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1. Lecture 2
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2. Generation of Microprocessors
 We divide the years of development of
microprocessors as 5 generations
 From 1970 to date
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3. First generation (1971 – 73)
 Intel Corporation introduced 4004, the first
microprocessor in 1971.
 During the same period:
 Rockwell International’s PPS-4 (4 bits)
 Intel’s 8008 (8 bits)
 National Semiconductor’s IMP-16 (16 bits)
 They were fabricated using PMOS technology which
provided low cost, slow speed and low output currents
 They were not compatible with TTL
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4. Second Generation (1974 – 1978)
 Marked the beginning of very efficient 8 – bit
microprocessors.
 Some of the popular processors were:
 Motorola’s 6800 and 6809
 Intel’s 8085
 Zilog’s Z80
 They were manufactured using NMOS technology.
 This technology offered faster speed and higher
density than PMOS
 TTL compatible
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5. Third generation microprocessors
(1979 – 80)
 This age dominated by 16 – bits microprocessors
 Some of them were:
 Intel’s 8086/80186/80286
 Motorolla’s 68000/68010
 They were designed using HMOS technology
 HMOS provides some advantages over NMOS as
 Speed-power-product of HMOS is four times better than that
of NMOS
 HMOS can accommodate twice the circuit density compared
to NMOS
 Intel used HMOS technology to recreate 8085A and named
it as 8085AH with a higher price tag.
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6. Fourth Generation (1981 – 1995)
 This era marked the beginning of 32 bits
microprocessors
 Intel introduced 432, which was bit problematic
 a clean Intel 80386 is launched.
 Motorola introduced 68020/68030.
 They were fabricated using low-power version of the
HMOS technology called HCMOS.
 Motorola introduced 32-bit RISC processors called
MC88100
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7. Fifth Generation (1995 – till date)
 This age the emphasis is on introducing chips that
carry on-chip functionalities and improvements in the
speed of memory and I/O devices along with
introduction of 64-bit microprocessors.
 Intel leads the show here with Pentium, Celeron and
very recently dual and quad core processors working
with up to 3.5GHz speed.
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8. Evolution of Intel Microprocessors
4-bit 8-bit 16-bit 32-bit 64-bit
4004 8008 8086 80386 Dual Core
4040 8080 8088 80486 Core 2
8085 80186 Pentium/80586 Core i7
80188 PII Core i5
80286 PIII Core i3
PIV
Dual Core
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9. INTEL 4004
 the first microprocessor by Intel.
 Its clock speed was 740KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.
 It could execute around 60,000 instructions per
second.
 Bus width: 4 bits
 4 KB program memory
 640 bytes data memory
 No interrupts
 16-pin DIP (Dual Inline Package)
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11. INTEL 8080
 Introduced in 1974.
 8-bit microprocessor.
 clock speed 2 MHz.
 It had 6,000 transistors.
 10 times faster than 8008.
 execute 5,00,000 instructions per second.
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13. INTEL 8085
 Introduced in 1976.
 8-bit μP.
 Its clock speed 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second.
 It could access 64 KB of memory.
 It had 246 instructions.
 Over 100 million copies were sold.
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15. INTEL 8086
 Introduced in 1978.
 It was first 16-bit μP.
 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz,
depending on the version.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit.
 It had 29,000 transistors.
 Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
 It can access 1 MB of memory.
 It has 22,000 instructions.
 It had Multiply and Divide instructions.
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17. INTEL 8088
 Introduced in 1979.
 It was also 16-bit μP.
 It was created as a cheaper version of Intel’s 8086.
 It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external bus.
 Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
 This chip became the most popular in the computer
industry when IBM used it for its first PC.
 8088 and 8086 functionally identical but 8088 lower
performance,
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19. INTEL 80386
 Introduced in 1986.
 first 32-bit μP.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of memory.
 It had 2,75,000 transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 33 MHz depending upon
the various versions.
 Different versions:
 80386 DX
 80386 SX
 80386 SL
 Intel 80386 became the best selling microprocessor in history.
 83086 has various operation mode, which allow it to act as 80286
chip or multiple 8086 chip, as well as a set of instruction capable
of 32 bit operations such as arithmetic.
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21. INTEL PENTIUM IV
 Introduced in 2000.
 32-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was from 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
 L1 cache was of 32 KB & L2 cache of 256 KB.
 It had 42 million transistors.
 All internal connections were made from aluminum
to copper.
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23. INTEL DUAL CORE
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is 32-bit or 64-bit μP.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have their own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the external bus and L2 cache
 It supported SMT technology.
 SMT: Simultaneously Multi-Threading
 E.g.: Adobe Photoshop supported SMT
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24. INTEL CORE 2
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is a 64-bit μP.
 Its clock speed is from 1.2 GHz to 3 GHz.
 It has 291 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core and 4 MB of L2
cache.
 It is launched in three different versions:
 Intel Core 2 Duo
 Intel Core 2 Quad
 Intel Core 2 Extreme
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26. INTEL CORE i3
 Introduced in 2010.
 It is a 64-bit μP.
 It has 2 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.93 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 512 KB of L2 cache
and 4 MB of L3cache
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27. Other processors
 Mobile Pentium processors
 Atom processors
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