2. Member
Niam Pramestasari 10420004
Ulul Ma’rifah 10420010
Vera Ayudya K 10420014
Wahyuningtyas S H 10420044
Priyanka Eka W 10420045

3. The experimental method in involves manipulating one
variable to determine if changes in one variable cause
changes in another variable. This method relies on
controlled methods, random assignment and the
manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis.

4. Participants
Variables
Instrument and Materials

5. A participant is a living person who takes part in a
research study.
The participants might be selected by random selection
or random sampling.

6. Generally speaking, experiments are carried out in
order to explore the strength of relationships between
variables. The label given to the variable that the
experimenter expects to influence the other is called
the independent variable. The variable upon which the
independent variable is acting is called the dependent
variable- in our case, the test scores. Thus, clearly
identify the independent variable and the dependent
variable in experiment. The dependent variable is the
response or the criterion variable that is presumed to
be caused by or influenced by the independent
treatment conditions.

7. Instrument is tools researchers use to collect data for
research studies( alternatively called “test”)
Example :handouts, lessons, etc.

8. What is sampling?
A shortcut method for investigating a whole
population
Data is gathered on a small part of the whole parent
population or sampling frame, and used to inform
what the whole picture is like

9. In reality there is simply not enough; time, energy,
money, labour/man power, equipment, access to
suitable sites to measure every single item or site
within the parent population or whole sampling
frame.
Therefore an appropriate sampling strategy is adopted
to obtain a representative, and statistically valid
sample of the whole.

10. Determine research purpose
Determine research population
Determine what data is needed
Determine sampling technique
Determine sample size
Determine what sample unit is needed
Choosing sample

11. Non-probability samples
Probability samples

12. Convenience samples (ease of access)
sample is selected from elements of a population
that are easily accessible
Snowball sampling (friend of friend….etc.)
Purposive sampling (judgemental)
You chose who you think should be in the
study
 Quota sample
Select individuals as they come to fill a quota by
characteristics proportional to populations

13. Random sampling
Each subject has a known probability of being selected
Allows application of statistical sampling theory to
results to:
Generalise
Test hypotheses
 Simple random sampling
 Systematic sampling
 Stratified sampling
 Multi-stage sampling
 Cluster sampling

15. Sampling fraction
Ratio between sample size and population size
Systematic sampling

16. Systematic sampling

17. Cluster: a group of sampling units close to each
other i.e. crowding together in the same area or
neighborhood

18. Section 4
Section 5
Section 3
Section 2Section 1

19. It need to be identified.
Identify the type of experimental design in the
proposed study.
The type available in experiments are:
1. Pre- experimental design
2. Quasi- experiments
3. True- experiments
4. A single subject design

20. Kind of pre- experimental design
 One- short case study
X O
 The one- group pre-test post- test design
O1 X O2
 Static group comparison or Post- test only with Non- equivalent Group
X O
O
 Alternative Treatment Post- test only With Nonequivalent Group
design
X1 O
X2 O

21.  Nonequivalent (pretest and posttest)
O X O
O O
Single- Group Interrupted Time- Series Design
O O O O X O O O O
Control- Group Interrupted Time- Series Design
O O O O X O O O O
O O O O X O O O O

22. Pretest- Posttest Control Design
R O X O
R O O
Posttest- Only Control- Group Design
R X O
R O
Solomon Four- Group Design
R O X O
R O O
R X O
R O

24. These statistics are means, standard deviations, and
ranger
Tell the reader about type of statistical analysis that will
be used during the experiment.
Report the descriptive statistics calculated for
observation and measures at the pretest or posttest
stage of experimental design.