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1. Ethics and Leadership

2. Outline
 What is ethics?
 Three approaches to resolving ethical
conflicts
 Making ethical decisions

3. Ethics: What Does It Really
Mean?
Definitions
 Ethics involves a discipline that examines good
or bad practices within the context of a moral
duty
 Moral conduct is behavior that is right or
wrong

4. Two Key Branches of Ethics
 Descriptive ethics involves describing,
characterizing and studying morality
 “What is”
 Normative ethics involves supplying and
justifying moral systems
 “What should be”

5. 3 Models of Leadership Ethics
1. Immoral Leadership—A style devoid of ethical
principles and active opposition to what is ethical.
2. Moral Leadership—Conforms to high standards
of ethical behavior.
3. Amoral Leadership
 Intentional - does not consider ethical factors
 Unintentional - casual or careless about ethical
considerations in business

6. Resolving Ethical Conflicts
Three Approaches
 Conventional
 Principles
 Ethical tests

7. Conventional Approach to Ethics
 Conventional approach to ethics involves a
comparison of a decision or practice to
prevailing societal norms
 Pitfall: ethical relativism
Decision or Practice Prevailing Norms

8. Leadership and Ethics
Culture Relativism
Many people in contemporary society are
inclined toward relativism - roughly, the
view that there is no objective truth in
morality, right and wrong are only matters
of opinion that vary from culture to
culture, and possibly, from person to
person.

9. Leadership and Ethics
Culture Relativism
Descriptive relativism claims that members of
different cultures have different moral beliefs.
Normative relativism claims that the truth of
moral beliefs depends upon particular cultures,
such that the belief that cannibalism is right
can be true for culture A but false for culture
B.

10. Leadership and Ethics
Culture Relativism
Normative relativism has some rather undesirable
implications:
 it prohibits us from ever morally condemning another
culture’s values and practices;
 it suggests that we need look no further that our own
culture for moral guidance;
 it renders the notions of moral progress and moral reform
incoherent.

11. Sources of Ethical Norms
Regions of
Fellow Workers Fellow Workers
Country
Family Profession
The Individual
Conscience
Friends Employer
The Law Religious
Society at Large
Beliefs

12. Principles Approach to Ethics
Principles Approach
Anchors decision making
on an ethical principle such as:
 Utilitarianism  Caring
 Rights  Virtue ethics
 Justice  Servant leadership
 Golden Rule

13. Principles Approach to Ethics
Principle of Utilitarianism focuses on an act
that produces the greatest ratio of good to evil
for everyone
 Consequentialist theory

14. Principles Approach to Ethics
Principle of Rights focuses on examining and
possibly protecting individual moral or legal rights

15. Principles Approach to Ethics

16. Principles Approach to Ethics
 Principle of justice involves considering what
alternative promotes fair treatment of people
 Types of justice
 Distributive
 Compensatory
 Procedural

17. Principles Approach to Ethics
 Principle of caring focuses on a person as a
relational (cooperative) and not as an individual
 Feminist theory
 Virtue ethics focuses on individuals becoming
imbued with virtues
 Aristotle and Plato

18. Servant Leadership and Ethics
Characteristics of Servant Leaders
 Listening  Foresight
 Empathy  Conceptualization
 Healing  Commitment to the
growth of people
 Persuasion
 Stewardship
 Awareness
 Building community

19. Golden Rule
Golden rule focuses on the premise that you
should of unto others as you would have
them do unto you

20. Ethics Test Approach
Ethics Test Approach
 Test of common sense
 Test of one’s best self
 Test of making something public
 Test of ventilation
 Gag test

21. Ethical Decision-Making
Identify decision you
are about to make
Articulate all dimensions
of proposed decision
Conventional Approach Principles Approach Ethical Tests Approach
Standards/Norms Ethical Principles Ethical Tests
-Personal -Justice -Common sense
-Organizational -Rights -One’s best self
-Societal -Utilitarianism -Public disclosure
-International -Golden Rule -Gag test . . .
Course of action fails
Course of action passes ethics screen
ethics screen
Do not engage in course
Engage in course of of action
action
Identify new course of
action

22. Ethical Decision Models
 Utilitarian Model
 An ethical decision is one that produces the greatest
good for the greatest number of people.
 Moral Rights Model
 An ethical decision is one that best maintains and
protects the fundamental rights and privileges of the
people affected by it.
 Justice Model
 An ethical decision is one that distributes benefits and
harms among individuals in a fair, equitable, or
impartial way.

23. Ethical Models
Justice
Utilitarian
IDEAL
Outcome
Moral Rights

24. Steps to Ethical Decision Making
What are the consequences
of your decision
How can the option be implemented
Decide which option is most ethical
Consider options
Think through dilemma;
identify all components as objectively as possible.