1. POLIOMYELITIS Also called infantile paralysis A disease that destroys the motor neurons and causes paralysis.

2. Cause: Poliomyelitis is caused by infection with a virus known as poliovirus (PV).

3. Symptoms: 90% of polio infections have no symptoms at all.

5. Non-bite exposure

6. Human-to-human transmission.

9. Rabies victim Symptoms may be headache, fatigue, fever and pain at the site of the bite can be present. Behavioral changes like apprehension, anxiety, agitation, irritability, insomnia and depression may also appear.

10. MENINGITIS Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by bacteria or viruses, but it can also be caused by certain medications or illnesses.

11. Causes: Many of the bacteria and viruses that cause meningitis are fairly common and are typically associated with other routine illnesses. Bacteria and viruses that infect the skin, urinary system, gastrointestinal or respiratory tract can spread by the bloodstream to the meninges through cerebrospinal fluid, the fluid that circulates in and around the spinal cord.

12. Symptoms: The first symptoms of bacterial or viral meningitis can come on quickly or surface several days after a child has had a cold and runny nose, diarrhea and vomiting, or other signs of an infection. Common symptoms include: fever lethargy (decreased consciousness) irritability headache photophobia (eye sensitivity to light) stiff neck skin rashes seizures

13. Cerebral Palsy is an umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive, non-contagious conditions that cause physical disability in human development.

15. Causes: • Infection During Pregnancy – rubella, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis can cause severe damage to the nervous system of the fetus and result in cerebral palsy. • Jaundice – severe jaundice can result in brain damage • Rh Incompatibility – can cause jaundice This is a condition where the mother's immune system attacks the fetus • Oxygen Shortage – a shortage of oxygen during birth can cause brain damage to the child. • Stroke – a stroke in the fetus can occur if the mother suffers from coagulation disorders • Toxicity – drug or alcohol use can result in brain damage • Bleeding – bleeding in the brain of the infant after birth can cause brain damage • Kidney/Urinary Tract Infections – can also lead to brain damage

17. There can be joint and bone deformities and contractures (permanently fixed, tight muscles and joints).

18. The classical symptoms are spasticity, spasms, other involuntary movements (e.g. facial gestures), unsteady gait, problems with balance, and/or soft tissue findings consisting largely of decreased muscle mass.

20. Brain Tumors

22. African Sleeping Sickness - is a protozoan infection passed to humans through the bite of the tsetse fly. It progresses to death within months or years if left untreated.

24. Encephalitis - is swelling and irritation (inflammation) of the brain. Inflammation changes the normal blood flow in the brain.

26. Symptoms: Symptoms of encephalitis can be mild or very serious. Confusion. A fever. A headache (which can be very painful). A stiff neck and back. Light hurting your eyes. Nausea and vomiting. Lack of energy. Drowsiness. Seizures. Tremors. Personality changes. Memory loss. Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there).

27. Alzheimer’s Disease

28. Neuron affected by Alzheimer’s

30. Family history

32. Epilepsy

33. Causes of Epilepsy in:Newborns Brain malformations Lack of oxygen during birth Low levels of blood sugar, blood calcium, blood magnesium or other electrolyte disturbances Inborn errors of metabolism Intracranial hemorrhage Maternal drug use Infection

34. In Infants and Children Fever (febrile seizures) Brain tumor (rarely) Infections

35. Children and Adults Congenital conditions (Down’s syndrome; Angelman’s syndrome; tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis) Genetic factors Progressive brain disease (rare) Head trauma

36. In Elderly Stroke Alzheimer’s disease Trauma

38. Positron Emission Tomography scanner

40. Quiz Multiple Choice: When a child is affected with POLIOMYELITIS, which of these will result? A.Blindness B. Paralysis C.Encephalitis D. Deafness

41. 2. Which of the following is a symptom of PARKINSON’S DISEASE? A. Shaking of the arms and legs B. Enlargement of the head C. Drooping of the eyes D. Angry outbursts

42. 3. What is the cause of CEREBRAL PALSY? A. Cutting off of oxygen supply to the brain B. Infection of the spinal cord C. A bruise in the nerves D. A concussion in the head

43. Why should a person avoid being bitten by a mad dog? A. A mad dog can make a person invalid B. A mad dog has rabies which can cause madness and death C. A mad dog can cause meningitis D. A mad dog can cause encephalitis

44. 5. Why should you protect your head from injury? A. The brain maybe affected B. A mad dog has rabies which can cause madness and death C. A mad dog can cause meningitis D. A mad dog can cause encephalitis

45. Assignments Answer this: When can a spinal injury be very serious? Cite an example.