (SW02) Kuantan (KT41A) Kuantan (KT151) Endau (EN192 ) A. maximus 66 95 83 49 59 0.005

95. Even the most successful house-farm managers are ignorant of basic biology of swiftlets

96. Malaysian swiftlets: statistics for wild birds (averages ) Species Ad. Wt. (g) Egg size (mm) Clutch Incub’n (days) Fledge (days) Black-nest 18 25 x 16 1 28 59 White-nest ( vestitus) 12.5 20 x 14 2 25 45 Mossy- nest 12.5 21 x 14 2 23 48 Glossy ( cyanoptila ) 7.5 17 x 11 2 22 42

97. Black-nest swiftlet: Slow nestling growth Body mass (g) Wing length (mm) Adult Kang et al.

98. White-nest swiftlet: eggs & nestlings Salai cave, Sarawak, 1997-98 1997 1998 Eggs Nestlings Lim Chan Koon

99. White-nest Swiftlets: % undisturbed, marked nests containing at least one egg = breeding. 3 Sarawak caves Lim Chan Koon

101. Inactive gland Active gland Black nest swiftlet

103. Commercial nests “ C. brevisrostris” Apus pacificus Apus affinis Human growth hormone

104. Repackaged as a novel product

105. The Malaysian government has recognised that the husbandry of swiftlets in houses falls into the remit of the Veterinary Department, including issues such as animal welfare and cruelty

107. Breeding cycle & salivary gland activity Females Males Gonads active Salivary glands inactive Gonads inactive Salivary glands active

108. White-nest : coordinated breeding Lim Chan Koon

109. A. (f.) vestitus : ‘Porcupine’ stage

112. Malaysia (2-5 o N) Annual breeding cycle and moult All birds

113. Black-nest swiftlet at Niah Annual moult of the primary tract

114. A. (f.) vestitus : breeding & moult *** 1 st primaries moulted Last primaries moulted *** Lim Chan Koon

115. Black-nest swiftlets at Sarang: moult & breeding % nests with eggs Count of shed feathers Lim Chan Koon

117. 1958 sonograph of echo-locating calls of Aerodramus maximus < - - - 2 seconds - - - > Single clicks, very short duration : 0 – 15 kHz ‘white sound’ A||||||||||||||V 20 kHz

119. Why do swiftlets prefer to build their nests in corners ?

120. Corner nests are 3 rd -grade in the market, which prefers 180º nests

121. Studies of behaviour at the cave mouth shows that swiftlets feed only during daylight hours, and that weather (especially rain) is an important determinant of the birds’ activity. It is likely that prolonged rainy weather is detrimental to their ability to feed

122. The influence of weather on behaviour

123. Analysis of food balls fed to nestlings, compared with passive samples of aerial insects, shows that swiftlets are selective feeders, taking a very wide variety of arthropod prey

125. Could managed, selective breeding of house-farmed birds improve the stock, e.g., female fecundity, nest weight or quality, disease resistance ?

127. In the scenario of this newest domestication, with the backing of sound husbandry and good science , rational planning can ensure the perpetuation and sustainable management of this important biological resource.

130. Carpometacarpus of a swiftlet Scale in mm Chris Stimpson

131. Carpometacarpus: Fossils from Niah cave Scale in mm Chris Stimpson

132. Carpometacarpus: Fossils from Niah cave Scale in mm Chris Stimpson

133. Gathorne Hardy MA PhD PNBS(K) (5 th Earl of Cranbrook) Sarawak Museum (1956 - Yayasan Siswa Lokantara Universiti Malaya Niah cave excavations “Expeditions” (1964 – 92), to Kinabalu, Gn Benom, Vanuatu, Gn Mulu, Belalong (Brunei) Chairman, English Nature (1990-98), Chairman Entrust, Regulator of Environmental bodies under UK Landfill tax regulations (1996)