20320140501004

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), © IAEME

TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)

ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), pp. 35-46
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.3277 (Calculated by GISI)
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IJCIET
©IAEME

STUDY OF THE QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT THE EUPHRATES RIVER
(SHATT AL-HILLA) FOR CIVIL PURPOSES AND AGRICULTURAL
Udai Adnain Jahad
Assistant lecturer, Engineering College /University of Babylon

ABSTRACT
This research has been prepared to assess the quality of water of the Euphrates River (Shatt
Al- Hillah) for civilian use (drinking water) and agricultural (irrigation water). Models collected on a
monthly basis for a period of two years 2010 - 2011 of four stations on the Euphrates River in the
province of Babylon, stations are Hindia barrage, Musayyib, Hilla and Al- Hashemeyeh. Samples
taken by repeat each month and adopted average. The results showed that the quality of water of the
Euphrates River (Shatt Al- Hillah) for civilian use meets the requirements of standard specification
by the Iraqi high and the requirements of WHO, with the exception of sulfates, while failing to
achieve the requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. EPA. As for the
quality of water for agricultural purposes, the study has shown that there is problem salinity by
different classifications, while there is no problem regarding the risk of danger sodium chlorine, the
water is considered mild -to-moderate damage.
Keywords: Water Quality, Drinking Water, Irrigation Water, Water Standards, Water Pollution.
INTRODUCTION
With the beginnings of the century atheist century became the subject of water from strategic
matters crucial in most regions of the world including the Middle East In Iraq, there are a significant
reduction in the discharge of the Tigris and Euphrates due to climatic changes of the lack of rain and
high temperatures on the rates in addition to the policies of the neighboring countries of the
establishment dams and reservoirs on the headwaters of rivers and not to give Iraq its share of water
has been accompanied by adequate water scarcity this problem of declining water quality where the
marked increase in the percentage of salinity on the rates , which greatly affect the public " on the
possibility of water use for different purpose. The specifications of the river water are changing in
general, depending on "for the period of time that conducted the study and the amount of runoff into
the river and the nature of the contaminants from the drains, sewage, industrial waste, and others.
Has conducted several studies on the Euphrates River , including the Shatt al- Hilla (Jalut, 1998) and
35

(Najah et. al., 1999) as well as on the Shatt al- Kufa ( Abdul-Abbas , 2009 ) and ( Abdul-Abbas and
2012 ) and on the Shatt al- Diwaniya ( Al- Yassin , 2009) and on the Tigris River (Al-Khafaji, 1985)
and (Al-Mesri, 1986 ) and (Mohammed, 1988) has concluded that those studies to determine
significant increases in the concentrations of different variables from study to another according to
the " period of the study and the nature of the flow in that period .
Comes this research to determine the quality of water in the Euphrates River (Shatt Al- Hillah)
through the study of physical and chemical properties of river water on a monthly basis for the
period from 2010 to 2011 and from four stations are Hindia barrage, Musayyib, Hilla and AlHashemeyeh and then compared those characteristics with the standard specifications for domestic
use as well as classifications water quality for the irrigation uses.
THE CASE STUDY
Focus group study of qualitative variables that govern the quality of water for domestic use
and the irrigation in the Euphrates River (Shatt Al Hillah) and compare it with the standard
specifications of different to see how they conform to those specifications.
SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS
The samples were collected from four stations within the province of Babylon stations are
Musayyib E8, Hindia barrage E9, Hilla EH1 and Al- Hashemeyeh EH2 as shown in Figure (1). The
samples were collected on a monthly basis for a period of two years (2010-2011) at the rate of two
samples per month taken the rate of their findings have included tests of physical and chemical both
the pH and electrical conductivity Ec and dissolved salts TDS and brackish TH as CaCO3, calcium,
Ca, Mg, Cl, sulfate So4, nitrate NO3 Na, sodium, potassium K and turbidity. Used a Multi parameter
(YSI 556M) in the measurement of both the pH and electrical conductivity Ec and dissolved salts
TDS was measured brackish manner burette using EDTA solution and guide Erchrome black T was
measured calcium Ca way burette using EDTA solution and guide Muroxide used method
calculations in measuring magnesium Mg depending " on the concentration of each of the top ten
and calcium were measured chloride Cl way burette using a silver nitrate solution AgNO3 0.1 N and
guide Dichromate potassium were measured in each of the sulphates SO4 and Turbidity using the
method colorimetric device (WTW) was measured nitrate NO3 using a spectrum chromatography
(Spectrophoto meter) The sodium and potassium KNa have been measured spectrum to a flame
(Flamephoto meter).
APPROVED SPECIFICATIONS
First ": the quality of drinking water:
Has been the adoption of three standard specifications to compare the values of qualitative
variables to the Shatt Al-Hilla is standard Iraqi No. 417 for the year 2009 issued by the Central
Agency for Standardization and Quality Control and Specification by WHO and updated up to 2006,
in addition to the specification and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA and updated up
to 2008.
Second ": the quality of irrigation water:
The criteria adopted for assessing the quality of irrigation water should identify the variables
that have the ability to cause adverse changes in soil properties or detrimental effect on the growth of
the crop has been dependable in this study on the three indicators to assess the quality of irrigation

36

water is the risk of salinity (Salinity Hazard) and the risk of sodium (Sodicity Hazard) in addition to
Hazard)
the risk of chlorine (Chloride Hazard).

Figure (1) study sites stations on the Shatt Al-Hilla
Al
1- The risk of salinity (Salinity Hazard
sk
Hazard)
The effect of salinity due mainly to the effort osmosis and its impact on crop growth and
effort
salinity associated with a concentration of total dissolved salts (TDS) rather than to the components
of these salts. In this study, adopted a set of classifications are classified laboratory salinity American
who is one of the more classifications prevalent in the world and is made up of four grades as well as
ho
the classification (1972, Taylor & Ashcroft), which consists of four grades as well as well to
classification (Todd 1980) and (2003, Fipps) and two coincide and consists of five degrees.
coincide
2-The risk of sodium (Sodicity Hazard)
The
Affect sodium in the soil making them tend to be distractions for the crust coherent when
drought leading to difficulty penetrating seedling Earth's surface and reduce the gro
growth of plants
(Ismail, Laith Khalil, 1988). The account is the effect of sodium in irrigation water through the
sodium adsorption ratio (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) (SAR), which is calculated according to the
following equation:
SAR = Na / √ ((Ca + Mg) / 2(

………….. (1)

There are many international rankings of irrigation water on the basis of the proportion of the
adsorption of sodium in this study adopted classification laboratory salinity U.S. which classifies
irrigation water to four degrees on the basis of the value of (SAR) which is different borders within
the class one by the value of conductivity electrical Ec was such a classification scheme of the U.S.
salinity Laboratory (Figure 2 ), which is used extensively worldwide to determine the qualit of
quality
irrigation water . In addition, it has adopted rating (Todd, 1980) , which divides the irrigation water
into five sections according to the value of the proportion of adsorption of sodium SAR as well as the
classification (Fipps, 2003) , which divides the irrigation water into four categories according to the
value of SAR.

37


Figure (2) U.S. Salinity Laboratory scheme for the classification of irrigation water
3- The risk of chlorine Chloride Hazard
There ion of chlorine in irrigation water with different concentrations of chlorine is evident
effect on the plant by burning the edges of the leaves and rainfall early this stock (Ismail, Laith
Khalil 0.1988). Classified as irrigation water for the level of chlorine into four categories according
to the classification (1972, Taylor & Ashcroft).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1- The quality of drinking water
Was to clarify the results of the analysis of samples which represent the Shatt al Hillah
through Figures (3 ) to ( 14) as illustrated in Figure (3) the level of the top ten overall during the
study period for the four plants is observed from the figure that the level of the top ten overall in the
Shatt al Hillah less than the maximum allowable in the specification of the Iraqi standard
specification and the World Health Organization with the exception of the month of September 2010
in Jordan Station , reaching the limit value of a (mg / l 500) recommended by the specifications . The
specification and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which determines the maximum
allowable (mg / l 250), it is clear that the values of both brackish and stations and the entire study
period had exceeded that value. As Figure 4 shows the level of turbidity in the Shatt Al- Hillah and
notes from the figure that the level of turbidity and most months was higher than the maximum level
surveys by a (5 NTU) by three specifications adopted in this study. The reason for the high level of
turbidity is due to that the samples represent the raw water any specifications river natural affected
by the spread of drains and rainfall and the movement of sediments and other natural conditions to
those sewer Obviously, the low values of turbidity to become within the permissible limits through
water treatment plants filter before pumping it in water distribution networks.

38


Figure (3) Total hardness

Figure (4) Turbidity

Figure 5 shows the ion concentration of nitrates in the Shatt Al- Hilla and notes from the
Al
figure that most of the values are confined between (0.5 - 1.5 mg / l) with the exception of four
values exceeded (1.5 mg / l), reaching a maximum value (2.14 mg / l) and this values meet the
requirements of the specification in Iraq while not specify all of Specifications (EPA / WHO) limits
for nitrate concentration. The pH of the stations of different has been shown in Figure (6) notes that
different
the values of pH were within the permissible limits (05/06 to 05/08) according to the specification of
the Iraqi and American and (05/06 to 05/09) By Specification WHO for all stations and for the whole
study period. The importance of pH comes from the fact that many of the chemical reactions are
affected by this function, although the basal or high acidic unacceptably high due to problems with
corrosion in the pipe carrier and the potential difficulties in water treatment (Tebbutt, 1998).
water

39


Figure (5) Nitrates

Figure (6) PH
Figure 7 shows the values of conductivity electrical (Figure 8) shows the values of dissolved
salts college to the Shatt al- Hilla and four plants and two major benefits are to estimate the salts in
two different ways the first electric and second grains did not specify the three specifications
ays
approved limits for conductivity electrical while set values for the salts dissolved notes Figure (8)
focusing levels variable for most months the study and all four stations between (800
stations
(800-1000 mg / l)
with the exception of 30% of those values has exceeded the barrier (1000 mg / l) and thus be
dissolved salts has achieved the requirements of WHO fully and requirements Iraqi specification by
70 % while completely failed to achieve the requirements specification and the U.S. Environmental
chieve
Protection Agency. The figure shows (9) the values of chloride Cl in the Shatt al Hillah has identified
specification Iraqi maximum allowed (350 mg / l), while identified WHO maximum allowa
allowable (250
mg / l) did not specify the EPA limits for this variable and note form, all sandwiched between the
values (120 -180 mg / l), and thus the specifications have been met in full.
180
40


Figure (7) Electrical conductivity

Figure (8) Total dissolved salts

Figure (9) Chloride
41

Sulphates in the Shatt al Hillah illustrated in Figure (10) notes that the values confined between (300
n
(300400 mg / l) for most months has exceeded the barrier (400 mg / l) 10% of the readings reaching the
highest value (448.9mg / l) in the station Hilla for the month of April 2010, and these values are
specification (EPA / WHO) in unrealized all readings either specification Iraq has achieved
on
90%. Figure 11 shows the concentration of calcium in the Shatt al- Hilla and notes from Figure A ,
al
variable values ranged between (80 -140 mg / l) for all readings and these values check specification
Iraqi except station of Jordan for the month of August 2010 , reaching (159 mg / l) does not There
are limits in specification (EPA / WHO). Sodium values shown in Figure (12) It is noted that the
concentration of sodium ranged between (80 -140 mg / l) for most values, which is lower than the
ed
,
maximum allowable (mg / l 200) specification by the Iraqi standard specification and the World
Health Organization. The values are set out in the form of potassium (13) ranged between (4 - 6 mg /
l) for most of the values which did not exceed the upper limit allowed by the specification of the
Iraqi standard (mg / l 10. (Finally, "the values of magnesium has been clarified in the Figure (14)
ranged between (20 - 60 mg / l) and has thus achieved specification Iraqi adult (100 mg / l)
l).

Figure (10) Sulphates

Figure (11) Calcium

42


Figure (12) Sodium

Figure (13) Potassium

Figure (14) Magnesium

43


Figure (1 Sodium adsorption ratio
(15)

2- The quality of irrigation water
The study of the quality of irrigation water will be in accordance with the standards of the
three that have been previously referred to "a risk of salinity and the risk of sodium and chlorine risk:
and
1-Salinity Hazard
To deduce the risk of salinity in the water are relying on all of conductivity electrical Ec
Figure (7) and dissolved salts TDS Figure (8) and through these two Figures indicates a rise in the
values of these two variables and the reason for this rise to re- water drains into the river bed in the
upper regions of the river in addition to the processing of large quantities of water stored in the
reservoirs of the Haditha Dam , reservoir Tharthar and others to the river to make up the shortfall in
the rates of flow required It is well known that the water stored in the reservoirs increase the
he
concentrations of salts which are generally due to evaporation during storage and water ( Abdul
AbdulAbbas , Mohamed Abdel Majid ,2012(. And determine the quality of the Shatt al Hilla through
alclassifications global quality of irrigation water adopted in this research where found that the
classification of laboratory salinity U.S. based " on the values of conductivity electrical Ec and
dissolved salts TDS puts the Shatt al Hilla, within the third category brine The rating scale Taylor
alput it depending "on the values of each of the electrical conductivity and total dissolved salts within
the third category (average water damage) . Each rating of Todd and Phipps by electrical
conductivity and total content of dissolved salts agenda puts water Shatt Al -Hillah average between
Hillah
Class B and Class C damage severe damage.
2-Sodicity Hazard
Is determined by the risk of sodium through adsorption ratio of sodium SAR Figure (15 who
SAR
(15),
observed him to SAR values ranged between (3 - 1.5) and comparing these values with the
)
classifications that have been adopted in this study, found that the classification laboratory salinity
U.S. puts water Shatt Al- Hilla, within the first category S1 ( little damage) and through the scheme
laboratory salinity U.S. Figure (2) which is based in the classification on all the risk of salinity and
the risk of sodium, the Shatt al- Hilla, fall within the category (C3-S1) was too salty - a little damage.
(C3
The rating scale Todd then formulate the Shatt al Hillah within the first category (Excellent rating,
(Excellent)
as well as Phipps, which puts the Shatt al Hillah within the first category (small damage)
(small damage).
44

3-Chloride Hazard
The standard adopted in danger of chlorine is the concentration of the ion in the Shatt AlHilla, shown in Figure (9), who observed him to the values of ion chloride ranged between mg / l
(180 -120) and by reference to the classification Taylor to the risk of chlorine, found that the waters
of the Shatt Al- Hilla, located between the product II (moderate damage) and class III (average
damage).
CONCLUSIONS
I-The quality of drinking water
1- Shatt Al- Hilla, Iraq has achieved the requirements of the specification for the drinking water of
the variables that have been studied in full with the exception of total dissolved salts check 70% of
the readings and sulfates by 90 % of the readings.
2- Shatt al- Hilla achieved the requirements of the World Health Organization of the variables that
have been studied in full except where sulfates failed 100% achieved.
3- Shatt al- Hilla failed to achieve the requirements of the U.S. Environmental Protection variables
that have been studied in full with the exception of the pH achieved 100%.
II - The quality of irrigation water
1- Salinity of the Shatt al- Hilla ranged by different classifications adopted in this study between the
brine and the average water damage and severe water damage.
2- Is the Shatt al- Hilla water is very safe, "based on" the risk of sodium.
3 - Shatt al- Hilla mild -to-moderate damage in terms of the risk of chlorine.
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