The document compares and contrasts the forensic DNA analysis systems in the United States and England using three criteria: 1) data collection, processing, and storage, 2) sample backlog and turnaround time, and 3) "hit rate" or likelihood of a match. While both countries collect and store DNA samples similarly, the US has a larger backlog and longer turnaround times compared to England. England also has a higher "hit rate" in its database due to analyzing a larger percentage of its population and collecting more crime scene evidence. The conclusion summarizes that the key differences lie in England's reduced backlog, faster processing, and higher match rates, and recommends the US learn from England's more effective system.

1. DNA Profiling in the US and
England
Compare and Contrast

2. Introduction
 Clearly introduces the two items being compared
(X and Y)
 Explains why the comparison matters
 Briefly introduces the criteria used for
comparison, focusing on criteria that are
appropriate for the purpose, audience and topic

3. Introduction
The two items being
compared here are
the forensic DNA
analysis systems in
the United States and
in England. This
comparison is
introduced in this
section of the
Introduction.

4. Introduction
The comparison in
this essay matters
because there might
be ways that the US
can learn from
England's system in
order to solve crimes
more effectively.

5. Introduction
This sentence introduces
the three criteria that will
be used for comparison.
We need to learn more
about these criteria, but it
seems like they are all
central to the effectiveness
and efficiency of a forensic
DNA analysis system.

6. First Body Paragraph
 Includes a topic sentence that clearly introduces
one comparison criterion.
 Supporting details discuss similarities and/or
differences between X and Y in relation to the
criteria.
 Transition words connect ideas, and help to
signal similarities and differences for the reader.

7. First Body Paragraph
This topic sentence
lets us know that the
first body paragraph
will compare the US
and English systems'
approaches to data
collection,
processing, and
storage. This is our
first criterion for
comparison.

8. First Body Paragraph Supporting details
throughout this paragraph
address the differences
and similarities in the data
collection, processing, and
storage of forensic DNA in
each country. While both
countries collect and store
samples in a similar way,
there are differences in the
organization and oversight
of databases as well as the
type of data collected and
the length for which it is
held.

9. First Body Paragraph
The word "both"
used here lets us
know that this
sentence introduces
a similarity between
the two systems.

10. First Body Paragraph
The transition
phrases "in contrast,"
"however," and
"meanwhile" are all
used to signal
statements about
contrasts between
the two systems.

11. Second Body Paragraph
 Includes a topic sentence that clearly introduces
one comparison criterion.
 Supporting details discuss similarities and/or
differences between X and Y in relation to the
criteria.
 Transition words connect ideas, and help to
signal similarities and differences for the reader.

12. Second Body Paragraph
This topic sentence
introduces the second
comparison criterion:
sample backlog and
turnaround time. It also
sets the expectation
that this paragraph is
going to introduce
significant contrasts
between the two
systems.

13. Second Body Paragraph The details in this
paragraph compare
the large number of
backlogged samples
and long turnaround
times in the US with
the quick turnaround
and absence of a
backlog in England.
They also provide
important information
explaining why this
difference exists.

14. Second Body Paragraph
The transition
phrases "in stark
contrast" and
"conversely" indicate
significant
differences between
the two systems in
relation to this
criterion.

15. Third Body Paragraph
 Includes a topic sentence that clearly introduces
one comparison criterion.
 Supporting details discuss similarities and/or
differences between X and Y in relation to the
criteria.
 Transition words connect ideas, and help to
signal similarities and differences for the reader.

16. Third Body Paragraph
In the third body
paragraph, the topic
sentence introduces
the criterion of "hit
rate," and defines it
as the likelihood of
finding a match.

17. Third Body Paragraph
The details in this
paragraph, explain
the differences
between England
and the U.S. in
relation to hit rate,
and the various
contributing factors
to these differences.

18. Third Body Paragraph
“Hit rate” is defined as the likelihood of getting a DNA profile that yields a
match in the database. Available data show that England’s database has a
higher “hit rate” than the U.S. database system. Again, there are various
contributing factors. The NDNAD has DNA profiles on 7.4 percent of
England’s entire population. In contrast, CODIS represents about 2.4
percent of the U.S. population. The likelihood of a hit is higher in England’s
database merely because of its higher percentage of population. However,
it’s unclear whether a larger database is always better. Some evidence
suggests that crime scene data, as opposed to offender data, is more
helpful in solving crimes: England also collects more crime scene data
than does the U.S. Another reason for England’s higher hit rate might be
that it uses fewer biomarkers in its DNA analysis, which can, unfortunately,
yield more erroneous matches. It’s important to state that a higher hit rate
does not necessarily mean a higher prosecution rate. DNA matches are
used in a variety of ways, such as for investigative purposes, which do not
necessarily lead to arrest or conviction.
The transition words,
"in contrast" let us
know that there is a
strong difference
between the
percentage of each
country's population
that is represented in
its DNA database.

19. Conclusion
 Makes a simple statement that summarizes the
most important similarities and/or differences
between X and Y.
 (Optional) Include a recommendation, opinion, or
argument, based on the evidence and criteria
provided.

20. Conclusion
The first part of this
concluding paragraph
describes the key
similarities and
differences between the
two systems.

21. Conclusion
The conclusion includes a
recommendation that the
US learn from England to
improve its forensic DNA
system. This connects
well to the topic and
purpose of the essay.