The document summarizes key aspects of the female reproductive system, including the three stages of labor and delivery (dilation, expulsion, and placental stages) and describes a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy procedure which involves removing the uterus, cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, often due to benign or malignant diseases.

1. By :Yozette Williams
Female Reproductive System

2. The study of the reproductive system
is the medical specialty of
gynecology
 Gynecology from Greek meaning woman, is the
medical practice dealing with the health of the
female reproductive system ( uterus, vagina, and
ovaries.) Almost all gynecologist are also
obstetricians.

3. There are three stages of labor
and delivery

4. Dilation Stage
 The cervix is the neck of the womb (or uterus)
which opens in the vagina. This is closed
throughout and at the end of pregnancy, but
needs to open to allow the baby to pass through
into the vagina in order to be born.

5. Expulsion Stage
 The cervix is fully dilated and is complete when
the baby has been born. During this time the
woman will add her effort of pushing and bearing
down to the expulsive contractions to birth the
baby

6. Placental Stage
 The third stage begins directly after the birth of
the baby and involves the separation and the
delivery of the placenta and membranes (the after
birth). This stage is complete when the mother
has successfully passed the placenta and
membranes.

7. Total Abdominal Hysterectomy –
Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
 This refers to removal of the uterus, cervix,
ovaries, and fallopian tubes. Utilized for benign
and malignant disease where removal of the
genitalia is indicated. The operation can be
performed with the preservation or removal of the
ovaries, on one or both sides. In benign diseases,
the possibabilty of bilateral and unilateral
oophorectomy should be thoroughly discussed
with the patient. Frequently, in malignant disease,
no choice exist but to remove the tubes and
ovaries, since they are frequent sights of micro
metastases.

8. Good Bye