development of diagnostic enzyme assay to detect leuser virus
Management of dairy cattle
1.
2. Care And Management of lactating animal
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3. Purpose of care and management
To study
production
efficiency of herd.
To study
reproductive
efficiency of herd.
To make
improvement in
existing
management
practices of milch
stock.
4. Main constituents of management
include
Feeding and
watering
management
Housing
management
Reproductive
management
Health care General care
5. FEEDING
DMI values are in the range of 3.5%–4% of body wt.
to achieve maximum production, dairy rations should be
balanced for effective fiber, non-structural carbohydrates,
ruminal undegradable proteins, soluble protein.
Feed intake by the dairy cow is influenced by many factors
including level of production, forage quantity and quality, feed
digestibility, feed processing, feeding frequency, consistency
of ration ingredients.
6. To get milk which is free from feed flavors, it is desirable that never
fed such feeds as silage, turnips & cabbage just before or during
milking.
These feeds may affect the air in a poorly ventilated stable in such
manner as to influence the flavor of milk.
Principal source of these feed flavor is the cow’s system.
In some areas, wild onion, garlic & other weeds constitute a real
pasture problem.
If cows eat these weeds within 1 to 3 hours before milking, the
resulting milk may have such strong weed flavor as to be unfit for
use.
Taking cows out from such pastures about 3 hours prior to milking is
the best practice during the weed seasons.
7. There are main stages in the
lactation cycle of the dairy
cow:
3- Late
lactation
(200-310
days)
2- Mid lactation (100 to 200
days)
1- Early
lactation (14-
100 days)
8. Feeding During Early Lactation
The cow is fed for both maintenance and for production.
The farmer can predict how much to feed an older cow for production.
But for a first lactation cows, it is suggested to feed them higher than their yields would
suggest.
This is done to ensure that they reach their potential at the peak.
In early lactation (FEBRUARY ON) there is not any fresh grass, so concentrates as well as
silage must be fed to ensure the cow reaches her potential at the peak.
Although this is expensive, it is worth it in the long run as the cow will produce more milk.
Cow is usually not able to eat enough and draws on body reserves to maintain production
If the grass/fodder is scarce at first, then concentrates should still be fed to keep nutrients to
a high level.
Care should be taken of GRASS TETANY during this period.
9. Early lactation
Feed at least 40-50% of dry matter ration as forage.
TDN = < 70 %
DM 20 % @ of 1.7 kg/100 kg b.w. = 40 -50 kg
Concentrates added @ 0.5-0.7 kg/day for first 2 weeks
Or @ 1 kg /2 lit of milk produced
Protein = 17 -19%
10. Feed at least 40-50% of dry matter ration as forage.
TDN = < 70 %
DM 20 % @ of 1.7 kg/100 kg b.w. = 40 -50 kg
Concentrates added @ 0.5-0.7 kg/day for first 2 weeks
Or @ 1 kg /2 lit of milk produced
Protein = 17 -19%
11. Mid lactation
Main target is to maintain the peak production.
DM 4 % of b.wt. or same as early lactation 40 -45% DM of
ration.
Concentrates should not exceed from 2.3% of b.wt
CP = 15-17 %
12. Late lactation
Milk yield ↓ & intake will also ↓.
There is less protein and energy requirement
Cheap formulations could be made.
13. WATERING
Milk 82-87 % water
2-3 watering at least
Ideal is ad lib
With provision of 18% more water, there is increase in milk yield by 3.5% as seen in
3X watering compared to 2X.
Normal consumption = 26-36 lit
Water intake depends upon:
type of feed
ambient temperature
amount of milk it produces
water temperature and purity
14. Should be clean, sweet & soft , not dirty.
Cool in summers but not chilled
Normal to lukewarm in winters(not hot)
Cleaning of water tanks twice a week.
Prevent algae growth in and around water tanks and drinking
areas
15. Housing management
HOUSING OF ANIMAL IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DAIRY FARMING. A
GOOD HOUSING LEADS TO GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ULTIMATELY
OPTIMUM PRODUCTION. THE HOUSING OF DAIRY ANIMALS DEPENDS UPON:
NUMBER OF ANIMALS
TYPE OF BREED OF ANIMALS
LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
FINANCES AVAILABLE
FACILITIES TO BE PROVIDED
IT SHOULD BE LESS EXPENSIVE
16. Requirements of housing
It should be well ventilated.
It should protect from extreme environmental conditions.
It should have maximum sun exposure.
Its axis of length should be east to west.
It should remain dry.
Its environment should be hygienic.
There should be availability of feed and water for 24 hours.
17. 1.2m x 2.4m cubicle resting space per cow
Having different pens with different size stalls reduces flexibility
Too small= animal not comfortable, increased animal injuries, reduce
laying time which result in decreased production
Too large = dirty stalls , dirty cows , increased stall maintenance , small
cows lay backward in stall
18.
19. Reproductive Management
Estrus detection
Unobserved estrus may be due to managerial deficiencies and short period of estrus.
The dairy animals should be observed for heat signs at least three times a day.
Wall charts, breeding wheels, herd monitors and individual cow records may be used for
identify the estrus.
Teaser bulls (vasectomized or by applying apron) are useful in identifying heat in large
number of animals especially buffalo cows.
Provision of adequate lighting to improve estrus detection.
Silent / weak / Sub estrus are most common in buffalo cows and common in post partum
period. In this cyclical changes in the genital organs occurs but the signs of heat are not
exhibited or not observed. This requires rectal examination by qualified veterinary doctor.
After breeding the animals should be checked for pregnancy within 45-60 days by qualified
veterinary doctor.
20. BREEDING
Bring the animal into positive nutritive balance.
Mineral mixture supplementation should be done to breeding
animals.
Do Artificial Insemination twice at each oestrus preferably at 12 or
24 hrs intervals.
Skipping of AI and intrauterine infusions may be considered for
uterine pathology.
Diseased bulls should not be allowed for breeding.
By avoiding diseased breeding bulls the pathogenic organisms
causing abortion may be controlled.
21. HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Due to milk borne diseases, it is very imperative that all cows be healthy.
One cannot feel safe in talking milk unless it comes from disease free animals, or
unless it has been pasteurized.
Good herd management demands that efforts should be done to keep the
animals free from diseases.
Such diseases are T.B, brucellosis, mastitis etc.
All the animals in the herd must be tested for milk borne diseases regularly
22. Preparing the cow
Before milking, the udder & flanks of the cow should be thoroughly
brushed.
At milking time, udder should be wiped with a cloth or paper towel
moistened in water.
Wiping the udder with hands before milking is a very bad practice, as it
does not get the udder clean but get hands dirty.
Washing the udder and wiping dry is ideal.
After complete milking, dip each teat in any disinfectant approved by NMC
(National Mastitis Council) such as Iodophore (Germ IOD), for a contact
time of 30 seconds
23. Steps:
Pre dipping : Iodphores 0.1 %, chlorhexidine 0.2%
Hygienic Milking methods(either hand or Machine milking)
Dip each teat after each milking using a germicidal teat dip.
Germicidal teat dip: each teat separately after milking
Apply teat chap or use Vaseline
Keep cows clean, udders free from soil and manure.
24. Over 90% of all cows are slaughtered
for 4 main reasons:
Infertility - failure to conceive and reduced milk production.
Mastitis - a persistent and potentially fatal mammary gland infection, leading to
high somatic cell counts (SCC) and loss of production.
Lameness - persistent foot infection or leg problems causing infertility and loss of
production.
Production - some animals fail to produce economic levels of milk to justify their
feed costs. Production below 12 to 15 liters of milk per day is not economically
viable.
26. Management Practices to Reduce Herd
Health Problems:
Proper feeding of the herd
Good facilities with ventilation
Using dry, clean bedding
Proper cleaning and sanitation
Controlling disease carriers-flies, birds, rodents
Raising replacements needed for the herd
Requiring health records of replacement animals and isolating them for 30
days
27. Isolating sick animals
Using a vet
Controlling access to dairy herds
Require visitors to wear protective footwear
Do not allow visitors unlimited access to where cattle are kept
Have bulk milk and feed delivery points as far away from cows as possible
28. GENERAL CARE
Fly control
Kind of milk pail
Kind of milking parlour
Cleaning of utensils
Methods of milking
Exercise
Regularity in care
Hoof trimming
Deworming
Kindness in handling
29. Milk room or house
Milk room should not be too large
Should be used for milk handling only
The room should be kept strictly cleaned
Should be free from flies
30. Fly control
There are two major reasons for good fly control
Flies may annoy cows to the extent that milk production is decreased
Flies are a source of a large number of undesirable bacteria
Flies breed rapidly in filth. It is therefore, obvious that all
important steps in fly control such as sanitation in the barn &
milk house & around the premises should be adopted.
This means keeping all areas in the barn free from manure and instead of
allowing manure to accumulate in the barnyard, removing it to the field
daily.
Milk houses should be screened.
Extended use of certain sprays may cause flies to become tolerant
31. Kind of milk Pail
A small mouth pail should be used as
various trials indicated that a large
percentage of the dirt on the body of
the cow and the bacteria attached there
will be kept of milk drawn into a pail with
its top partly covered.
Small mouth pail require more care when being washed.
However it is for the reason that many dairyman still prefer the open top
pail.
32. Cleaning Utensils
The unclean & unsterile utensils are the source of of most of the bacteria that get
into milk.
A utensil must be properly clean and should be:
Rinse in lukewarm water to remove the milk sticking to it.
Washed in a warm dairy cleaner solution with a brush, but never with a rag.
The utensils should be rinsed in scalding water.
To make them real sterile, the utensils should then be steamed or chemical sterile.
The drying is an important part of the process because if any bacteria escape
sterilizing will began to multiply in a moist utensil.
The various Chlorine solutions are used in varying strengths for chemical
sterilization.
33. Methods of Milking
Use of Full-hand method without thumb
pressure and milking with dry hands is very
imperative for clean milk production.
Perform Mastitis test regularly and
discard the milk of positive quarters.
All positive reactors must be milked at the
end.
Remove first two streams from each teat to
reduce bacterial count.
34. Regularity in care
Any sudden change in feeding , watering , milking , exercise of animals
would have adverse effects specially on sensitive type of animals .therefore
all operations of feeding , watering , exercise ,milking etc. must be carried
out in the same manner and at the same time daily .
35. EXERCISE
Dairy animals need limited exercise .
Confining Animals too long without exercise cause stiffness in their limbs
and overgrow hoofs leading to possibly lameness.
Any strenuous exercise is likely to reduce milk solids especially fat content
in milk .
36. GROOMING and TRIMMING HOOVES
Grooming stimulates circulation ,helps in clean milk production and
makes them docile.
Hooves if neglected weaken the legs causing lameness and lower milk
production
37. KINDNESS IN HANDLING
Cruelty to animals spoils the temperament of animal resultimg in reduced
milk yield and may even alter the composition of milk .
38. DEWORMING
Young animals should be dewormed every month and older animal at 6
months interval
Deworming is more important for animals where worm problem is the
greatest cause of high rate of mortality & affects production
39. Protecting animals from poisoning
Different types of possible poisoning can occur:
Lead paints ,Nitrate fertilizers ,Poisonous plants etc.
These poisons also come in milk so we should avoid such chemicals and
fertilizers etc.
40. References
Principles and practices of dairy farm management by Dr. Jadish Parsad.
Dairy cattle feeding and management by Henderson, Larson and Putney.
Dairy farming in Asia by Asia paper.
Dairy farming by Peterson.
