1. ICAER - 2 0 1 3
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
BOMBAY
BIODIESEL OBTAINED USING COTTONSEED OIL –
PRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
SAKET SANJAY KASHETTIWAR
&
SUMEDH SUDHIR BEKNALKAR
MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY
C H E M I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G D IV I S I O N
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND BUILDING SCIENCES

2. The roadmap
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1
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Results and Discussions
Conclusions
References

3. INTRODUCTION
What Is Biodiesel?
• Alternate fuel,
• Transesterified product of vegetable oil
or animal fat
Why Biodiesel ?
• Price hike of petro products
• Depletion of fossil fuels
Advantages
• Used as a blend with commercial diesel
• No Sulfur and Lead
• Can be used in diesel engine without major modification
2

4. METHODS & MATERIALS
•
•
3
Vegetable oils
Transesterification of vegetable oil
Cottonseed oil ,
Peanut oil,
Palm oil ,
Coconut oil ,
Corn oil,
Castor oil,
Jatropha oil,
Gingilli oil ,
Mustard oil,
Sunflower oil,
Rice bran oil

5. o Method 1:
Oil + Methanol
NaOH
 Methyl Ester + Fatty Acids
60 C
o Method 2:
80 C
Oil + NaOH -- Oil Mixture + Methanol  Methyl Ester + Fatty Acid
60 C
4

6. • Characterisation
Diesel index,
Cetane number,
Aniline point,
Density,
Specific gravity,
Flash point,
Fire point,
Kinetic viscosity,
Saponification value,
Iodine value,
Calorific value.
• Short term engine run tests:
Engine used was a single cylinder, water cooled 4-stroke kirloskar diesel
engine maintained at 1500 rpm
5

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6

8. Effect of Concentration of NaOH On Yield of Cottonseed Oil
95
Method 1
90
Method 2
Biodiesel Yield (Vol %)
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
Catalyst Concentration(Wt %)
Volume of
CH3OH
(ml)
Conc. of
NaOH
(Wt %)
25
0.6
0.65
Biodiesel (Vol%)
METHOD 2
0.45
68
73
25
0.50
84
92
25
7
METHOD 1
0.55
72
79
25
0.61
64
76

9. Comparison Of Yields Obtained For All Vegetable Oils By Method II
100
90
Biodiesel Yield (Vol %)
Neem
80
Once used
Corn
Cotton
70
Castor
Jatropha
60
Rice Bran
Mustard
Coconut
50
Gingilli
Sunflow er
40
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
Catalyst Co ncentratio n(Wt %)
8
0.6
0.65
0.7

10. Biodiesel Yield Of Different Feed Oils By Method II:
Feed Oil
Volume Of
NaOH
(%)
Biodiesel
(Vol %)
Mustard Oil
25
50
74.2
Cottonseed Oil
25
50
92
Palm Oil
25
50
73
Neem Oil
25
50
76
Corn Oil
25
50
86
Sunflower Oil
25
50
72.4
Groundnut Oil
25
50
Soap Formation
Coconut Oil
25
50
80.5
Castor Oil
25
50
77.4
Gingili Oil
25
50
87.8
Jatropha
9
Volume Of
CH3OH
(Ml)
25
50
91

11. Biodiesel Yield Of Different Feed Oils By Method II:
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10

12. Characteristics of Biodiesel
Physical Property
Astm
Standards
Diesel
Oil
Biodiesel
Density(g/cc)
800
826.5
911
875
Specific Gravity
0.8
0.8265
0.911
0.875
Kinematic Viscosity
2.5-7.5
2.049
4.209
2.808
Diesel Index
Min 45
47.731
49.78
49.75
38.83
84.11
59.5
Aniline Point
-----
Flash Point
78
>300
162
Fire Point
Min 42o
82
>300
170
Saponification Value
Min 180
224
202
202
Iodine Value
Max 135
102
104
104
Cetane Number
Min 45
47.73
49.78
49.73
Calorific Value (MJ/Kg)
11
Min 38o
Min 33
42.57
41.2
41.2

13. Comparison Of Specific Fuel Consumption Of Engine For 3 Fuels
1.6
1.4
Specific Fuel Consumption
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Diesel
Cotton seed oil
0.2
Biodiesel
0
0
12
2
4
6
Break Horse Pow er
8
10
12

14. Comparison of Brake Thermal Efficiency of Engine for 3 Fuels
25
Break Thermal Efficiency
20
15
10
Diesel
5
Cotton seed oil
Biodiesel
0
0
2
4
6
Break Horse Pow er
13
8
10
12

15. Comparison of Mechanical Thermal Efficiency of Engine for 3 fuels
70
Mechanical Thermal Efficiency
60
50
40
30
20
Diesel
Cotton seed oil
10
Biodiesel
0
0
14
2
4
6
Break Horse Pow er
8
10
12

16. CONCLUSIONS
The second method of alkali base catalyzed transesterification process gave
a yield of above 92%, with a catalyst concentration of 0.5% (weight %) of
NaOH and 25 (volume %) of methanol at 65°C and
the fuel properties of bio-diesel produced from cotton oil sources match with
diesel oil specifications as per the prescribed methods when compared with
the latest American Standard Testing Methods.
The engine performance with the bio-diesel and the vegetable oil blends of
various origins was similar to that of the neat diesel fuel with nearly the same
brake thermal efficiency, showing higher specific fuel consumption and
mechanical thermal efficiency for the high load.
Based on the above results, the cottonseed bio-diesel produced can be
recommended for short term usage during acute shortages.
15

17. REFERENCES
•
Freedman, B., Pryde, E.H., Mounts, T.L., 1984. Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters
from transesterified vegetable Oils. Journal of American Oil Chem. Society 61, 1638–1643.
•
Carraretto C, Macor A, Mirandola A, Stoppato A, Tonon S. 2004. Biodiesel as alternative
fuel: experimental analysis and energetic evaluations. Energy, 29:2195–211.
•
O’Brien RD., 1998.Fats and oils: formulating and processing for applications.USA:
Technomic Publishing Co. Inc.
•
Clark S.T. Wagner, L.Schrock,M.D.&Piennar F.G.,1984. Methyl and Ethyl Soya Bean Esters
and renewable Fuels for Diesel Engine. Journal of American Oil Chemists society., 61,
632-638.
•
Carrol E.Goering & Bob Fry, 1991. Engine Durability Screening Test for Diesel oil/Soya
oil/Micro Emulsion Fuel. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society., 68, 132-136.
•
Peterson, C.L., Reece, D.L., Hammon, B., Thompson, J.C., Beck, S.M., 1995.
Commercialization of idaho biodiesel from ethanol and waste vegetable oil, an ASAE
meeting presentation, Chicago, IL, June 18–23. Paper No. 6738.
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18. REFERENCES
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M.A. Fazal, A.S.M.A. Haseeb, H.H. Masjuki ―Biodiesel feasibility study: An evaluation of material
compatibility; performance; emission and engine durability‖ Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 15 (2011) 1314–1324.
•
J.M. Encinar, J.F. González, A. Pardal ―Transesterification of castor oil under ultrasonic irradiation
conditions.Preliminary results‖ Fuel Processing Technology‖ 103 (2012) 9–15.
•
H. An, W.M. Yang, S.K. Chou, K.J. Chua ―Combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel engine
fueled by biodiesel at partial load conditions‖ Applied Energy 99 (2012) 363–371.
•
Sheehan, J., Cambreco, V., Duffield, J., Garboski, M., Shapouri, H., 1998a. An overview of biodiesel and
petroleum diesel life cycles. A report by US Department of Agriculture and Energy, pp. 1–35.
•
Sheehan, J., Dunahay, T., Benemann, J., Roessler, P., 1998b. A look back at the US Department of
Energy’s aquatic species program—biodiesel from Algae. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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•
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•
PS.Pryde, Vegetable Oil as Fuel Alternatives, 1994. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society., 71, 162178.
•
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methods
for
bio-diesel

19. REFERENCES
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Y. Shimada, Y.Watanabe, T. Samukawa, A. Sugihara, H. Noda, H. Fukuda, Y. Tominaga, 1999.
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•
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•
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•
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20. T HANK Y OU
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