This document provides tips for tuning a MySQL database to optimize performance. It discusses why tuning is important for cost effectiveness, performance, and competitive advantage. It outlines who should be involved in tuning including application designers, developers, DBAs and system administrators. The document covers what can be tuned such as applications, databases structures, and hardware. It provides best practices for when and how much to tune a database. Specific tuning techniques are discussed for various areas including application development, database design, server configuration, and storage engine optimizations.

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MySQL Performance Tuning: Top 10
Tips
Presented by :-
Sonali Minocha
Osscube, New Delhi

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Why Tune a Database?
Cost-effectiveness
o A system that is tuned can minimize the need to buy additional hardware and other
resources to meet the needs of the end users.
o Tuning may demonstrate that the system being used is excessive for the end users and
downsizing is the better option. This may result in multiple levels of savings to include
maintenance.
· Performance
o A high-performance, well-tuned system produces faster response time and better
throughput within the organization. This increases the productivity of the end users.
o A well-tuned system benefits the organization’s customers, poor response time causes lot
of unhappiness and loses business.
· Competitive Advantage
o Tuning a system for optimal performance gives the end users the ability to glean more
critical information faster than the competitors thus giving the company as a whole an
advantage.
o Tuning the access to the data helps business analysts, who are utilizing business
intelligence initiatives based on corporate data, make faster and more precise decisions.

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Who Tunes?
• All persons involved with the MySQL software should be
concerned with performance and involved in tuning.
Consider all phases of the System Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) as opportunities to create and enhance an
effective, well designed and efficient system.
• · Application Designers
• · Application Developers
• · Database Administrators
• · System Administrators

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What is Tuned?
Careful design of systems and applications is essential to the
optimal performance of any database. In most cases the
greatest gain in performance can be achieved through
tuning the application. The most opportune time to consider
performance issues is when the application is in the very
early stages of the SDLC.
• · Application Design
• · Application Development
• · Database Structures
• · Hardware

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When should Tuning be accomplished?
• · From the beginning
• · Routine tune-ups
• · Response to problems/bottlenecks
• · Proactive Tuning
• · End-of-life
• o Bottom line, performance tuning is never finished. As long as the database system is in
• place, the DBA will continually be adjusting the database architecture to meet the
• continual needs of the end user.
• Tuning Outcome
• The effect of tuning should be readily apparent to the end user. For this reason, the tuning outcome
• should be to:
• · Minimize or decrease the response time
• · Provide high throughput scalability at comparable response times
• Tuning Targets
• Tuning goals can be defined in numerous ways. In many cases the goals are set by the users of the
• system in order for them to perform their daily functions efficiently.
• · How much data needs to be processed?
• · How quickly can the information be returned to the user?
• · What is the total number of users that can efficiently access the data?

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How much tuning is enough?
• Too Little Tuning
• Too Much Tuning
• Other Questions to Consider
• · Is the cost of improving the database architecture or adding additional resources cost
effective for the return on investment that the data is providing to the organization?
• · Are changes made to database systems that are in production?
• · Is the integrity of the data being compromised for speed?
• There comes a point when the system is in balance, and it is better not to adjust settings
to achieve infinitesimally small performance improvements.
• Caution is required when making changes once a system is in production. For best
results, always try to build a test environment

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Stages of Tuning
• Application design
• Application development
• Database configuration
• Application maintenance and growth
• Troubleshooting

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Measurement Methods
• Benchmarking
• Profiling
• Benchmarking Vs Profiling

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Application Development
(Optimizing Queries)

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Indexes
• In MySQL there are several types of indexes:
– Tree Indexes
• B-Trees
– FULLTEXT indexes (based on words instead of whole
columns)
• B+Trees (InnoDB)
• T-Trees (NDB)
• Red-black binary trees (MEMORY)
• R-Trees (MyISAM, spatial indexes)
– Hash indexes (MEMORY and NDB)
• The use of indexes to find rows speedes up most queries
• Writes become slower with each added index

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Query Execution Plan
(EXPLAIN)
• With EXPLAIN the query is sent all the way to the optimizer,
but not to the storage engine
• Instead EXPLAIN returns the query execution plan
• EXPLAIN tells you:
– In which order the tables are read
– What types of read operations that are made
– Which indexes could have been used
– Which indexes are used
– How the tables refer to each other
– How many rows the optimizer estimates to retrieve from each table

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EXPLAIN Types
system The table has only one row
const At the most one matching row, treated as a constant
eq_ref One row per row from previous tables
ref Several rows with matching index value
ref_or_null Like ref, plus NULL values
index_merge Several index searches are merged
unique_subquery Same as ref for some subqueries
index_subquery As above for non-unique indexes
range A range index scan
index The whole index is scanned
ALL A full table scan

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EXPLAIN Extra
Using index The result is created straight from the index
Using where Not all rows are used in the result
Distinct Only a single row is read per row combination
Not exists A LEFT JOIN missing rows optimization is used
Using filesort An extra row sorting step is done
Using temporary A temporary table is used
Range checked for each The read type is optimized individually for each combination of rows
record from the previous tables

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Optimizer Hints
STRAIGHT_JOIN Forces the optimizer to join the tables in the given order
SQL_BIG_RESULTS Together with GROUP BY or DISTINCT tells the server to
use disk-based temp tables
SQL_BUFFER_RESULTS Tells the server to use a temp table, thus releasing locks
early (for table-locks)
USE INDEX Hints to the optimizer to use the given index
FORCE INDEX Forces the optimizer to use the index (if possible)
IGNORE INDEX Forces the optimizer not the use the index

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Selecting Queries to Optimize
• The slow query log
– Logs all queries that take longer than long_query_time
– Can also log all queries that don’t use indexes with
--log-queries-not-using-indexes
– To log slow administrative commands use
--log-slow-admin-statements
– To analyze the contents of the slow log use mysqldumpslow
• The general query log can be use to analyze:
– Reads vs. writes
– Simple queries vs. complex queries
– etc

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Database Designing
(Optimizing Schemas)

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Normalization
• Normalization is a key factor in optimizing your database
structure
– Good normalization prevents redundant data from being
stored in the same tables
– By moving redundant data to their own table, this reduces
storage requirements and overhead when processing queries
– Transactional databases should be in the 3rd normal form
• For data warehousing and reporting system a star-schema
might be a better solution

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Table Optimizations
• Use columns that are as short as possible;
– INT instead of BIGINT
– VARCHAR(10) instead of VARCHAR(255)
– etc.
• Pay special attention to columns that are used in joins
• Define columns as NOT NULL if possible
• For hints on saving space, use PROCEDURE ANALYSE()
• For data warehousing or reporting systems consider using
summary tables for speed

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Index Optimizations
• An index on the whole column is not always necessary
– Instead index just a prefix of a column
– Prefix indexes take less space and the operations are faster
• Composite indexes can be used for searches on the first
column(s) in the index
• Minimize the size of PRIMARY KEYs that are used as
references in other tables
– Using an auto_increment column can be more optimal
• A FULLTEXT index is useful for
– word searches in text
– searches on several columns

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MyISAM-Specific Optimizations
• Consider which row format to use, dynamic, static or
compressed
– Speed vs. space
• Consider splitting large tables into static and dynamic parts
• Important to perform table maintenance operations regularly
or after big DELETE/UPDATE operations
– Especially on tables with dynamic row format
• Change the row-pointer size (default 6b) for large (>256Tb)
tables or smaller (< 4Gb) tables

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InnoDB-Specific Optimizations
• InnoDB uses clustered indexes
– The length of the PRIMARY KEY is extremely important
• The rows are always dynamic
– Using VARCHAR instead of CHAR is almost always better
• Maintenance operations needed after
– Many UPDATE/DELETE operations
• The pages can become underfilled

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MEMORY-Specific
Optimizations
• Use BTREE (Red-black binary trees) indexes
– When key duplication is high
– When you need range searches
• Set a size limit for your memory tables
– With --max_heap_table_size
• Remove unused memory
– TRUNCATE TABLE to completely remove the contents of the
table
– A null ALTER TABLE to free up deleted rows

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Optimizing the Server

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Performance Monitoring
• Server performance can be tracked using native OS tools
– vmstat, iostat, mpstat on Unix
– performance counters on Windows
• The mysqld server tracks crucial performance counters
– SHOW STATUS gives you a snapshot
– Can use Cricket, SNMP, custom scripts to graph over time
– MySQL Administrator
• Default graphs
• Allows you to create your own graphs
• Queries can be tracked using log files
– Can collect every query submitted to the server
– Slow queries can be logged easily

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Monitoring Threads in MySQL
• To get a snapshot of all threads in MySQL
– SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST
– The state column shows what’s going on for each query
• Performance problems can often be detected by
– Monitoring the processlist
– Verifying status variables
• Imminent problems can be eliminated by
– Terminating runaway or unnecessary threads with KILL

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Tuning MySQL Parameters
• Some MySQL options can be changed online
• The dynamic options are either
– SESSION specific
• Changing the value will only affect the current connection
– GLOBAL
• Changing the value will affect the whole server
– Both
• When changing the value SESSION/GLOBAL should be specified
• Online changes are not persistant over a server restart
– The configuration files have to be changed as well
• The current values of all options can be found with
SHOW SESSION/GLOBAL VARIABLES

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Status Variables
• MySQL collects lots of status indicators
– These can be monitored with SHOW STATUS
• The variables provide a way of monitoring the server
activity
• They also act as guides when optimizing the server
• The variables can also be viewed with
– mysqladmin extended-status
– MySQL Administrator
• Provides graphical interface for monitoring the variables
• Can be very efficient for tracking the health of the server

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Some Global Options
• table_cache (default 64)
– Cache for storing open table handlers
– Increase this if Opened_tables is high
• thread_cache (default 0)
– Number of threads to keep for reuse
– Increase if threads_created is high
– Not useful if the client uses connection pooling
• max_connections (default 100)
– The maximum allowed number of simultaneous connections
– Very important for tuning thread specific memory areas
– Each connection uses at least thread_stack of memory

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MyISAM Global Options
• key_buffer_size (default 8Mb)
– Cache for storing indices
– Increase this to get better index handling
– Miss ratio (key_reads/key_read_requests) should be
very low, at least < 0.03 (often < 0.01 is desirable)
• Row caching is handled by the OS

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MyISAM Thread-Specific
Options
• myisam_sort_buffer_size (default 8Mb)
– Used when sorting indexes during REPAIR/ALTER TABLE
• myisam_repair_threads (default 1)
– Used for bulk import and repairing
– Allows for repairing indexes in multiple threads
• myisam_max_sort_file_size
– The max size of the file used while re-creating indexes

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InnoDB-Specific Optimization
1/2
• innodb_buffer_pool_size (default 8Mb)
– The memory buffer InnoDB uses to cache both data and
indexes
– The bigger you set this the less disk i/o is needed
– Can be set very high (up to 80% on a dedicated system)
• innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit (default 1)
– 0 writes and sync’s once per second (not ACID)
– 1 forces sync to disk after every commit
– 2 write to disk every commit but only sync’s about once per
second

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InnoDB-Specific Optimization
2/2
• innodb_log_buffer_size (default 1Mb)
– Larger values allows for larger transactions to be logged in
memory
– Sensible values range from 1M to 8M
• innodb_log_file_size (default 5Mb)
– Size of each InnoDB redo log file
– Can be set up to buffer_pool_size

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Q&A

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Thank you