This presentation details about the cloud paradigm, its realization technologies, next-generation applications and research challenges.

1. A Technical Overview of Cloud Computing
Pethuru Raj PhD
Infrastructure Architect
IBM Global Cloud Center of Excellence (CoE)
IBM India, Bangalore
Email: peterindia@gmail.com

2. A Captivating Cloud Case
Problem
• Make all NewYork Times archived articles from 1851 to 1922
available free of charge over the internet.That means, 11 Million
articles as images to be scanned and converted to PDF format
• IT Requirements – 100 servers & 5.5TB storage
Cloud Solution
• Use cloud infrastructures for reading and converting the article
images to PDF
• Upload data and ranTIFFPDF conversion routine
• All 11 million articles processed in < 24 hours
• Use 100 Cloud instances
• The total cost is ~$240

3. A Cursory Look of a Cloud Data Center

4. Defining the Cloud in a Capsule Form
On the Infrastructural perspective, a cloud is a dynamic pool of
consolidated, centralised, increasingly federated, virtualised or non-
virtualized, automated, and shared IT infrastructures (Compute,
storage and network components)
Automation is at multiple levels (resource provisioning, service
management, job scheduling, load-balancing, security, governance, etc.)
“Cloud – IT Infrastructures Optimized”

5. The Cloud Evolution
 Web Sites in the Web (Web 1.0) (Read Only)
 Search Engines in the Web (Search only)
 Social Sites in the Web (Web 2.0) (Read andWrite Only)
 Enterprise-scale Web Applications in the Web (E-commerce Applications
such as Amazon.com, Flipkart.com, etc., E-auction applications such as e-
bay, etc. E-mail applications (Gmail,Yahoo, etc.), Online Banking, …)
 COTS & Home-Grown, Bespoke Business Applications in theWeb
◦ These applications are not given freely as above. Therefore the cost model is to go for
subscription and consumption-based charge. That means, any application needs to be firstly
refactored and refined to be given as a multitenant, online, off-premise, secure, multi-device,
ubiquitous, intuitive, elastic, & QoS-compliant service.

6. The Cloud Services
 Software as a Service - All kinds of software solutions are being provided as service from Clouds
over the Internet to worldwide users.
 For example, business software as a service from Clouds (Salesforce.com, Ramco, NetSuite, Oracle,
SAP, etc.)
 Platform Software as a Service (Design, Development, Deployment, Delivery, Integration,
Management, Orchestration,, etc.) .
 For example, application development, testing, delivery, and management are happening in clouds.
 Infrastructure as a Service (Compute, Storage, Memory, and Networking). Clouds are the highly
optimized, service-oriented, on-demand, elastic, and web-scale IT infrastructure
 Federation as a Service - With cloud brokers, geographically distributed and disparate clouds are
being orchestrated to craft and deliver business-aware and people-centric services in time.This will lead
to the Intercloud.

7. The Key Drivers for Cloud Computing

8. The IT Constraints
 The IT Infrastructure Utilization
 The Alignment between Business and IT
 The IT Agility, and Autonomy & Affordability
 The Quality Attributes (Scalability, Performance,Availability,
Flexibility, Consumability, etc.) of IT Infrastructures
 The IT Complexity (due to the growing multiplicity and
heterogeneity of technologies, programming languages,
protocols, data formats, etc.)

9. 9
For Consolidated,Virtualized,Adaptive, & Shared Infrastructures
85% idleIn distributed computing environments,
up to 85% of computing capacity sits
idle.
Explosion of information driving
54% growth in storage shipments
every year.
1.5x
70¢ per $1
70% on average is spent on
maintaining current IT infrastructures
versus adding new capabilities.
The Concerns & Challenges of Enterprise IT

10. The Pictorial Representation of the IT Challenges
 IT Constrictions –Traditional IT
Setup

11. The Business IT Goals
 More with Less – Less Wastage, Slippage and Pilferage
 Adaptive & Instant-On Enterprise IT
 On-Demand, Converged, Real-time & Dynamic IT Infrastructures
 Affordable Yet High-Performance Computing
 Green, Lean, and Elastic IT
 Distributed Deployment & Centralised IT Monitoring and Management
Transitioning to Virtual IT

12. The Way Forward
Transitioning to Next-Generation IT Infrastructures that are
Cloud-ready
Software-defined
Policy-based & Orchestration-enabled
Programmable, Secure & Sharable
 Accessible & Autonomic
Federated yet Converged
Distributed Deployment yet Centrally Managed
Through a host of rationalization, simplification, automation, and optimization
techniques

13. Why the Cloud Paradigm is very Popular?
Cloud is a grant conglomeration and convergence of proven, mission-
critical and enterprise-scale technologies
 Path-breaking Impacts on Business & IT
 IT as a Service
 Generic & Green Technology
 Breeds Innovations on the Business front
 IT Optimization to be Lean
 IT and Business Agility
 Shared and Service Era
 Quality of Service (QoS) Attributes

14. “Smartly leveraging a dynamic pool of commodity servers to perform and
provide the varying computing needs of a multitude of distributed
organizations and users as a service over the open and public Internet”
Cloud is just an advanced, optimized, and programmable IT environment
providing the illusion of infinite compute and storage power.
Applications, platforms and infrastructures become publicly available,
discoverable, interoperable, reusable, & composable network services
Defining Cloud Computing

15. Mainframe -> Personal -> Client / Server -> Cloud -> Intercloud
(Centralization to Distribution to Centralization to Federation)
The Journey towards the Cloud Era

16. The Prominent CloudTypes
Public Cloud or External Cloud* - Resources are
dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-
service basis over the Internet
Hybrid Cloud – A combination of Public and Private cloud
Private Cloud, Internal Cloud, Enterprise Cloud – Emulation
of the Public Cloud on a private network

17. The Cloud Delivery Models
With the technology-enabled convergence of all kinds of cyber and physical systems is
maturing and stabilizing, the vision of “anything as a service (AaaS)” (Both IT as well as
physical services) is to see the light soon. Cloud is the most crucial and core
Infrastructure Component in that vision.

18. The Cloud Ecosystem

19. The Implications of Cloud Computing
Business Cases – Newer Deployment, Delivery, Consumption, Management,
Monitoring, Subscription & Pricing Models
Technical Cases – The materialization of Consolidated, Centralized, Converged,
Federated,Virtualized, Automated and Shared IT Infrastructures
Use Cases – Self-Servicing, Simplicity, Consumability, Ubiquity, Utility, etc.
19

20. © 2010 Wipro Ltd - Confidential20
 The public, open, cheap Internet is the principal communication infrastructure for Cloud. All kinds
of IT services (infrastructures and platforms) are being availed from Cloud centers. Business services
are accordingly manipulated,deployed, delivered, orchestrated, maintained and managed in cloud
platforms.The Cloud characteristics are
◦ Consolidated,centralised,federated, and converged Commoditized Servers –
Increasingly common, casual and cheap servers are being utilised in Cloud centers.
◦ Optimized & Shared – Cloud resources and assets are subjected to rationalization,
optimization,simplification and shared across different organizations and multiple users over the
network
◦ Virtualized – Increasingly servers, storages, databases, services, applications,and networks are
virtualised
◦ Automated – Most of the manual tasks in data centers and server farms are being automated
to significantly reduce manual intervention,interpretation and instruction
◦ Software-defined and Programmability – Like software, all kinds of hardware and network
components are being programmed to be flexible, configurable, customizable, replaceable,
sustainable, etc.
◦ Workload Optimized Infrastructures – Cloud centers comprises specific appliances,
clusters, bare metal servers, etc.
◦ Application-aware Clouds – Dedicated clouds are being established for specific needs such as
sensor, device, knowledge, data, and mobile clouds.
The Cloud Summary

21. © 2010 Wipro Ltd - Confidential21
The Cloud Realization Technologies

22. The Cloud Realization Technologies
◦ Consolidation, Centralization & Federation, Convergence &Virtualization
◦ Service oriented Architecture (SOA) & Software as a Service (SaaS)
◦ Cluster,Autonomic, On-demand, Grid and Utility Computing
◦ Ultra-high Bandwidth Ambient Communication
◦ Rationalization, Optimization, & Simplification
◦ Multi-tenancy and Sharing
◦ Automation (Resource provisioning & Management,Workload Management
& Job Scheduling, Load Balancing, Integration, Self-Servicing, etc.)

23. Virtualization
 Replicating the proven “Separation of Concerns” and “Divide & Conquer”
Techniques in Software Engineering for Hardware Engineering is the essence of
virtualization.
 Virtualization facilitates programming and managing hardware rationally
 Virtualization is the core technique for creating a dynamic pool ofVirtual Machines
(VMs) by decomposing Physical machines
 On the reverse side, composing thoseVMs on need basis systematically to do better
and bigger things
 Hypervisors (VMMs) is the tool for provisioning, de-provisioning & monitoring VMs
 VMs are easily configurable, replaceable, scalable, migratable, etc.
 VMs are the new commodity servers and all the relevant intelligence gets
transferred to hypervisors, the operating system of operating systems.
 The snapshot of eachVM is persisted in a storage

24. Physical Infrastructure
Fibre Channel
storage
Fibre
ChannelEthernet
NFS
storage
iSCSI
storage
Network
applications
operating system
physical host

25. Virtual Infrastructure
hypervisor
ESXi host
Fibre
Channel
Fibre Channel
storage
Ethernet
NFS
storage
iSCSI
storage
network
virtual
machines

26. VirtualizationTypes

27. Bare Metal (Type I)Virtualization

28. Hosted (Type II)Virtualization

29. TheVM Snapshots Encapsulation
VM 1
VM 2
VM 3
Datastore (NFS)

30. The Spread ofVirtualization
 Through a layer of abstraction, virtualization lays a stimulating foundation for
decimating all kinds of dependencies.That is, the tight coupling between software
and hardware gets eliminated to ensure true portability. Any software runs on any
hardware.
 A typicalVM comprises vCPU, Memory, Storage, vSwitch, etc.
 Virtualization penetrates into every resource
◦ ServerVirtualization
◦ StorageVirtualization
◦ NetworkVirtualization
◦ ApplicationVirtualization
◦ DataVirtualization
◦ ServiceVirtualization
◦ DesktopVirtualization

31.  Flexible Deployment
 Rapid Deployment
 Server Consolidation
 Business Flexibility
 Energy Efficiency
 High Availability
 Management Automation
 Enhanced QoS
The Benefits ofVirtualization

32. Virtual Machine
Virtual Machine Hardware
hardware
3D
1 IDE
controller
4 devices
up to 3
parallel
ports
up to 4
serial/com ports
HD audio
1 USB
controller
20 Devices
1 floppy controller
2 Devices
1-10
NICs
15 devices
per adapter
up to
1TB of RAM
up to 4 SCSI
adapters
up to
64 vCPUs

33. Why UseVirtual Machines?
Easy to relocate:
◦ Encapsulated into files
◦ Independent of physical
hardware
Easy to manage:
◦ Isolated from other virtual
machines
◦ Insulated from hardware changes
Provides the ability to support legacy
applications
Allows servers to be consolidated
Virtual machinePhysical machine
Difficult to relocate:
 Moves require downtime
 Specific to physical Hardware
Difficult to manage:
 Requires physical maintenance
 Hardware failures cause downtime
Hardware has limitations:
 Hardware changes limit application
support
 Servers are physically individual

34. The Power of Service Orientation (SO)
 Expressing and Exposing Everything as a Service
 Not only software applications but also hardware and network modules
are being presented as services
 Services are having the following distinctions
 publicly discoverable,
 network accessible, easily consumable,
 Highly reusable, and composable,
 Semantically and syntactically Interoperable, replaceable,
sustainable, serviceable, etc.

35. IT as a Service

36. Cloud Integration and Orchestration

37. The Onset of Federated Clouds

38. Why Cloud Federation?
Cloud service providers collaborate dynamically to share their virtual
infrastructure for crafting the Intercloud.
Load
Balancing
Prevention from
Vendor
Lock-ins
Prevention from
Power Outages &
Failures
Capacity
Management
Efficient use of
Surplus Resources
Scaling Data to
other CSPs
38

39. Cloud Platforms and Infrastructures

40. The Key Cloud Platforms
 Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
 Deployment & Execution Containers
 Application-specific Servers (E-commerce, etc.)
 Integration Buses, Brokers, & Fabrics
 Orchestration Engines
 Service Delivery Platforms (SDPs)
 Management & Governance Platforms
 Scalable SQL and NoSQL Databases

41. The Cloud Infrastructures
Generic Clouds Special-Purpose Clouds
 Private Cloud
 Public Cloud
 Hybrid Cloud
 Community Cloud
 Cloud in a Box / Cloud
Appliance
 Data / Information Cloud
 Science Cloud
 Knowledge Cloud
 Service Cloud
 Mobile Cloud
 Sensor Cloud
 Government Cloud
 Device Cloud

42. Cloud Reference Architecture

46. Envisaging the Cloud Applications
Clouds will be the core, converged, and cognitive IT Infrastructure
behind the vision of Smarter Planet Platforms,Applications and
Services
1. Cloud-enabled Applications – Analyzed for the cloud fitment,
modernized, migrated, and delivered from Clouds
2. Cloud-native Applications – designed on the three basic tenets
(Resiliency, Economics, and Security) deployed, tuned, delivered
and managed

47. The Design Considerations of Cloud Native Applications
Services
• All functionality is published and consumed via web
services
Handling
Failures
• Every Integration point will eventually fail one time or
another
• Be prepared to handle all kind of failures
Horizontal
Scalability
• Design for Scale Out
Asynchronous
Processing
• Break down the task, process requests asynchronously
• Use queues to decouple functionality
• Eventual consistency model
Stateless Model
• Build stateless services that can be scaled out and load
balanced
Minimize
Human
Intervention
• Go DevOps/NoOps

48. The Steps towards Cloud-Enabled Applications
 First do the tool-based fitment analysis on all the applications to be
moved to cloud environments.This includes the check of compatible
environments in the cloud to host, configure, manage and deliver
those applications
 To understand the dependencies (application, data, etc.)
 To do a deeper analysis of the business, technical and use cases of
moving applications to clouds
 The barriers such as the controllability, security, availability,
performance, scalability, etc. need to be taken into consideration
before the migration
 To check whether appropriate cloud integrators, brokers and
orchestrators are made available in order to ensure seamless and
spontaneous access, leverage and compose them together

49. Cloud Application Domains
The general trend is that all kinds of ICT applications are accordingly modified, modernized to
be multi-tenant,migrated to cloud servers and delivered to worldwide users concurrently via
the open web.That is, software as a service (SaaS) is the progressive paradigm and “everything as
a service” is the ultimate vision with the maturity and stability of the emerging and evolving
cloud concepts. Primarily
 Social Networking (Web 2.0) Sites
 E-Business,E-Commerce, & Mobile Applications
 Enterprise Information Systems (EISs) such as ERP, CRM, KM, CM, SCM, etc.
 Images &Video Processing, Storage,Analysis, Management and Surveillance
 Big Data capture, storage, mining, processing, and analyses for descriptive, predictive and
prescriptive analytics towards real-time business intelligence (BI)
 The Internet of Things (IoT) / Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Integration / Cyber Physical Systems
(CPS) / Smarter EnvironmentsApplications and Services
 Different kinds of Platforms and Databases are being primed for Clouds

50. The Cloud Applications Architectures

51. A Sample Next-Gen Cloud Application
Cloud-supported Next Gen Applications

52. Cloud-based Smart Healthcare

57. Big Data Analytics in Clouds

58. The Special-Purpose Clouds
1. Sensor Cloud
2. Device Cloud
3. Mobile Cloud
4. Government Cloud

59. The Sensor Cloud
An infrastructure that allows truly pervasive computation using sensors as interface
between physical and cyber worlds, the data-compute clusters as the cyber
backbone and the Internet as the communication medium.
 It integrates large-scale sensor networks with sensing applications (Smarter Homes,
Hospitals, Hotels, Cities, etc.) and cloud computing infrastructures.
 It collects and processes data from various sensor networks.
 Enables large-scale data sharing and collaborations among users and applications on
the cloud.
 Delivers cloud services via sensor-rich mobile devices.
 Allows cross-disciplinary applications that span organizational boundaries.

62. Sensor – Cloud Integration: Use Cases

63. Sensor-to-Cloud Integration
 Acquisition of data feeds from numerous body area (blood sugar,
heat, perspiration, etc.) and wide area (water quality, weather
monitoring, etc.) sensor networks in real time.
 Real-time processing of heterogeneous data sources in order to
make critical decisions.
 Automatic formation of workflows and invocation of services on
the cloud one after another to carry out complex tasks.
 Highly swift data processing using the immense processing power of
the cloud to provide quick response to the user.

64. The Government Cloud
 Governments are mandated to vigorously and rigorously pursue
incorporating smartness in their service conceptualization, concretization and
delivery aspects to that they can empower their constituents and citizens
with a bevy of next-generation personal, social, professional services in a
time-bound, responsible, transparent, and proactive manner.
 The need therefore is to establish and sustain service-oriented clouds.
Service Delivery Platform (SDP) is a major ingredient in fulfilling the above-
mentioned goals in an automated way.
 As citizen-centric services are undergoing a variety of changes and challenges,
an unified and standards-compliant platform is the most sought-after for
governments to strengthen the service delivery mechanism.

65. The Government Cloud Services

66. A Device Cloud Architecture

67. A Device Cloud Architecture

68. A Mobile Cloud Architecture

69. A Mobile Cloud Architecture

70. The Concerns & Research Challenges of Cloud
Computing

71. The General Concerns of Cloud computing
 Integration & Orchestration
 Interoperability & Portability
 Visibility & Controllability
 Trust Deficit
 Accountability & Auditability
 Vendor Lock-In
 Security & Privacy
 Availability

72. The Cloud – Research Challenges
 EffectiveHandlingofBigDataforReal-timeAnalytics
 DealingwithReal-timerequirementsparticularlystreamed
multimedia
 PerformanceEngineering&Enhancement(PE2) Approaches
 SecurityAlgorithms(Message/Data,Application/Service,Network,
&PhysicalSecurity),Identity,Access,&KeyManagements
 EnergyEfficiency&Elasticity
 LoadBalancing,JobScheduling,WorkloadautomationResource
ProvisioningandDe-ProvisioningAlgorithms
 ResourceManagement&UsageBilling

73. The Cloud – Research Challenges
 Performability Analysis for Infrastructure Cloud (Stochastic Models Approach)
 Dynamic Capacity Planning for Infrastructure Cloud
 Replication Scheme for Cloud Storage
 Secure and Trustworthy Clouds
 Performance Interference Effects for QoS-Aware Clouds
 Scalability, consistency & economical processing of large scale data on the cloud
 High Performance Scientific Applications in Cloud
 Automatic IO Filtering for Optimizing Cloud Analytics
 Scheduling Cloud Capacity for Time-Varying Customer Demand
 Shared Resource Monitoring and Throughput Optimization in Clouds
 Integrating Graph Partitioning into large graph processing in the cloud
 Exploiting Performance Heterogeneity in Public Clouds
 Dynamically Scaling Applications in the Cloud
 Performance Estimation and Enhancement – Measurement-based Approach

74. The Cloud – Research Challenges
 Managing Parallelism for Stream Processing in the Cloud
 Profit-Based Experimental Analysis of IaaS Cloud Performance
 Clustering Techniques for High Availability
 Green Techniques for energy-aware Clouds
 Indexing Multi-dimensional Data in a Cloud System
 Adaptive Provisioning of Stream Processing Systems in the Cloud
 Cloud Micro-Elasticity via VM State Coloring
 Variations in Performance and Scalability when Migrating n-Tier Applications to
Different Clouds
 Self-adaptive Cloud Capacity Planning
 Automated Provisioning and De-Provisioning Techniques
 Data integrity in the cloud - the Correctness of Cloud-based Data

76. A Sample List of Book Chapters

77. Pethuru Raj PhD
peterindia@gmail.com
www.peterindia.net
http://www.linkedin.com/in/peterindia
https://www.facebook.com/sweetypeter