The document discusses the anatomy and functional areas of the frontal lobes, including the motor cortex, premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and their connections. It also examines frontal lobe circuits and the neurotransmitters that project to the frontal lobes. Common frontal lobe syndromes and deficits associated with lesions to different frontal areas are described.
The document discusses the anatomy and functional areas of the frontal lobes, including the motor cortex, premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and their connections. It also examines frontal lobe circuits and the neurotransmitters that project to the frontal lobes. Common frontal lobe syndromes and deficits associated with lesions to different frontal areas are described.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of different areas of the frontal lobe. It describes the primary motor cortex (area 4), premotor cortex (area 6), supplementary motor area (medial area 6), frontal eye fields (area 8), Broca's speech area (areas 44 and 45), orbital prefrontal cortex (areas 10 and 11), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (areas 9, 10, 46). It provides details on the connections, functions, and effects of lesions for each area. Bedside tests are also described to assess functions localized to different frontal lobe regions.
The parietal lobe is located at the top of the brain and is responsible for processing sensory information and integrating it with motor commands. It has clear boundaries defined by sulci and gyri. The parietal lobe can be divided into anterior and posterior zones, with the anterior zone processing somatic sensations and the posterior zone integrating visual and somatosensory information for movement. The parietal lobe plays an important role in functions like processing tactile information, visual control of movement, and spatial awareness.
frontal lobe anatomy and clinical relevanceImran Rizvi
The frontal lobes are the largest lobes in the human brain. They are located at the front of the brain and are involved in motor function, problem-solving, emotion, and language. The frontal lobes contain several important areas including the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and Broca's area. Damage to different parts of the frontal lobes can cause problems with movement, cognition, behavior, and speech depending on the location of the injury. The frontal lobes receive blood supply from the anterior and middle cerebral arteries and are organized into circuits that connect the cortex to the basal ganglia and thalamus.
Frontal lobe functions and assessmeny 20th july 2013Shahnaz Syeda
The frontal lobes have several functional areas that control motor functions like movement as well as higher cognitive functions. The primary motor cortex directly controls muscle movement while areas like the premotor cortex plan movements. The prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functions, problem solving, emotion regulation, and decision making through areas like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Damage to different frontal lobe areas can cause syndromes like difficulties with movement, language, behavior, personality and cognition depending on the location of the lesion. A neuropsychological assessment can evaluate these frontal lobe functions.
the recently evolved lobe which is responsible for the higher mental process which makes human unique. the damage can result in many impairments. this presentation gives insight into a few syndromes that could occur due to the frontal lobe damage
This document discusses the anatomy, functions, and clinical presentations of lesions involving the frontal lobe, including the motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and their roles in executive function, social behavior, language, and more. Specific tests are described to evaluate functions like motor control, language, problem-solving, and emotional regulation that are mediated by the frontal lobe. A variety of clinical syndromes can result from frontal lobe lesions depending on the location and extent of the damage.
The document discusses the anatomy and functional areas of the frontal lobes, including the motor cortex, premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and their connections. It also examines frontal lobe circuits and the neurotransmitters that project to the frontal lobes. Common frontal lobe syndromes and deficits associated with lesions to different frontal areas are described.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of different areas of the frontal lobe. It describes the primary motor cortex (area 4), premotor cortex (area 6), supplementary motor area (medial area 6), frontal eye fields (area 8), Broca's speech area (areas 44 and 45), orbital prefrontal cortex (areas 10 and 11), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (areas 9, 10, 46). It provides details on the connections, functions, and effects of lesions for each area. Bedside tests are also described to assess functions localized to different frontal lobe regions.
The parietal lobe is located at the top of the brain and is responsible for processing sensory information and integrating it with motor commands. It has clear boundaries defined by sulci and gyri. The parietal lobe can be divided into anterior and posterior zones, with the anterior zone processing somatic sensations and the posterior zone integrating visual and somatosensory information for movement. The parietal lobe plays an important role in functions like processing tactile information, visual control of movement, and spatial awareness.
frontal lobe anatomy and clinical relevanceImran Rizvi
The frontal lobes are the largest lobes in the human brain. They are located at the front of the brain and are involved in motor function, problem-solving, emotion, and language. The frontal lobes contain several important areas including the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and Broca's area. Damage to different parts of the frontal lobes can cause problems with movement, cognition, behavior, and speech depending on the location of the injury. The frontal lobes receive blood supply from the anterior and middle cerebral arteries and are organized into circuits that connect the cortex to the basal ganglia and thalamus.
Frontal lobe functions and assessmeny 20th july 2013Shahnaz Syeda
The frontal lobes have several functional areas that control motor functions like movement as well as higher cognitive functions. The primary motor cortex directly controls muscle movement while areas like the premotor cortex plan movements. The prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functions, problem solving, emotion regulation, and decision making through areas like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Damage to different frontal lobe areas can cause syndromes like difficulties with movement, language, behavior, personality and cognition depending on the location of the lesion. A neuropsychological assessment can evaluate these frontal lobe functions.
the recently evolved lobe which is responsible for the higher mental process which makes human unique. the damage can result in many impairments. this presentation gives insight into a few syndromes that could occur due to the frontal lobe damage
This document discusses the anatomy, functions, and clinical presentations of lesions involving the frontal lobe, including the motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and their roles in executive function, social behavior, language, and more. Specific tests are described to evaluate functions like motor control, language, problem-solving, and emotional regulation that are mediated by the frontal lobe. A variety of clinical syndromes can result from frontal lobe lesions depending on the location and extent of the damage.
The temporal lobes are located inside the temples on both sides of the brain. They are divided into superior, middle, and inferior temporal lobes. The temporal lobes are involved in auditory processing, language comprehension, visual recognition, memory formation, and emotional processing. Disorders of the temporal lobes can cause issues with auditory and visual perception, attention, memory, language, personality, and behavior. The amygdala and hippocampus, located within the medial temporal lobes, are important for processing emotions and forming memories.
This document provides an overview of the limbic system. It discusses the historical aspects of defining the limbic system. It then describes the key components of the limbic system including the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and connections between these structures like the Papez circuit. Finally, it discusses some clinical implications of the limbic system, focusing on temporal lobe epilepsy which can arise from damage to limbic structures like the hippocampus and amygdala.
This document provides an overview of the basal ganglia, including its history, anatomy, structures, pathways, and functions. It discusses several key points:
- The basal ganglia consists of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra.
- It receives input from the cortex, thalamus, and substantia nigra via the corticostriatal, thalamostriatal, and nigrostriatal pathways respectively.
- The basal ganglia is involved in movement through direct and indirect pathways that influence the thalamus and motor cortex. Disorders like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's
The document discusses the anatomy, functions, and circuits of the frontal lobe. It describes the evolution, connections, and roles of different regions of the frontal lobe like the motor cortex, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and their related subcortical circuits. Dysfunctions of the frontal lobe that are mentioned include frontal lobe syndromes, frontotemporal dementia, frontal lobe epilepsy, and others.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei located at the base of the forebrain that help control posture and voluntary movement. They include the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia have direct and indirect pathways that use GABA and glutamate to influence motor, cognitive, and emotional functions through closed loops with the cortex and thalamus.
This document provides an overview of disconnection syndromes, which occur when lesions disrupt pathways connecting different brain areas. It defines disconnection syndromes and describes the anatomy of white matter tracts, including association, commissural, and projection fibers. Classic disconnection syndromes discussed include conduction aphasia from lesions to the arcuate fasciculus connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas, and alexia without agraphia from angular gyrus lesions disconnecting visual and language areas. The document also discusses Geschwind's expansion of disconnection syndromes to include association cortex lesions.
The document provides information about the frontal lobe of the brain. It discusses the three main areas of each frontal lobe - the dorsolateral aspect, medial aspect, and inferior orbital aspect. It describes the functions of the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and Broca's area. It lists some common symptoms of frontal lobe lesions such as changes to motor function, language and speech, and executive functioning abilities. It also summarizes several bedside tests used to evaluate frontal lobe functions.
anatomy and physiology of temporal lobechaurasia028
this ppt talks about the detailed physiology of temporal lobe and explain in detail about the mechanism involved in speech, auditory response and episodic memory.
it also talks about the anatomy and functions of the temporal lobe.
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the frontal lobe. It begins with the neuroanatomy of the frontal lobe, describing its sulci, fissures and gyri. It then covers the prefrontal cortex in more detail, describing its functional areas including the dorsolateral, orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. The document also discusses the motor cortex, its primary, premotor and supplementary areas. It covers tests used to assess frontal lobe functions and describes frontal lobe syndromes and its involvement in psychiatric illnesses and epilepsy.
The temporal lobe is involved in several important functions:
1) It processes auditory and visual information through distinct cortical areas.
2) The medial temporal lobe structures including the hippocampus and amygdala are critical for forming memories and regulating emotions.
3) Disorders of the temporal lobe can cause problems with memory, language processing, perception and personality changes depending on the area affected.
The limbic system can be divided into a rostral and caudal region. The rostral region including the amygdala, septum, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate is important for emotion. The caudal region including the hippocampus, posterior parahippocampal cortex and posterior cingulate is important for memory and visual-spatial functions. The limbic system is involved in various functions including emotional responses, reward and punishment, memory, social cognition, and more. Key structures in the limbic system that support these functions are the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus.
The temporal lobe plays important roles in processing sensory input such as auditory and visual information. It is involved in functions such as memory formation, emotion processing, and language comprehension. Damage to temporal lobe structures can cause symptoms like auditory or visual processing issues, memory impairments, and changes in emotional behavior or personality. The superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri and medial temporal structures each contribute to these various temporal lobe functions.
The document discusses the parietal lobe of the brain. The parietal lobe is located towards the top and middle of the brain. It is involved in processing sensory information like touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. The document also likely discusses how the parietal lobe is evaluated through neurological exams and imaging tests.
The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input, memory formation, language comprehension, and emotional processing. It contains structures like the hippocampus and amygdala that are important for memory and emotional associations. Disorders of the temporal lobe can cause problems like epilepsy, memory deficits, language issues like aphasia, and behavioral changes. Temporal lobe epilepsy is a common type of seizure originating in structures of the anteromedial temporal lobe. Bilateral damage to the amygdala and inferior temporal cortex can cause Klüver-Bucy syndrome characterized by changes in behavior and cognition. The temporal lobe also plays a key role in conditions like Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and traumatic brain injury.
The document provides information about the frontal lobe:
1. It introduces the frontal lobe as the emotional control center and personality center that is prone to injury.
2. It describes the anatomy of the frontal lobe including lobes, gyri, sulci and blood supply on different surfaces.
3. It outlines some of the major functional areas of the frontal lobe including motor control, language, decision making, memory, and social behavior.
The document discusses the basal ganglia and its role in psychiatric disorders. It begins with an overview of the basal ganglia's anatomy and connections, including its major inputs from the cortex, thalamus, and substantia nigra and outputs to the globus pallidus and thalamus. It then examines the role of basal ganglia dysfunction in several psychiatric disorders like OCD, autism, ADHD, schizophrenia, and depression. Imaging studies have found abnormalities in basal ganglia structures and connections in these disorders. Dysfunction of cortico-striatal and fronto-striatal circuits are implicated in the pathophysiology.
The parietal lobe is located at the top of the brain and is involved in processing somatosensory information, spatial awareness, and language comprehension. It contains the primary somatosensory cortex and association areas important for functions like tactile perception, discrimination, localization, and stereognosis. Injuries or lesions to different areas of the parietal lobe can cause syndromes like Gerstmann's syndrome involving acalculia, finger agnosia, and right-left disorientation if the angular gyrus is affected. The supramarginal gyrus is involved in tasks like praxis, repetition, and constructional abilities.
Cerebellum its function and releveance in psychiatryHarsh shaH
The cerebellum receives inputs from many brain regions and is involved in motor control and coordination. Recent research also suggests it plays a role in cognition and certain psychiatric disorders. Studies have found cerebellar abnormalities such as reduced volume and blood flow in autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety disorders which may contribute to symptoms. Cerebellar lesions can cause motor signs as well as cognitive and psychiatric issues, referred to as cerebellar-cognitive affective syndrome.
Approach to temporal lobe anatomy,function,epilepsy MRI findingDr Surendra Khosya
A 40-year-old lawyer experienced seizures and was found to have a left temporal lobe tumor. After the tumor was removed, he had word-finding difficulties but was able to return to work. The temporal lobe is located at the side of the head and is involved in functions like auditory and visual processing, memory, emotion, and language. It contains areas important for these functions and connects to other brain regions. Disorders of the temporal lobe can cause issues with perception, attention, memory, personality, and behavior.
The document discusses brain anatomy, specifically focusing on sulci and gyri. It provides definitions for sulci as depressions in the brain surface and gyri as ridges surrounded by sulci. Several major sulci are named, including the interhemispheric fissure, sylvian fissure, parieto-occipital fissure, and central sulcus. The four main lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - are also described based on their positioning relative to sulci. Each lobe contains gyri and sulci, and key structures like the precentral and postcentral gyri are identified.
Morphology of Human Deciduous Maxillary Lateral Incisor ToothRooban Thavarajah
Dr. Rooban Thavarajah gave a lecture series on tooth morphology focusing on the deciduous dentition and features of the maxillary lateral incisor. The maxillary lateral incisor is smaller than the central incisor with its crown wider from front to back than side to side. It has more rounded incisal angles, prominent ridges on the inside surface, a deeper pit, and a longer root with a less rounded tip compared to the central incisor.
The temporal lobes are located inside the temples on both sides of the brain. They are divided into superior, middle, and inferior temporal lobes. The temporal lobes are involved in auditory processing, language comprehension, visual recognition, memory formation, and emotional processing. Disorders of the temporal lobes can cause issues with auditory and visual perception, attention, memory, language, personality, and behavior. The amygdala and hippocampus, located within the medial temporal lobes, are important for processing emotions and forming memories.
This document provides an overview of the limbic system. It discusses the historical aspects of defining the limbic system. It then describes the key components of the limbic system including the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and connections between these structures like the Papez circuit. Finally, it discusses some clinical implications of the limbic system, focusing on temporal lobe epilepsy which can arise from damage to limbic structures like the hippocampus and amygdala.
This document provides an overview of the basal ganglia, including its history, anatomy, structures, pathways, and functions. It discusses several key points:
- The basal ganglia consists of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra.
- It receives input from the cortex, thalamus, and substantia nigra via the corticostriatal, thalamostriatal, and nigrostriatal pathways respectively.
- The basal ganglia is involved in movement through direct and indirect pathways that influence the thalamus and motor cortex. Disorders like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's
The document discusses the anatomy, functions, and circuits of the frontal lobe. It describes the evolution, connections, and roles of different regions of the frontal lobe like the motor cortex, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and their related subcortical circuits. Dysfunctions of the frontal lobe that are mentioned include frontal lobe syndromes, frontotemporal dementia, frontal lobe epilepsy, and others.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei located at the base of the forebrain that help control posture and voluntary movement. They include the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia have direct and indirect pathways that use GABA and glutamate to influence motor, cognitive, and emotional functions through closed loops with the cortex and thalamus.
This document provides an overview of disconnection syndromes, which occur when lesions disrupt pathways connecting different brain areas. It defines disconnection syndromes and describes the anatomy of white matter tracts, including association, commissural, and projection fibers. Classic disconnection syndromes discussed include conduction aphasia from lesions to the arcuate fasciculus connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas, and alexia without agraphia from angular gyrus lesions disconnecting visual and language areas. The document also discusses Geschwind's expansion of disconnection syndromes to include association cortex lesions.
The document provides information about the frontal lobe of the brain. It discusses the three main areas of each frontal lobe - the dorsolateral aspect, medial aspect, and inferior orbital aspect. It describes the functions of the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and Broca's area. It lists some common symptoms of frontal lobe lesions such as changes to motor function, language and speech, and executive functioning abilities. It also summarizes several bedside tests used to evaluate frontal lobe functions.
anatomy and physiology of temporal lobechaurasia028
this ppt talks about the detailed physiology of temporal lobe and explain in detail about the mechanism involved in speech, auditory response and episodic memory.
it also talks about the anatomy and functions of the temporal lobe.
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the frontal lobe. It begins with the neuroanatomy of the frontal lobe, describing its sulci, fissures and gyri. It then covers the prefrontal cortex in more detail, describing its functional areas including the dorsolateral, orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. The document also discusses the motor cortex, its primary, premotor and supplementary areas. It covers tests used to assess frontal lobe functions and describes frontal lobe syndromes and its involvement in psychiatric illnesses and epilepsy.
The temporal lobe is involved in several important functions:
1) It processes auditory and visual information through distinct cortical areas.
2) The medial temporal lobe structures including the hippocampus and amygdala are critical for forming memories and regulating emotions.
3) Disorders of the temporal lobe can cause problems with memory, language processing, perception and personality changes depending on the area affected.
The limbic system can be divided into a rostral and caudal region. The rostral region including the amygdala, septum, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate is important for emotion. The caudal region including the hippocampus, posterior parahippocampal cortex and posterior cingulate is important for memory and visual-spatial functions. The limbic system is involved in various functions including emotional responses, reward and punishment, memory, social cognition, and more. Key structures in the limbic system that support these functions are the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus.
The temporal lobe plays important roles in processing sensory input such as auditory and visual information. It is involved in functions such as memory formation, emotion processing, and language comprehension. Damage to temporal lobe structures can cause symptoms like auditory or visual processing issues, memory impairments, and changes in emotional behavior or personality. The superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri and medial temporal structures each contribute to these various temporal lobe functions.
The document discusses the parietal lobe of the brain. The parietal lobe is located towards the top and middle of the brain. It is involved in processing sensory information like touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. The document also likely discusses how the parietal lobe is evaluated through neurological exams and imaging tests.
The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input, memory formation, language comprehension, and emotional processing. It contains structures like the hippocampus and amygdala that are important for memory and emotional associations. Disorders of the temporal lobe can cause problems like epilepsy, memory deficits, language issues like aphasia, and behavioral changes. Temporal lobe epilepsy is a common type of seizure originating in structures of the anteromedial temporal lobe. Bilateral damage to the amygdala and inferior temporal cortex can cause Klüver-Bucy syndrome characterized by changes in behavior and cognition. The temporal lobe also plays a key role in conditions like Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and traumatic brain injury.
The document provides information about the frontal lobe:
1. It introduces the frontal lobe as the emotional control center and personality center that is prone to injury.
2. It describes the anatomy of the frontal lobe including lobes, gyri, sulci and blood supply on different surfaces.
3. It outlines some of the major functional areas of the frontal lobe including motor control, language, decision making, memory, and social behavior.
The document discusses the basal ganglia and its role in psychiatric disorders. It begins with an overview of the basal ganglia's anatomy and connections, including its major inputs from the cortex, thalamus, and substantia nigra and outputs to the globus pallidus and thalamus. It then examines the role of basal ganglia dysfunction in several psychiatric disorders like OCD, autism, ADHD, schizophrenia, and depression. Imaging studies have found abnormalities in basal ganglia structures and connections in these disorders. Dysfunction of cortico-striatal and fronto-striatal circuits are implicated in the pathophysiology.
The parietal lobe is located at the top of the brain and is involved in processing somatosensory information, spatial awareness, and language comprehension. It contains the primary somatosensory cortex and association areas important for functions like tactile perception, discrimination, localization, and stereognosis. Injuries or lesions to different areas of the parietal lobe can cause syndromes like Gerstmann's syndrome involving acalculia, finger agnosia, and right-left disorientation if the angular gyrus is affected. The supramarginal gyrus is involved in tasks like praxis, repetition, and constructional abilities.
Cerebellum its function and releveance in psychiatryHarsh shaH
The cerebellum receives inputs from many brain regions and is involved in motor control and coordination. Recent research also suggests it plays a role in cognition and certain psychiatric disorders. Studies have found cerebellar abnormalities such as reduced volume and blood flow in autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety disorders which may contribute to symptoms. Cerebellar lesions can cause motor signs as well as cognitive and psychiatric issues, referred to as cerebellar-cognitive affective syndrome.
Approach to temporal lobe anatomy,function,epilepsy MRI findingDr Surendra Khosya
A 40-year-old lawyer experienced seizures and was found to have a left temporal lobe tumor. After the tumor was removed, he had word-finding difficulties but was able to return to work. The temporal lobe is located at the side of the head and is involved in functions like auditory and visual processing, memory, emotion, and language. It contains areas important for these functions and connects to other brain regions. Disorders of the temporal lobe can cause issues with perception, attention, memory, personality, and behavior.
The document discusses brain anatomy, specifically focusing on sulci and gyri. It provides definitions for sulci as depressions in the brain surface and gyri as ridges surrounded by sulci. Several major sulci are named, including the interhemispheric fissure, sylvian fissure, parieto-occipital fissure, and central sulcus. The four main lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - are also described based on their positioning relative to sulci. Each lobe contains gyri and sulci, and key structures like the precentral and postcentral gyri are identified.
Morphology of Human Deciduous Maxillary Lateral Incisor ToothRooban Thavarajah
Dr. Rooban Thavarajah gave a lecture series on tooth morphology focusing on the deciduous dentition and features of the maxillary lateral incisor. The maxillary lateral incisor is smaller than the central incisor with its crown wider from front to back than side to side. It has more rounded incisal angles, prominent ridges on the inside surface, a deeper pit, and a longer root with a less rounded tip compared to the central incisor.
Anatomy And Connections Of Prefrontal Cortexfarhoudif
The document discusses the anatomy and connections of the prefrontal cortex. It describes three main parts of the lateral prefrontal cortex - the dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and frontopolar cortices - and their connections. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in spatial attention through its connections to parietal and occipital regions. The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex receives inputs related to action imitation, gestural communication, and object identification from parietal and temporal regions. The ventral prefrontal cortex receives auditory inputs related to spatial information and object recognition from superior temporal regions.
This document summarizes research on human memory encoding and storage. It discusses early studies on memory span and forgetting curves. It then covers the multi-store model of memory including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Key findings on working memory and prefrontal cortex involvement are also presented. The document concludes by discussing concepts of memory activation and accessibility.
The prefrontal cortex is located at the front of the brain in the frontal lobes. It is responsible for executive functions like decision making, problem solving, and social behavior. Studies have shown that the prefrontal cortex is activated when associating symbols with quantities, and that damage to this area affects moral reasoning and risk assessment. The prefrontal cortex becomes less active during creative improvisation compared to well-practiced tasks. Dysfunction in this region is linked to issues with social behavior, decision making, and conditions like schizophrenia.
The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep in the temporal lobe of the brain. It is involved in processing emotions and emotional reactions. Three studies were summarized that examined the amygdala in different contexts. Study 1 found no significant difference in amygdala volume between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Study 2 found increased amygdala activation in patients experiencing mania compared to healthy controls. Study 3 found that amygdala activation during a phobia-inducing task could predict which patients' symptoms would improve after cognitive behavioral therapy or medication.
This document summarizes key aspects of memory from a psychology textbook. It discusses the three main stages of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. For encoding, it describes how information is processed automatically or through effortful encoding using techniques like rehearsal. For storage, it outlines the three memory stores of sensory memory, working/short-term memory, and long-term memory. It also discusses theories of how memories are stored physically in the brain through synaptic changes. Finally, it briefly discusses factors that can affect retrieval like cues and types of forgetting.
The amygdala is an almond-shaped structure located deep in the temporal lobe that is involved in processing emotions such as fear, anger, and pleasure. It also determines what memories are stored and where. Three studies were summarized. The first found that people with larger amygdalae had more complex social networks. The second conditioned mice to fear sounds by pairing them with unpleasant events and found different amygdala activation for learning versus expressing fear. The third study of a woman with amygdala damage found she lacked all fear responses. Damage to the amygdala can result in inability to read emotions and social blindness.
This document provides an outline and overview of the frontal lobe. It discusses the evolution, history, anatomy, connections, syndromes, and functions of the frontal lobe. Key points include that the frontal lobe is the most recently evolved part of the brain, controlling functions like empathy, understanding humor, and regulating social behavior. It describes the anatomy of the lateral, medial, and orbital surfaces and outlines several frontal lobe syndromes that can result from damage to different regions.
The frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain behind the forehead. It controls important functions like reasoning, planning, problem solving, motor skills, language, memory, judgment, and social/sexual behavior. Damage to the frontal lobe can cause changes in personality and behavior, loss of impulse control, and difficulty with movement, language, and complex tasks. Pick's disease and frontal lobe dementia specifically affect the frontal and temporal lobes, causing changes in behavior and language problems.
Morphology of Human Deciduous Mandibular Molar teethRooban Thavarajah
This document describes the features of the mandibular first and second molars. It notes that the mandibular first molar has no resemblance to any other teeth and is primitive in appearance. It has a rhomboidal occlusal shape with prominent cusps and grooves. The roots are two broad, flat roots that bifurcate. The mandibular second molar is similar to the first permanent molar but smaller, with five cusps and separating grooves between the buccal and lingual cusps. Both teeth have roots that are twice as long as the crowns and flared endings.
This document provides an overview of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), including its history, mechanisms, procedures, indications, and controversies. It discusses how ECT was developed from early seizure therapies and first applied using electricity in the 1930s. It also describes how ECT works, involving inducing seizures through electrical stimulation of the brain, and summarizes some of the leading theories about its therapeutic mechanisms. The document outlines the typical ECT procedure and treatment course, including electrical parameter settings and monitoring techniques used. It notes some potential side effects and provides guidelines on patient selection and risk-benefit assessment for ECT.
La percepción es el proceso a través del cual se adquiere conocimiento del mundo exterior y se forman representaciones mentales. La atención es fundamental para este proceso, ya que se encarga de seleccionar la información relevante entre los estímulos. La atención consta de tres niveles: estado de alerta, atención sostenida y atención selectiva. El estado de alerta es el nivel más básico, mientras que la atención selectiva permite prestar atención a los estímulos relevantes a pesar de distracciones. Tanto e
Este documento describe los conceptos fundamentales de la atención en psicología. Explica que la atención es un mecanismo que selecciona la información entrante para optimizar procesos como el pensamiento y la memoria. Luego describe los tres mecanismos atencionales de selección, distribución y mantenimiento. También cubre los tipos de atención focalizada y dividida, y varios modelos que explican estos procesos cognitivos como el filtro rígido y atenuado. Finalmente, resume las características clave de
This document provides an overview of brain anatomy, beginning with the structures of the skull and meninges. It describes the major divisions of the brain including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. It outlines the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and internal structures such as the basal ganglia and corpus callosum. Key structures such as the ventricles and cisterns are identified. The rest of the document illustrates various sections of the brain with labeled diagrams and MRI images.
El documento presenta un resumen de diferentes modelos y técnicas de terapias conductuales y cognitivas como la terapia cognitiva de Beck y la terapia racional emotiva de Ellis. Describe los elementos centrales de cada modelo, incluyendo los conceptos de esquemas, pensamientos automáticos y distorsiones cognitivas en el modelo cognitivo, y las creencias irracionales y el modelo ABC en la terapia racional emotiva. Además, provee una breve biografía de los creadores de cada terapia, Aaron Beck y Albert Ellis.
The document provides an overview of frontal lobe disorders, including:
- The functional anatomy and neurotransmitters of the frontal lobes.
- Frontotemporal dementia, which selectively attacks the frontal and temporal lobes.
- Frontal lobe syndromes, which can cause changes in personality and behavior.
- Frontal lobe epilepsy, characterized by seizures arising from the frontal lobes.
- The relationship between the frontal lobes and schizophrenia, depression, and other conditions.
This document provides an overview of the neuroanatomy and functions of the frontal lobe. It discusses the motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and various subregions. It covers the frontal lobe's role in motor control, executive functions, language, and social behavior. Lesions in different frontal areas can cause syndromes like frontal lobe syndrome, characterized by changes in personality and behavior. The document also reviews associated neurological exams and neuropsychological tests.
The frontal lobe controls important cognitive functions like problem solving, memory, language, judgment and behavior. It has several subregions that support distinct functions. Tests can evaluate specific frontal lobe areas like the motor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex. Tasks examine abilities like motor skills, attention, inhibition, memory and reasoning which may be impaired with frontal lobe damage.
The document describes the major areas and structures of the human brain. It discusses the cerebrum, which includes the cerebral cortex and diencephalon. The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes - parietal, frontal, temporal and occipital. The diencephalon contains the thalamus, which relays sensory information, and the hypothalamus, which helps maintain homeostasis. The document also mentions the cerebellum, located behind the brainstem, which helps regulate movement, and the brainstem, composed of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata, which maintains vital functions.
This is a medical grade presentation on Neurology- Frontal lobe clinical anatomy, physiology, functions, diseases. Can be used as last minute revision and notes on frontal lobe with easy pointers to remember.
This document discusses the major areas of the brain. It begins by introducing the four main lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal. It then provides details on specific areas within each lobe, including their locations and functions. For example, it describes the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex and supplementary motor area in the frontal lobe. It also discusses clinical implications of lesions to different brain areas, such as how a lesion in Broca's area can cause expressive aphasia. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key regions of the four brain lobes and some associated neurological conditions.
This document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the frontal lobe. It describes that the frontal lobe comprises the anterior half of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the precentral gyrus, supplementary motor area, premotor area, and Brodmann areas 4, 6, 8, and 8a. It discusses the primary motor cortex, connections of the motor cortex to the spinal cord and brainstem, and functions of the premotor, supplementary motor, and frontal eye fields in selecting and executing movements. It also summarizes the roles of the dorsolateral, medial, and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex regions in working memory, executive function, and associating sensory information with emotional responses.
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1. Presenter
Dr. Anusa A M
First year MD PG
1st August 2012
Hon. Chairperson
Dr. KUMANAN MD DPM,
Professor
Dr. KARTHIKEYAN MD, DPM,
Assistant Professor
2. Anatomy & Functional anatomy of frontal lobes
Neurotransmitters in the frontal lobes
Circuits of the frontal lobe and deficits
Testing prefrontal cortical function
Common causes of frontal lobe syndromes
References
3.
4. Largest of all lobes
Sagitally : ~1/3 / hemisphere
3 major areas in each lobe
Dorsolateral aspect
Medial aspect
Inferior orbital aspect
5. 1, 2, 3 = primary sensory cortex
4 = motor cortex
5, 7 = secondary sensory cortex
6 = supplementary motor area (medial) and premotor cortex (lateral)
8 = frontal eye fields
9/46 = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
10 = frontopolar cortex
11, 12 = orbitofrontal areas
17 = primary visual cortex
18, 19, 20, 21, 37 = secondary visual cortex
24, 32 = anterior cingulate cortex
41 = primary auditory cortex
22, 42 = secondary auditory cortex
39 = angular gyrus, part of Wernicke's area
40 = supramarginal gyrus, part of Wernicke's area
44/45 = Broca's Area
47 Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
(13, 14, 15, 16, 27, 49, 50, 51 - monkey only)
6. Surface Division Separated by & B Number
Superolateral Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus (4l, 6l, 8l) · Middle frontal
gyrus (9l, 10l, 46)
Inferior frontal gyrus: 11l · 47-Pars orbitalis · Broca's
area (44-Pars opercularis, 45-Pars triangularis)
Superior frontal sulcus · Inferior frontal sulcus
Precentral Precentral gyrus · Precentral sulcus
Medial/inferior Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus (4m, 6m) · Medial frontal
gyrus (8m, 9m)
Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area (12) · Straight
gyrus (11m) · Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal
cortex (10m, 11m, 12) · Ventromedial prefrontal
cortex (10m) ·Subcallosal area (25)
Olfactory sulcus · Orbital sulci
Precentral Paracentral lobule (4) · Paracentral sulcus
Both
Primary motor cortex (4) · Premotor cortex (6) · Supplementary motor
area (6) · Frontal eye fields (8)
7.
8. Lateral sulcus/
Sylvian fissure
Central sulcus
Motor speech
area of Broca
Frontal eye field
B 44, 45
B 9, 10, 11, 12
B 8
Primary motor areaPremotor area
Prefrontal area
B6 B4
Supplementary
motor area
(medially)
Brodmann area
9.
10.
11. Primary Motor area
Premotor area
Anterior Premotor
Ventral anterior Premotor
Orbital frontal cortex
Lateral Prefrontal cortex
▪ Dorsolateral
Venteromedial prefrontal cortex
▪ Lateral frontopolar
▪ Venterolateral
12. Broadman's
area
Anatomical
descriptions
Cortical type Functional region
4 Primary Motor
Cortex
Primary Motor Motor
6 Premotor Primary Motor (caudal);
Unimodal motor (Roustral)
Premotor
44 Pars opercularis Unimodal motor Premotor
8 Motor
association
cortex
Unimodal motor (caudal);
heteromodal (rostral)
Premotor
46 Dorsolateral
Prefrontal cortex
Heteromodal Prefrontal -
dorsolateral
9 Superior
Prefrontal cortex
Heteromodal Prefrontal -
dorsolateral
10 Inferior
prefrontal cortex
Heteromodal Prefrontal -
dorsolateral
13. Broadman's
area
Anatomical descriptions Cortical type Functional region
45 Pars triangularis Heteromodal Prefrontal - ventrolateral
47 Pars orbitalis Heteromodal Prefrontal - ventrolateral
11 Lateral orbitofrontal
cortex
Heteromodal Prefrontal - orbitofrontal
12 Medial orbitofrontal
cortex
Heteromodal (Rostral);
Paralimbic (Caudal)
Prefrontal - orbitofrontal
32 Medial frontal cortex Heteromodal (Rostral);
Paralimbic (Caudal)
Paralimbic (medial, frontal)
24 Anterior cingulate Paralimbic Paralimbic (medial, frontal)
25 Paraolfactory region Paralimbic Paralimbic (medial, frontal)
14. Motor cortex
Primary
Premotor
Supplementary
Frontal eye field
Broca’s speech area
Prefrontal cortex
– Dorsolateral
– Medial
– Orbitofrontal
15. Executive function
Thinking
Judgment
Social
Curiosity
Motivation
Attention
Sequencing
16. Selective attention
Working memory
Preparatory set
Monitoring
Temporal organization of behavior, speech, and reasoning
Distractibility, Perseveration, Dis-inhibition
Novelty, Uncertainty, Choice
Emotional Coloring of Action, Experience, and Decision
Making
Significance, Context and Ambiguity
Switching Perspectives and Mental Relativism
17.
18. Single-process theories
Damage to a single process or system is responsible for a number
of different dysexecutive symptoms
Multi-process theories
Frontal lobe executive system consists of a number of
components that typically work together in everyday actions
(heterogeneity of function)
Construct-led theories:
Most,if not all, frontal functions can be explained by one construct
(homogeneity of function) such as working memory or inhibition”
Single-symptom theories
A specific dysexecutive symptom (e.g., confabulation) is related
to the processes and construct of the underlying structures
19. Primary motor cortex
Input : thalamus, BG, sensory, premotor
Output : motor fibers to brainstem and spinal
cord
Function : executes design into movement
Lesions :/ tone; power; fine motor
function on contra lateral side
20. Supplementary motor
Input : Cingulate gyrus, thalamus, sensory &
Prefrontal cortex
Output : Premotor, primary motor
Function : Intentional preparation for
movement; Procedural memory
Lesions : Mutism, akinesis; speech returns but
it is non-spontaneous
21. Premotor cortex
Input : Thalamus, BG, sensory cortex
Output : Primary motor cortex
Function : Stores motor programs; controls
coarse postural movements
Lesions : Moderate weakness in proximal
muscles on contralateral side
22. Frontal eye fields
Input : Parietal / temporal (what is target);
posterior / parietal cortex (where is target)
Output : Caudate; superior colliculus; paramedian
pontine reticular formation
Function : Executive: selects target & commands
movement (saccades)
Lesion : Eyes deviate ipsilaterally with destructive
lesion & contralaterally with irritating lesions
23. Broca’s speech area
Input : Wernicke’s
Output : Primary motor cortex
Function : Speech production (dominant
hemisphere); emotional, melodic
component of speech (non-dominant)
Lesions: motor aphasia; monotone speech
24. Orbital prefrontal cortex
Connections:
▪ temporal,parietal, thalamus, GP, caudate, SN, insula,
amygdala
▪ Part of limbic system
Function
▪ Emotional imput, arousal, suppression of distracting signals
Lesions
▪ emotional lability, disinhibition, distractibility, ‘hyperkinesis’
25. Schematic illustrating the connections of the VS. Blue arrows=inputs; gray arrows=outputs; Amy=amygdala;
BNST=bed nucleus stria terminalis; dACC=dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; Hipp=hippocampus; hypo=hypothalamus;
MD=medio-dorsal nucleus of the thalamus; OFC=orbital frontal cortex; PPT=pedunculopontine nucleus; S=shell;
SNc=substantia nigra, pars compacta; STN=subthalamic nucleus; Thal=thalamus; VP=ventral pallidum; VS=ventral
striatum; VTA=ventral tegmental area; vmPFC=ventral medial prefrontal cortex
28. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Connections:
▪ Motor / sensory convergence areas, thalamus, GP, caudate,
SN
Functions
▪ Monitors and adjusts behavior using ‘working memory’
Lesions:
▪ Executive function deficit; disinterest / emotional reactivity;
attention to relevant stimuli
29.
30. Dopaminergic tracts
Origin:
▪ ventral tegmental area in midbrain
Projections:
▪ Prefrontal cortex (mesocortical tract) and to limbic
system (mesolimbic tract)
Function:
▪ Reward; motivation; spontaneity; arousal
31. Norepinephrine tracts
Origin:
▪ Locus ceruleus in brainstem and lateral brainstem tegmentum
Projections:
▪ Anterior cortex
Functions:
▪ Alertness, arousal, cognitive processing of somatosensory info
32. Serotonin tracts
Origin:
▪ Raphe nuclei in brainstem
Projections:
▪ Number of forebrain structures
Function
▪ Minor role in prefrontal cortex; sleep, mood, anxiety,
feeding
38. Supplementary Motor & Premotor: planning, initiation & storage
of motor programs; fine-tuning of movements
Motor:final station for execution of the the movement according
to the design
SMA,
Premotor,
Motor
Putamen
VL Globus
Pallidus
VL, VA, CM
Thalamus
Hypo-
thalamus
39. Voluntary scanning eye movement
Independent of visual stimuli
Frontal
Eye Field
Central
Caudate
DM Globus
Pallidus
Substantia
Nigra
VA, MD
Thalamus
40. Executive functions: motor planning, deciding which stimuli to
attend to, shifting cognitive sets
Attention span and working memory
Lateral
Prefrontal
DL
Caudate
DM Globus
Pallidus
Substantia
Nigra
VA, MD
Thalamus
41. Emotional life and personality structure
Arousal, motivation, affect
Orbitofrontal cortex: consciousness
VM
Caudate
DM Globus
Pallidus
Substantia
Nigra
VA, MD
Thalamus
Infero-
lateral
prefrontal
Orbito-
frontal
44. Frontal Lobe Syndromes
The Case of Phineas Gage (Harlow 1868)
Tamping iron blown through skull: L
frontal brain injury
Excellent physical recovery
Dramatic personality change: ‘no
longer Gage’:stubborn, lacked in
consideration for others, had profane
speech, failed to execute his plans
45. Puerile (Childish)
Profane (Disrespectful)
Slovenly (Sloppy)
Facetious (Teasing)
Irresponsible
Grandiose
Irascible (Irritable)
Lost spontaneity, curiosity & initiative
Apathetic blunting of feeling, drive, attentive power, behavior.
Erosion of foresight, judgment, insight
Inability to delay gratification or experience remorse.
Impairment of abstract reasoning, hypothesis generation,
creativity, problem solving, and mental flexibility
46. Jumped to premature conclusions
Excessively literal
Loss of orderly planning and sequencing of complex
behaviors
The ability to attend to several components
simultaneously
Flexibly alter the focus of concentration
Capacity for grasping the context and gist of a complex
situation
Resistance to distraction and interference
Ability to follow multistep instructions
Inhibition of immediate but inappropriate response
tendencies
Ability to sustain behavioral output without
perseveration
47. Frontal Lobe Syndromes
Emotional make-up and personality
Abstraction and judgment
Attention and memory
Language
48. Frontal Lobe Syndromes
Emotional make-up and personality
– May be the only manifestation
– Apathy / euphoria / labile mood
– Decreased drive / poor impulse control
– Abulia; akinetic mutism
– Pseudobulbar palsy; Opercular syndrome
– Best assessed with Hx from family / friends &
observation
49. Frontal Lobe Syndromes
Abstraction and judgment
– Cognitive functions undisturbed
– Concrete thinking
– Diminished insight
– Defect in planning / executive control
50. Tests of abstraction and judgment
– Interpret proverbs (e.g.“the golden hammer opens
iron doors”)
– Explain why conceptually linked words are the
same (e.g. coat & skirt)
– Plan & structure a sequential set of activities (“how
would you bake a cake?”)
– Insight / reaction to own illness
51. Attention and memory
– Inattentiveness
– Defect in working memory
– Defect in sequencing, perseverance
52.
53. Tests of attention and memory
– Alternative sequence (e.g. copying MNMN)
– Go/no-go:
–”tap once if I tap twice, don’t tap if I tap once”
–“tap for A”
–read 60 letters at 1/sec; N: < 2 errors
54. Tests of attention and memory cont’
– Digit span
– “repeat 3-52; 3-52-8; 3-52-8-67..” N: >5
– Visual grasp: “look away from stimulus”
– Recency test
–“recall sequence of stimuli / events”
– Imitation (of examiner) / utilization (of objects
presented)
55. Language
– Broca’s / non-fluent aphasia
– Prefrontal/ transcortical motor aphasia
– Language-motor dissociation
– Akinetic mutism
56. Language tests
– Thurstone / word fluency test (“recite as many
words beginning with ‘F’ in 1 min as you can,
then with ‘A’, ‘S’”); N: >15
– Repetition (Broca’s vs transcortical)
– “Ball”
– “Methodist”
– “Methodist episcopal”
– “No if’s end’s or but’s”
– “Around the rugged rock the ragged rascal ran”
57. Frontal Lobe Syndromes - Tests
Formal Tests
– Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
• abstract thinking and set shifting; L>R
– Trail Making
• visuo-motor track, conceptualization, set shift
– Stroop Color & Word Test
• attention, shift sets; L>R
– Tower of London Test
• planning
58. “Please sort the 60 cards under the 4 samples.
I won’t tell you the rule, but I will announce every mistake.
The rule will change after 10 correct placements.”
59. Trail Making Test
A
C1
2
7
3 D
5 B
4
6
Various levels of difficulty:
1. “Please connect the letters in alphabetical order as fast as you can.”
2. “Repeat, as in ‘1’ but alternate with numbers in increasing order”
60. RED BLUE ORANGE YELLOW
GREEN RED PURPLE RED
GREEN YELLOW BLUE RED
YELLOW ORANGE RED GREEN
BLUE GREEN PURPLE RED
“Please read this as fast as you can”
61. Various levels of difficulty:
e.g. “Please rearrange the balls on the pegs, so that each peg has
one ball only. Use as few movements as possible”
62. Diseases Commonly Associated
With Frontal Lobe Lesions
Traumatic brain injury
– Gunshot wound
– Closed head injury
• Widespread stretching and shearing of fibers
throughout
• Frontal lobe more vulnerable
– Contusions and intracerebral hematomas
63. Frontal Lobe seizures
– Usually secondary to trauma
– Difficult to diagnose: can be odd (laughter, crying,
verbal automatism, complex gestures)
Diseases Commonly Associated
With Frontal Lobe Lesions
64. Vascular disease
– Common cause especially in elderly
– ACA territory infarction
• Damage to medial frontal area
– MCA territory
• Dorsolateral frontal lobe
– ACom aneurysm rupture
• Personality change, emotional disturbance
65. Tumors
– Gliomas, meningiomas
– subfrontal and olfactory groove meningiomas:
profound personality changes and dementia
Multiple Sclerosis
– Frontal lobes 2nd highest number of plaques
– euphoric/depressed mood, Memory problems,
cognitive and behavioral effects
Diseases Commonly Associated
With Frontal Lobe Lesions