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How to Subnet a Network
How to use this paper
♦ Absolute Beginner: Read all Sections 1-4
♦ N eed a q uick rev iew : Read Sections 2 -4
♦ J ust need a little h elp : Read Section 4

P a r t I : F o r th e I P B e g in n e r
IP N e tw o r k A d d r e ss e s
To u nd e r st and ne t w o r k IP ad d r e ssi ng , l e t ’ s t ak e a l o o k at p o st al ad d r e sse s. E v e r y
m u st h av e i t s o w n u ni q u e ad d r e ss i n o r d e r f o r m ai l t o b e d e l i v e r e d . A n ad d r e ss co
d i f f e r e nt p ar t s su ch as t h e st r e e t , nu m b e r , and ci t y . In a ne t w o r k , e v e r y d e v i ce m u
i t s o w n u ni q u e IP ad d r e ss. Th at i s, e v e r y ne t w o r k d e v i ce (p r i nt e r , se r v e r , r o u t e r , e
m u st b e i d e nt i f i e d w i t h a se p ar at e IP ad d r e ss.
M a n y D
U si ng t h
ar r i v e at
(ap ar t m e

e v ic e s o r
e p o st al e
th e rig h t
nt nu m b e

W i t h IP ad d r e
b u t a si ng l e IP
assu m e t h at A
and t h at A B C
assi g ne d as f o
D e
D e
D e
D e
D e

v i ce
v i ce
v i ce
v i ce
v i ce

b u i l d i ng
nsi st s o f
st h av e
t c.)

H o s ts
x am p l e , t h i nk ab o u t an ap ar t m e nt b u i l d i ng . In o r d e r f o r t h e m ai l t o
ap ar t m e nt , e ach ap ar t m e nt m u st h av e i t s o w n u ni q u e i d e nt i f i e r
r ) i n ad d i t i o n t o t h e st r e e t nam e and ad d r e ss.

sse s, an o r g ani z at i o n i s assi g ne d a u ni q u e IP ne t w o r k , su ch as 192.168.1.0,
ad d r e ss m u st b e assi g ne d f o r e ach ne t w o r k d e v i ce . F o r e x am p l e , l e t ' s
B C co m p any h as 5 d e v i ce s i n o ne o f t h e i r b u i l d i ng s t h at ne e d IP ad d r e sse s,
i s assi g ne d t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e ss 19 2.16 8.1.0. Th e IP ad d r e sse s co u l d b e
l l o w s:

1 (r o u t e r ) : 19 2.16 8.1.1
2 (o f f i ce p r i nt e r ) : 19 2.16 8.1.2
3 (M s. C h u ng ' s l ap t o p ) : 19 2.16 8.1.3
4 (R e ce i p t i o ni st ' s co m p u t e r ) : 19 2.16 8.1.4
5 (co m p any se r v e r ) : 19 2.16 8.1.5

H o st s .1, .2, .3 , .4, and .5 ar e al l o n t h e 19 2.16 8.1 ne t w o r k , j u st as ap ar t m e nt s 1, 2, 3 , 4,
and 5 m i g h t b e l o cat e d i n t h e ap ar t m e nt b u i l d i ng at 123 F i r st S t r e e t .
W h e n y o u se e an IP ad d r e ss, y o u w i l l al w ay s se e ano t h e r nu m b e r asso ci at e d w i t h i t t h at
l o o k s so m e t h i ng l i k e o ne o f t h e f o l l o w i ng :
♦ 255.255.255.0
♦ 255.255.0.0
♦ 255.0.0.0
Th i s nu m b e r i s cal l e d t h e s u b n e t m a s k . A su b ne t m ask i s u se d t o sh o w w h i ch p o r t i o n o f
t h e IP ad d r e ss i d e nt i f i e s t h e ne t w o r k and w h i ch p o r t i o n i d e nt i f i e s a sp e ci f i c h o st o n t h e
ne t w o r k . Th i s m ay se e m u nne ce ssar y at f i r st si nce t h e f i r st t h r e e nu m b e r s o f an IP ad d r e ss
st ar t i ng f r o m t h e l e f t (su ch as 19 2.16 8.1) al w ay s i d e nt i f y t h e ne t w o r k , and t h e l ast nu m b e r
(su ch as .1) al w ay s i d e nt i f i e s an i nd i v i d u al d e v i ce i n ne t w o r k s l i k e t h e o ne i n o u r e x am p l e ,
w h i ch i s cal l e d a st and ar d C l ass C ne t w o r k . H o w e v e r , t h i s i s no t t r u e f o r o t h e r ne t w o r k s.
Th at ' s w h y su b ne t m ask s ar e u se d t o d i f f e r e nt i at e t h e ne t w o r k p o r t i o n o f t h e ad d r e ss f r o m
t h e h o st p o r t i o n. Th e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e sh o w s t h e su b ne t m ask 255.255.255.0, w h i ch i s
al w ay s t h e su b ne t m ask f o r a st and ar d C l ass C ne t w o r k , ap p l i e d t o o ne o f o u r e x am p l e
ad d r e sse s. N o t i ce h o w t h e m ask r e v e al s w h i ch p o r t i o n o f t h e st r i ng 19 2.16 8.1.1 i s t h e
i nd i v i d u al h o st ad d r e ss.
N O TE : C l ass C ad d r e sse s h av e a nu m b e r f r o m

19 2 t o 223 i n t h e f i r st o ct e t .

N e tw o rk p o rtio n
19 2
16 8
1
255
255
255

H o st p o r t i o n
1
0

Th e nu m b e r 255 i nd i cat e s t h at t h e co r r e sp o nd i ng se ct i o n o f t h e ad d r e ss i s p ar t o f t h e
ne t w o r k ad d r e ss. Th e 0 i nd i cat e s t h at t h e co r r e sp o nd i ng se ct i o n i s t h e h o st p o r t i o n o f t h e
ad d r e ss.
Th i s d o cu m e nt and t h e S u b ne t g am e r e f e r o nl y t o C l ass C ne t w o r k s. O nce y o u
u nd e r st and IP ad d r e ssi ng f o r C l ass C ne t w o r k s, i t w i l l b e m u ch e asi e r f o r y o u t o
u nd e r st and IP ad d r e ssi ng f o r any ne t w o r k .
P a r t I I : B in a r y N u m b e r s
To u nd e r st and ne t w o r k ad d r e sse s, w e sh o u
nu m b e r sy st e m . S i nce al l e l e ct r o ni c d e v i ce
ad d r e sse s ar e act u al l y m ad e u p o f b i nar y d
b i t s, b r o k e n i nt o f o u r p ar t s cal l e d o ct e t s. E
ad d r e ss o f 19 2.16 8.1.0, l o o k s l i k e t h i s i n b

l d t ak e a m
s o nl y u nd
i g i t s cal l e d
ach o ct e t e
i nar y .

o m e nt t o co nsi d e r t h e b i nar y
e r st and b i nar y nu m b e r s, al l ne t w o r k
b i t s . A n IP ad d r e ss co nsi st s o f 3 2
q u al s 8 b i t s. O u r sam p l e ne t w o r k

11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
19 2
16 8
1
0
B u t h o w d o e s 11000000 e q u at e t o 19 2? H o w d o e s 10101000 e q u at e t o 16 8? H e r e ' s h o w .
....
A b i t can h av e o nl y t w
r e p r e se nt e d b y a 0.. To
b i t s ar e t u r ne d o f f . W h
o ct e t , si nce e ach o ct e t
B it
B i t v al u e

b y a 1, o r o f f , w h i ch i s
l ast o ct e t ab o v e , al l 8
e a l o o k at o ne 8-b i t
as f o l l o w :

1
6 4

1
128

o p o ssi b l e v al u e s: o n , w h i ch i s r e p r e se nt e d
r e p r e se nt t h e d e ci m al nu m b e r 0, as i n t h e
e n t u r ne d o n, e ach b i t h as a v al u e . L e t ' s t ak
co nt ai ns a d i st i nct nu m b e r . Th e v al u e s ar e

1
4

1
3 2

1
16

1
8

1
2

1
1

Th e r i g h t -m o st b i t h as a v al u e o f 1, t h e ne x t b i t h as a v al u e o f 2, t h e ne x t b i t h as a v al u e
o f 4, and so o n as sh o w n i n t h e ch ar t ab o v e . Th e d e ci m al v al u e o f an o ct e t i s t h e su m o f
t h e b i t v al u e s. S o i f al l b i t s ar e o n, t h e v al u e o f t h e o ct e t i s 255, o r 128 + 6 4 + 3 2 + 16 + 8
+ 4+ 2+ 1
Th e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e sh o w s t h at 11000000 e q u al s 19 2 i n d e ci m al . Th e b i t w i t h a v al u e o f
128 and t h e b i t w i t h a v al u e o f 6 4 ar e t u r ne d o n, so w e ad d 128 + 6 4 and g e t 19 2.
B it
B i t v al u e

1
128

1
64

0
3 2

0
16

0
8

0
4

0
2

0
1

Th i s t ab l e sh o w s t h at 10101000 e q u al s 16 8 i n d e ci m al . Th e b i t s w i t h v al u e s o f 128, 3 2,
and 8 ar e t u r ne d o n, and t h e i r su m e q u al s 16 8.
B it
B i t v al u e

1
128

0
6 4

1
32

P a r t III: F r o m

0
16

1
8

0
4

0
2

0
1

I P A d d r e s s in g to I P S u b n e ttin g

S u b ne t t i ng can b
ad m i ni st r at i o n, e
and ad d i ng a l ay
co nt r o l ne t w o r k

e u se f u l i n a v ar i e t y o f w ay s, i ncl u d i ng si m p l i f y i ng ne t w o r k
nab l i ng y o u t o u se d i f f e r e nt p h y si cal m e d i a su ch as E t h e r ne t and F D D I,
e r o f se cu r i t y t o y o u r ne t w o r k . Th e m o st co m m o n u se o f su b ne t t i ng i s t o
t r af f i c.

S u b ne t t i ng i s d o
l e t ' s l o o k at o u r
(255.255.255.0)
co r r e sp o nd i ng m
co r r e sp o nd i ng m

ne b
A B C
as e
ask
ask

N e t w o r k ad d r e ss
S u b ne t m ask

y b o r r o w i ng h o st b i t s and u si ng t h e m as ne t w o r k b i t s. To b e g i n,
co m p any ne t w o r k ad d r e ss (19 2.16 8.1.0) and i t s su b ne t m ask
x p r e sse d i n b i nar y . N o t i ce t h at t h e ad d r e ss b i t s t h at h av e
b i t s se t t o 1 r e p r e se nt t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e ss. A d d r e ss b i t s t h at h av e
b i t s se t t o 0 r e p r e se nt t h e i nd i v i d u al h o st ad d r e ss.

11000000
11111111

W i t h t h i s ad d r e ss, t h e b i t s f r o
o f t h e ad d r e ss. H o w e v e r , w e
o ct e t . To d o so , w e m u st t ak e
w e b o r r o w t h e b i t w i t h a v al u

10101000
11111111
m
co
b
e

00000001
11111111

00000000
00000000

o ct e t s 1, 2, and 3 ar e u se d t o i d e nt i f y t h e ne t w o r k p o r t i o n
u l d su b ne t o u r ne t w o r k b y b o r r o w i ng b i t s f r o m t h e f o u r t h
i t s co nse cu t i v e l y f r o m l e f t t o r i g h t . In t h e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e ,
o f 128..
N e t w o r k ad d r e ss
S u b ne t m ask

11000000
11111111

10101000
11111111

00000001
11111111

00000000
10000000

Th i s ch ang e s o u r su b ne t m ask . Inst e ad o f 255.255.255.0, i t i s no w 255.255.255.128.
Th e m o r e h o st b i t s y o u
m o r e su b ne t s ar e cr e at e
f o l l o w i ng t ab l e , w e b o r
h o st ad d r e sse s, and o u r
N e t w o r k ad d r e ss
S u b ne t m ask

u se f o r su b ne t s, t h e m o r e su b ne t s y o u h av e av ai l ab l e . H o w e v e r , as
d , t h e l e ss h o st ad d r e sse s ar e av ai l ab l e p e r su b ne t . In t h e
r o w b o t h t h e 128 and t h e 6 4 b i t . W e no w h av e o nl y 6 b i t s l e f t f o r
m ask i s no w 255.255.255.19 2.

11000000
11111111

10101000
11111111

N o t i ce al so t h at w e u se t h e f o u r t h
d o cu m e nt and t h e S u b ne t g am e r e
d o cu m e nt w i l l f o cu s o nl y o n t h e f
C l ass C ne t w o r k s, i t w i l l b e m u ch
ne t w o r k .

00000001
11111111

o ct e t t o su b ne t a C
f e r o nl y t o C l ass C
o u r t h o ct e t . O nce y
e asi e r f o r y o u t o u

00000000
11000000

l ass C ne t w o r k . B e cau se t h i s
ne t w o r k s, t h e r e m ai nd e r o f t h i s
o u u nd e r st and IP su b ne t t i ng f o r
nd e r st and IP su b ne t t i ng f o r any

S o , b ack t o o u r f o u r t h o ct e t , e x act l y w h at ne t w o r k and h o st ad d r e sse s can w e cr e at e b y
b o r r o w i ng t h e se t w o b i t s and t h u s ap p l y i ng t h i s .19 2 m ask ?
N e t w o r k ad d r e ss
S u b ne t m ask

11000000
11111111

10101000
11111111

00000001
11111111

00000000
11000000

L e t ' s l o o k f i r st at t h e su b ne t s. W e h av e t w o d i g i t s w i t h w h i ch t o cr e at e su b ne t s.
N e t w o r k ad d r e ss
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
S u b ne t m ask
11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
L o o k i ng at t h e b i t v al u e ch ar t , i t ' s e asy t o se e t h at t h o se t w o d i g i t s can b e . . .
00, w h i ch e q u al s 0
B it
B i t v al u e

0
128

0
6 4

0
3 2

0
16

0
8

0
4

0
2

0
1

1
64

0
3 2

0
16

0
8

0
4

0
2

0
1

0
6 4

0
3 2

0
16

0
8

0
4

0
2

0
1

01, w h i ch e q u al s 6 4
B it
B i t v al u e

0
128

10, w h i ch e q u al s 128
B it
B i t v al u e

1
128

o r 11, w h i ch e q u al s 19 2
B it
B i t v al u e

1
128

1
64

0
3 2

0
16

0
8

0
4

0
2

0
1

S o w e h av e cr e at e d t h e f o l l o w i ng su b ne t s:
19 2.16 8.1.0
19 2.16 8.1.64
19 2.16 8.1.128
19 2.16 8.1.192
Th at m e ans t h at t h e se nu m b e r s (0, 6 4, 128, and 19 2) can no l o ng e r b e h o st ad d r e sse s
b e cau se t h e y ar e no w su b ne t ad d r e sse s. E ach su b ne t , l i k e any ne t w o r k , m u st h av e a
b r o ad cast ad d r e ss as w e l l . Th e b r o ad cast ad d r e ss i s t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e ne t w o r k , so o n
o u r f i r st su b ne t , 19 2.16 8.1.0, av ai l ab l e h o st ad d r e sse s ar e 19 2.16 8.1.1 t h r o u g h
19 2.16 8.1.62. Th e 19 2.16 8.1.63 i s t h e b r o ad cast ad d r e ss and 19 2.16 8.1.64 i s t h e ad d r e ss
o f t h e ne x t su b ne t . R e m e m b e r t h at b e f o r e w e su b ne t t e d o u r ne t w o r k , w e co u l d u se al l 8
b i t s o f t h e 4t h o ct e t f o r h o st ad d r e sse s. Th at g av e u s 254 h o st ad d r e sse s. W e no w h av e 6 2
f o r e ach o f o u r 4 su b ne t s, o r 248 t o t al .
Th e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e sh o w s t h e co m p l e t e r e su l t s o f b o r r o w i ng t w o h o st b i t s t o su b ne t o u r
C l ass C ne t w o r k .
S u b ne t
N e t w o r k ad d r e ss
S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255.192
F i r st su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.0
S e co nd su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.64
Th i r d su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.128
F o u r t h su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.192

H o st ad d r e sse s
19
19
19
19

2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16

8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16

B r o ad cast ad d r e ss

2.1 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.62
2.65 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.126
2.129 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.190
2.193 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.254

19
19
19
19

2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16

8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16

P a r t I V : A ll Y o u R e a lly N e e d
S u b ne t t i ng can se e m s p r e t t y co m p l i cat e d , b u t h e r e ' s al l y o u r e al l y ne e d i n o r d e r t o e asi l y
and r ap i d l y su b ne t a ne t w o r k , a l i t t l e ch ar t w e so m e t i m e s cal l t h e H ap p y C h ar t . Y o u ' l l
so o n se e w h y .
M ask
B it
B i t v al u e

128
1
128

19 2
1
6 4

224
1
3 2

240
1
16

248
1
8

252
1
4

254
1
2

255
1
1

A ssu m e y o u o w n t h e 19 9 .1.2.0 ne t w o r k . Y o u ne e d t o cr e at e 16 su b ne t s and y o u w i l l ne e d
no m o r e t h an 12 h o st s o n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e t h e f o l l o w i ng st e p s:
1. F i nd
w ith
an i m
th e o
e ach
b it u

o u t h o w m any b i t s y o u ne e
21) f r o m t h e l e f t -m o st b i t u
ag i nar y l i ne t o t h e r i g h t o f
ne t o t h e l e f t o f t h e l i ne . To
ne t w o r k , y o u can co u nt b y
nt i l y o u r e ach t h e nu m b e r o

d t o b o r r o w b y co u nt i ng b y p o w e r s o f t w
nt i l y o u r e ach t h e nu m b e r o f su b ne t s y o u
t h e l ast b i t y o u b o r r o w . Th e su b ne t m ask
m ak e su r e y o u h av e t h e r i g h t am o u nt o f
p o w e r s o f t w o (st ar t i ng w i t h 21) f r o m t h e
f h o st s y o u ne e d .

o (st ar t i ng
ne e d . D r aw
y o u ne e d i s
h o st s f o r
r i g h t -m o st

2.63
2.127
2.191
2.255
M ask
B it
B i t v al u e

2
128
1
128

2. O b t ai n t h e ne t w
(19 9 .1.2.0) and
t h at t e l l s u s t h e
t o o b t ai n al l t h e
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

4
19 2
1
6 4
o r k ad
ad d i ng
se co nd
ne t w o

8
224
1
3 2

16
240
1
16

248
1
8

252
1
4

254
1
2

255
1
1

d r e sse s b y st ar t i ng w i t h t h e 0 ne t w o r k , w h i ch i s al w ay s t h e f i r st
t h e b i t v al u e t h at co r r e sp o nd s t o t h e m ask . F o r t h i s e x am p l e ,
ne t w o r k i s 19 9 .1.2.16 . C o nt i nu e t o i ncr e m e nt b y t h i s b i t v al u e
r k ad d r e sse s.

9 .1.2.0
9 .1.2.16
9 .1.2.32
9 .1.2.48
9 .1.2.64
9 .1.2.80
9 .1.2.96 . . . a n d s o o n

M ask
B it
B i t v al u e

128
1
128

19 2
1
6 4

224
1
3 2

240
1
16

248
1
8

252
1
4

254
1
2

255
1
1

3 . O nce y o u se e t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e sse s, i t ' s e asy t o d e t e r m i ne t h e b r o ad cast ad d r e sse s
and t h e v al i d h o st ad d r e sse s f o r e ach su b ne t . F o r e x am p l e , t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e
19 9 .1.2.0 ne t w o r k h as t o b e 19 9 .1.2.15 b e cau se 19 9 .1.2.16 i s t h e ne x t ne t w o r k
ad d r e ss. S i nce i t ' s t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e ne t w o r k , 19 9 .1.2.15 i s t h e b r o ad cast ad d r e ss.
A l l ad d r e sse s b e t w e e n 19 9 .1.2.0 and 19 9 .1.2.15 ar e t h e h o st ad d r e sse s f o r t h e
ne t w o r k .
L e t ' s t r y ano t h e r e x am p l e . A ssu m e y o u o w n t h e 200.20.2.0 ne t w o r k . Y o u w ant t o cr e at e 2
su b ne t s, b u t y o u ne e d u p t o 125 h o st s o n at l e ast o ne o f t h e su b ne t s. C o m p l e t e t h e
f o l l o w i ng st e p s:
1. F i nd o u t
(st ar t i ng
su b ne t s y
su b ne t m
M ask
B it
B i t v al u e

h o w m any b i t s y o u ne e
w i t h 21) f r o m t h e l e f t -m
o u ne e d . D r aw an i m ag
ask y o u ne e d i s t h e o ne

2
128
1
128

19 2
1
6 4

224
1
3 2

d to b
o st b
i nar y
to th

o rro w
i t u nt i l
l i ne t o
e le ft o
240
1
16

b y co u nt i ng t h e b i t s b y p o w e r s o f t w o
y o u r e ach t h e m ax i m u m nu m b e r o f
t h e r i g h t o f t h e l ast b i t y o u b o r r o w . Th e
f t h e l i ne .
248
1
8

252
1
4

254
1
2

255
1
1

2. O b t ai n t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e sse s b y st ar t i ng w i t h t h e 0 ne t w o r k , w h i ch i s al w ay s t h e f i r st
(200.20.2.0) and ad d i ng t h e b i t v al u e t h at co r r e sp o nd s t o t h e m ask . F o r t h i s e x am p l e ,
t h at t e l l s u s t h e se co nd ne t w o r k (and l ast i n t h i s case ) i s 200.20.2.128. Th e r e aso n i t
h as t o b e t h e l ast su b ne t i s t h at y o u w o u l d g e t 200.20.2.256 as t h e ne x t ne t w o r k
ad d r e ss i f y o u i ncr e m e nt e d ag ai n b y 128. A n o ct e t canno t co nt ai n a nu m b e r g r e at e r
t h an 255.
200.20.2.0
200.20.2.128
M ask
B it
B i t v al u e

128
1
128

19 2
1
6 4

224
1
3 2

240
1
16

248
1
8

252
1
4

254
1
2

255
1
1

3 . O nce y o u se e t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e sse s, i t ' s e asy t o d e t e r m i ne t h e b r o ad cast ad d r e sse s
and t h e v al i d h o st ad d r e sse s f o r e ach su b ne t . F o r t h i s e x am p l e , t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e
200.20.2.0 ne t w o r k h as t o b e 200.20.2.127 b e cau se 200.20.2.128 i s t h e ne x t ne t w o r k
ad d r e ss. S i nce i t ' s t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e ne t w o r k , 200.20.2.127 i s t h e b r o ad cast
ad d r e ss. A l l ad d r e sse s b e t w e e n 200.20.2.0 and 200.20.2.127 ar e t h e h o st ad d r e sse s f o r
t h e ne t w o r k .
L e t ' s d o t h at e x am p l e ag ai n w i t h j u st a l i t t l e m o d i f i cat i o n. A g ai n assu m e y o u o w n t h e
200.20.2.0 ne t w o r k . Y o u w ant t o su b ne t y o u r ne t w o r k as m u ch as p o ssi b l e , b u t y o u ne e d
u p t o 125 h o st s o n at l e ast o ne o f t h e su b ne t s. C o m p l e t e t h e f o l l o w i ng st e p s:
1. N o t e : T h i s i s t h e o n l y s t e p s w e w i l l c h a n g e . W e a r e c h a n g i n g i t t o s h o w h o w y o u
c o u n t b y p o w e r s o f tw o fr o m r ig h t to le ft to e n s u r e th a t y o u g e t th e d e s ir e d n u m
o f h o s t s . .. . F i nd o u t h o w m any b i t s y o u ne e d t o b o r r o w b y co u nt i ng t h e b i t s b y p o w
o f t w o (st ar t i ng w i t h 21) f r o m t h e r i g h t -m o st b i t u nt i l y o u r e ach t h e m ax i m u m nu m b e
h o st s y o u ne e d o n any su b ne t .. D r aw an i m ag i nar y l i ne t o t h e l e f t o f t h e l ast b i t y o u
b o r r o w . Th e su b ne t m ask y o u ne e d i s st i l l t h e o ne t o t h e l e f t o f t h e l i ne .
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
M ask
19 2
224
240
248
252
254
255
128
B it
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B i t v al u e
128
6 4
3 2
16
8
4
2
1
2. O b t ai n t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e sse s b y st ar t i ng w i t h t h e 0 ne t w o r k , w h i ch i s al w
(200.20.2.0) and ad d i ng t h e b i t v al u e t h at co r r e sp o nd s t o t h e m ask . F o r t h
t h at t e l l s u s t h e se co nd ne t w o r k (and l ast i n t h i s case ) i s 200.20.2.128. Th
h as t o b e t h e l ast su b ne t i s t h at y o u w o u l d g e t 200.20.2.256 as t h e ne x t ne
ad d r e ss i f y o u i ncr e m e nt e d ag ai n b y 128. A n o ct e t canno t co nt ai n a nu m b
t h an 255.

ay s t h e f i r st
i s e x am p l e ,
e r e aso n i t
tw o rk
e r g r e at e r

200.20.2.0
200.20.2.128
M ask
B it
B i t v al u e

128
1
128

19 2
1
6 4

224
1
3 2

240
1
16

248
1
8

252
1
4

254
1
2

c a n
b e r
e rs
r o f

255
1
1
3 . O nce y o u se e t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e sse s, i t ' s e asy t o d e t e r m i ne t h e b r o ad cast ad d r e sse s
and t h e v al i d h o st ad d r e sse s f o r e ach su b ne t . F o r t h i s e x am p l e , t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e
200.20.2.0 ne t w o r k h as t o b e 200.20.2.127 b e cau se 200.20.2.128 i s t h e ne x t ne t w o r k
ad d r e ss. S i nce i t ' s t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e ne t w o r k , 200.20.2.127 i s t h e b r o ad cast
ad d r e ss. A l l ad d r e sse s b e t w e e n 200.20.2.0 and 200.20.2.127 ar e t h e h o st ad d r e sse s f o r
t h e ne t w o r k .

N o w y o u t r y i t ! (Answ ers f ound at th e end of th is p ap er)

H e r e ar e so m e e x am p l e s f o r y o u t o t r y . U se t h e H ap p y C h ar t t o h e l p y o u .
E x a m p le 1
X Y Z C o m p any w o u l d l i k e t o su b ne t i t s ne t w o r k so t h at t h e r e ar e f i v e se p ar at e su b ne t s.
Th e y w i l l ne e d 25 co m p u t e r s i n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e e ach o f t h e f o l l o w i ng :
N O TE : If y o u cr e at e m o r e t h an f i v e su b ne t s, l i st t h e e x t r a o ne s t o o .
S u b ne t
N e t w o r k ad d r e ss
S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255._____
F i r st su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2._ _ _
S e co nd su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.___
Th i r d su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.___
F o u r t h su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.___
F i f t h su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.___
S i x t h su b ne t ?
?

H o st ad d r e sse s
19
19
19
19
19

2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16

8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16

2.___ - 19
2.___ - 19
2.___ - 19
2.___ - 19
2.___ - 19

2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16

8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16

B r o ad cast ad d r e ss
2.___
2.___
2.___
2.___
2.___

19
19
19
19
19

2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16

8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16

N o t e : Th e t e r m " C l ass C " i s u se d i n t h i s d o cu m e nt t o h e l p f aci l i t at e t h e u nd e r st and i ng o f
IP ad d r e ssi ng and su b ne t t i ng . IP ad d r e ss cl ass t e r m i no l o g y i s r ar e l y u se d i n t h e i nd u st r y
any m o r e b e cau se o f t h e i nt r o d u ct i o n o f cl assl e ss i nt e r d o m ai n r o u t i ng (C ID R ) .

2.___
2.___
2.___
2.___
2.___
E x a m p le 2
C o m p any A B C w o u l d l i k e t o su b ne t i t s ne t w o r k (219 .7 .9 .0) so t h at t h e r e ar e 3 2 se p ar at e
su b ne t s. Th e y w i l l ne e d 6 h o st s i n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e t h e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e :
N O TE : B e cau se t h e r e ar e so m any su b ne t s, d o n' t w r i t e t h e m al l o u t (u nl e ss y o u j u st w ant
t o ) . If y o u can d o t h e f i r st t e n and k no w w h at t h e l ast o ne i s, y o u g e t t h e i d e a.
S u b ne t
N e t w o r k ad d r e ss
S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255.___
F i r st su b ne t
219 .7 .9 . __
S e co nd su b ne t
219 .7 .9 . __
Th i r d su b ne t
219 .7 .9 . __
F o u r t h su b ne t
219 .7 .9 . __
F i f t h su b ne t
219 .7 .9 . __
S i x t h su b ne t
219 .7 .9 . __
S e v e nt h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 . __
E i g h t h su b ne t
219 .7 .9 . __
N i nt h su b ne t
219 .7 .9 . __
Te nt h su b ne t
219 .7 .9 . __
.
.
Th i r t y -se co nd
219 .7 .9 . ___
su b ne t

H o st ad d r e sse s
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219

.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7

.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9

. __
. __
. __
. __
. __
. __
. __
. __
. __
. __

- 219 .7 .9 . __
- 219 .7 .9 . __
- 219 .7 .9 . __
- 219 .7 .9 . __
- 219 .7 .9 . __
- 219 .7 .9 . __
- 219 .7 .9 . __
- 219 .7 .9 . __
- 219 .7 .9 . __
- 219 .7 .9 . __

219 .7 .9 . ___ - 219 .7 .9 . ___

B r o ad cast ad d r e ss
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219

.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7

.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9

. __
. __
. __
. __
. __
. __
. __
. __
. __
. __

219 .7 .9 . ___

E x a m p le 3
Th e A cm e C o m p any w o u l d l i k e t o su b ne t i t s ne t w o r k (19 5.5.5.0) so t h at t h e r e ar e 50 se p ar at e
su b ne t s. Th e y w i l l ne e d o nl y 2 h o st s i n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e e ach o f t h e f o l l o w i ng :
N O TE : B e cau se t h e r e ar e so m any su b ne t s, y o u d o n' t ne e d t o w r i t e t h e m al l o u t . If y o u
can f i l l i n t h e i nf o r m at i o n r e q u i r e d b e l o w (t h e su b ne t m ask , t h e ad d r e sse s f o r t h e f i r st f e w
su b ne t s, and t h e t o t al nu m b e r o f su b ne t s cr e at e d ) , y o u o b v i o u sl y g e t t h e i d e a.
S u b ne t
N e t w o r k ad d r e ss
S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255. ___
F i r st su b ne t
19 5.5.5. __
S e co nd su b ne t
19 5.5.5. __
Th i r d su b ne t
19 5.5.5. __
F o u r t h su b ne t
19 5.5.5. __
F i f t h su b ne t
19 5.5.5. __
S i x t h su b ne t
19 5.5.5. __
S e v e nt h su b ne t 19 5.5.5. __
.
.

H o st ad d r e sse s
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __

-

19
19
19
19
19
19
19

5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __

H o w m any su b ne t s ar e act u al l y cr e at e d w i t h t h i s su b ne t m ask y o u u se d ? __

B r o ad cast ad d r e ss
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
5.5.5. __
A N SW

E R ST O

P R A C T IC E P R O B L E M S

E x a m p le 1
X Y Z C o m p any w o u l d l i k e t o su b ne t i t s ne t w o r k so t h at t h e r e ar e f i v e se p ar at e su b ne t s.
Th e y w i l l ne e d 25 co m p u t e r s i n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e e ach o f t h e f o l l o w i ng :
N O TE : If y o u cr e at e m o r e t h an f i v e su b ne t s, l i st t h e e x t r a o ne s t o o .
S u b ne t
N e t w o r k ad d r e ss
S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255.224
F i r st su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.0
S e co nd su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.32
Th i r d su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.64
F o u r t h su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.96
F i f t h su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.128
S i x t h su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.160
S e v e nt h su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.192
E i g h t h su b ne t
19 2.16 8.16 2.224

H o st ad d r e sse s
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16

8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16

B r o ad cast ad d r e ss

2.1 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.30
2.33 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.62
2.65 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.94
2.97 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.126
2.129 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.158
2.161 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.190
2.193 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.222
2.225 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.254

19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16

8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16
8.16

2.31
2.63
2.95
2.127
2.159
2.191
2.223
2.255

E x a m p le 2
C o m p any A B C w o u l d l i k e t o su b ne t i t s ne t w o r k (219 .7 .9 .0) so t h at t h e r e ar e 3 2 se p ar at e
su b ne t s. Th e y w i l l ne e d 6 h o st s i n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e t h e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e :
N O TE : B e cau se t h e r e ar e so m any su b ne t s, d o n' t w r i t e t h e m al l o u t (u nl e ss y o u j u st w ant
t o ) . If y o u can d o t h e f i r st t e n and k no w w h at t h e l ast o ne i s, y o u g e t t h e i d e a.
S u b ne t
N e t w o r k ad d r e ss
S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255.248
F i r st su b ne t
219 .7 .9 .0
S e co nd su b ne t
219 .7 .9 .8
Th i r d su b ne t
219 .7 .9 .16
F o u r t h su b ne t
219 .7 .9 .24
F i f t h su b ne t
219 .7 .9 .32
S i x t h su b ne t
219 .7 .9 .40
S e v e nt h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 .48
E i g h t h su b ne t
219 .7 .9 .56
N i nt h su b ne t
219 .7 .9 .64
Te nt h su b ne t
219 .7 .9 .72
.
.
Th i r t y -se co nd
219 .7 .9 .248
su b ne t

H o st ad d r e sse s
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219

.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7

.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9

.1
.9
.17
.25
.33
.41
.49
.57
.65
.73

-

219 .7 .9 .6
219 .7 .9 .14
219 .7 .9 .22
219 .7 .9 .30
219 .7 .9 .38
219 .7 .9 .46
219 .7 .9 .54
219 .7 .9 .62
219 .7 .9 .70
219 .7 .9 .78

219 .7 .9 .249 - 219 .7 .9 .254

B r o ad cast ad d r e ss
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219

.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7

.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9

.7
.15
.23
.31
.39
.47
.55
.63
.71
.79

219 .7 .9 .255
E x a m p le 3
Th e A cm e C o m p any w o u l d l i k e t o su b ne t i t s ne t w o r k (19 5.5.5.0) so t h at t h e r e ar e 50
se p ar at e su b ne t s. Th e y w i l l ne e d o nl y 2 h o st s i n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e e ach o f t h e
f o l l o w i ng :
N O TE : B e cau se t h e r e ar e so m any su b ne t s, y o u d o n' t ne e d t o w r i t e t h e m al l o u t . If y o u
can f i l l i n t h e i nf o r m at i o n r e q u i r e d b e l o w (t h e su b ne t m ask , t h e ad d r e sse s f o r t h e f i r st f e w
su b ne t s, and t h e t o t al nu m b e r o f su b ne t s cr e at e d ) , y o u o b v i o u sl y g e t t h e i d e a.
S u b ne t
N e t w o r k ad d r e ss
S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255.252
F i r st su b ne t
19 5.5.5.0
S e co nd su b ne t
19 5.5.5.4
Th i r d su b ne t
19 5.5.5.8
F o u r t h su b ne t
19 5.5.5.12
F i f t h su b ne t
19 5.5.5.16
S i x t h su b ne t
19 5.5.5.20
S e v e nt h su b ne t 19 5.5.5.24
.
.

H o st ad d r e sse s
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

5.5.5.1
5.5.5.5
5.5.5.9
5.5.5.13
5.5.5.17
5.5.5.21
5.5.5.25

-

19
19
19
19
19
19
19

5.5.5.2
5.5.5.6
5.5.5.10
5.5.5.14
5.5.5.18
5.5.5.22
5.5.5.26

H o w m any su b ne t s ar e act u al l y cr e at e d w i t h t h i s su b ne t m ask y o u u se d ? 64

B r o ad cast ad d r e ss
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

5.5.5.3
5.5.5.7
5.5.5.11
5.5.5.15
5.5.5.19
5.5.5.23
5.5.5.27

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How to-subnet-a-network

  • 1. How to Subnet a Network How to use this paper ♦ Absolute Beginner: Read all Sections 1-4 ♦ N eed a q uick rev iew : Read Sections 2 -4 ♦ J ust need a little h elp : Read Section 4 P a r t I : F o r th e I P B e g in n e r IP N e tw o r k A d d r e ss e s To u nd e r st and ne t w o r k IP ad d r e ssi ng , l e t ’ s t ak e a l o o k at p o st al ad d r e sse s. E v e r y m u st h av e i t s o w n u ni q u e ad d r e ss i n o r d e r f o r m ai l t o b e d e l i v e r e d . A n ad d r e ss co d i f f e r e nt p ar t s su ch as t h e st r e e t , nu m b e r , and ci t y . In a ne t w o r k , e v e r y d e v i ce m u i t s o w n u ni q u e IP ad d r e ss. Th at i s, e v e r y ne t w o r k d e v i ce (p r i nt e r , se r v e r , r o u t e r , e m u st b e i d e nt i f i e d w i t h a se p ar at e IP ad d r e ss. M a n y D U si ng t h ar r i v e at (ap ar t m e e v ic e s o r e p o st al e th e rig h t nt nu m b e W i t h IP ad d r e b u t a si ng l e IP assu m e t h at A and t h at A B C assi g ne d as f o D e D e D e D e D e v i ce v i ce v i ce v i ce v i ce b u i l d i ng nsi st s o f st h av e t c.) H o s ts x am p l e , t h i nk ab o u t an ap ar t m e nt b u i l d i ng . In o r d e r f o r t h e m ai l t o ap ar t m e nt , e ach ap ar t m e nt m u st h av e i t s o w n u ni q u e i d e nt i f i e r r ) i n ad d i t i o n t o t h e st r e e t nam e and ad d r e ss. sse s, an o r g ani z at i o n i s assi g ne d a u ni q u e IP ne t w o r k , su ch as 192.168.1.0, ad d r e ss m u st b e assi g ne d f o r e ach ne t w o r k d e v i ce . F o r e x am p l e , l e t ' s B C co m p any h as 5 d e v i ce s i n o ne o f t h e i r b u i l d i ng s t h at ne e d IP ad d r e sse s, i s assi g ne d t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e ss 19 2.16 8.1.0. Th e IP ad d r e sse s co u l d b e l l o w s: 1 (r o u t e r ) : 19 2.16 8.1.1 2 (o f f i ce p r i nt e r ) : 19 2.16 8.1.2 3 (M s. C h u ng ' s l ap t o p ) : 19 2.16 8.1.3 4 (R e ce i p t i o ni st ' s co m p u t e r ) : 19 2.16 8.1.4 5 (co m p any se r v e r ) : 19 2.16 8.1.5 H o st s .1, .2, .3 , .4, and .5 ar e al l o n t h e 19 2.16 8.1 ne t w o r k , j u st as ap ar t m e nt s 1, 2, 3 , 4, and 5 m i g h t b e l o cat e d i n t h e ap ar t m e nt b u i l d i ng at 123 F i r st S t r e e t .
  • 2. W h e n y o u se e an IP ad d r e ss, y o u w i l l al w ay s se e ano t h e r nu m b e r asso ci at e d w i t h i t t h at l o o k s so m e t h i ng l i k e o ne o f t h e f o l l o w i ng : ♦ 255.255.255.0 ♦ 255.255.0.0 ♦ 255.0.0.0 Th i s nu m b e r i s cal l e d t h e s u b n e t m a s k . A su b ne t m ask i s u se d t o sh o w w h i ch p o r t i o n o f t h e IP ad d r e ss i d e nt i f i e s t h e ne t w o r k and w h i ch p o r t i o n i d e nt i f i e s a sp e ci f i c h o st o n t h e ne t w o r k . Th i s m ay se e m u nne ce ssar y at f i r st si nce t h e f i r st t h r e e nu m b e r s o f an IP ad d r e ss st ar t i ng f r o m t h e l e f t (su ch as 19 2.16 8.1) al w ay s i d e nt i f y t h e ne t w o r k , and t h e l ast nu m b e r (su ch as .1) al w ay s i d e nt i f i e s an i nd i v i d u al d e v i ce i n ne t w o r k s l i k e t h e o ne i n o u r e x am p l e , w h i ch i s cal l e d a st and ar d C l ass C ne t w o r k . H o w e v e r , t h i s i s no t t r u e f o r o t h e r ne t w o r k s. Th at ' s w h y su b ne t m ask s ar e u se d t o d i f f e r e nt i at e t h e ne t w o r k p o r t i o n o f t h e ad d r e ss f r o m t h e h o st p o r t i o n. Th e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e sh o w s t h e su b ne t m ask 255.255.255.0, w h i ch i s al w ay s t h e su b ne t m ask f o r a st and ar d C l ass C ne t w o r k , ap p l i e d t o o ne o f o u r e x am p l e ad d r e sse s. N o t i ce h o w t h e m ask r e v e al s w h i ch p o r t i o n o f t h e st r i ng 19 2.16 8.1.1 i s t h e i nd i v i d u al h o st ad d r e ss. N O TE : C l ass C ad d r e sse s h av e a nu m b e r f r o m 19 2 t o 223 i n t h e f i r st o ct e t . N e tw o rk p o rtio n 19 2 16 8 1 255 255 255 H o st p o r t i o n 1 0 Th e nu m b e r 255 i nd i cat e s t h at t h e co r r e sp o nd i ng se ct i o n o f t h e ad d r e ss i s p ar t o f t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e ss. Th e 0 i nd i cat e s t h at t h e co r r e sp o nd i ng se ct i o n i s t h e h o st p o r t i o n o f t h e ad d r e ss. Th i s d o cu m e nt and t h e S u b ne t g am e r e f e r o nl y t o C l ass C ne t w o r k s. O nce y o u u nd e r st and IP ad d r e ssi ng f o r C l ass C ne t w o r k s, i t w i l l b e m u ch e asi e r f o r y o u t o u nd e r st and IP ad d r e ssi ng f o r any ne t w o r k . P a r t I I : B in a r y N u m b e r s To u nd e r st and ne t w o r k ad d r e sse s, w e sh o u nu m b e r sy st e m . S i nce al l e l e ct r o ni c d e v i ce ad d r e sse s ar e act u al l y m ad e u p o f b i nar y d b i t s, b r o k e n i nt o f o u r p ar t s cal l e d o ct e t s. E ad d r e ss o f 19 2.16 8.1.0, l o o k s l i k e t h i s i n b l d t ak e a m s o nl y u nd i g i t s cal l e d ach o ct e t e i nar y . o m e nt t o co nsi d e r t h e b i nar y e r st and b i nar y nu m b e r s, al l ne t w o r k b i t s . A n IP ad d r e ss co nsi st s o f 3 2 q u al s 8 b i t s. O u r sam p l e ne t w o r k 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000 19 2 16 8 1 0 B u t h o w d o e s 11000000 e q u at e t o 19 2? H o w d o e s 10101000 e q u at e t o 16 8? H e r e ' s h o w . ....
  • 3. A b i t can h av e o nl y t w r e p r e se nt e d b y a 0.. To b i t s ar e t u r ne d o f f . W h o ct e t , si nce e ach o ct e t B it B i t v al u e b y a 1, o r o f f , w h i ch i s l ast o ct e t ab o v e , al l 8 e a l o o k at o ne 8-b i t as f o l l o w : 1 6 4 1 128 o p o ssi b l e v al u e s: o n , w h i ch i s r e p r e se nt e d r e p r e se nt t h e d e ci m al nu m b e r 0, as i n t h e e n t u r ne d o n, e ach b i t h as a v al u e . L e t ' s t ak co nt ai ns a d i st i nct nu m b e r . Th e v al u e s ar e 1 4 1 3 2 1 16 1 8 1 2 1 1 Th e r i g h t -m o st b i t h as a v al u e o f 1, t h e ne x t b i t h as a v al u e o f 2, t h e ne x t b i t h as a v al u e o f 4, and so o n as sh o w n i n t h e ch ar t ab o v e . Th e d e ci m al v al u e o f an o ct e t i s t h e su m o f t h e b i t v al u e s. S o i f al l b i t s ar e o n, t h e v al u e o f t h e o ct e t i s 255, o r 128 + 6 4 + 3 2 + 16 + 8 + 4+ 2+ 1 Th e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e sh o w s t h at 11000000 e q u al s 19 2 i n d e ci m al . Th e b i t w i t h a v al u e o f 128 and t h e b i t w i t h a v al u e o f 6 4 ar e t u r ne d o n, so w e ad d 128 + 6 4 and g e t 19 2. B it B i t v al u e 1 128 1 64 0 3 2 0 16 0 8 0 4 0 2 0 1 Th i s t ab l e sh o w s t h at 10101000 e q u al s 16 8 i n d e ci m al . Th e b i t s w i t h v al u e s o f 128, 3 2, and 8 ar e t u r ne d o n, and t h e i r su m e q u al s 16 8. B it B i t v al u e 1 128 0 6 4 1 32 P a r t III: F r o m 0 16 1 8 0 4 0 2 0 1 I P A d d r e s s in g to I P S u b n e ttin g S u b ne t t i ng can b ad m i ni st r at i o n, e and ad d i ng a l ay co nt r o l ne t w o r k e u se f u l i n a v ar i e t y o f w ay s, i ncl u d i ng si m p l i f y i ng ne t w o r k nab l i ng y o u t o u se d i f f e r e nt p h y si cal m e d i a su ch as E t h e r ne t and F D D I, e r o f se cu r i t y t o y o u r ne t w o r k . Th e m o st co m m o n u se o f su b ne t t i ng i s t o t r af f i c. S u b ne t t i ng i s d o l e t ' s l o o k at o u r (255.255.255.0) co r r e sp o nd i ng m co r r e sp o nd i ng m ne b A B C as e ask ask N e t w o r k ad d r e ss S u b ne t m ask y b o r r o w i ng h o st b i t s and u si ng t h e m as ne t w o r k b i t s. To b e g i n, co m p any ne t w o r k ad d r e ss (19 2.16 8.1.0) and i t s su b ne t m ask x p r e sse d i n b i nar y . N o t i ce t h at t h e ad d r e ss b i t s t h at h av e b i t s se t t o 1 r e p r e se nt t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e ss. A d d r e ss b i t s t h at h av e b i t s se t t o 0 r e p r e se nt t h e i nd i v i d u al h o st ad d r e ss. 11000000 11111111 W i t h t h i s ad d r e ss, t h e b i t s f r o o f t h e ad d r e ss. H o w e v e r , w e o ct e t . To d o so , w e m u st t ak e w e b o r r o w t h e b i t w i t h a v al u 10101000 11111111 m co b e 00000001 11111111 00000000 00000000 o ct e t s 1, 2, and 3 ar e u se d t o i d e nt i f y t h e ne t w o r k p o r t i o n u l d su b ne t o u r ne t w o r k b y b o r r o w i ng b i t s f r o m t h e f o u r t h i t s co nse cu t i v e l y f r o m l e f t t o r i g h t . In t h e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e , o f 128..
  • 4. N e t w o r k ad d r e ss S u b ne t m ask 11000000 11111111 10101000 11111111 00000001 11111111 00000000 10000000 Th i s ch ang e s o u r su b ne t m ask . Inst e ad o f 255.255.255.0, i t i s no w 255.255.255.128. Th e m o r e h o st b i t s y o u m o r e su b ne t s ar e cr e at e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e , w e b o r h o st ad d r e sse s, and o u r N e t w o r k ad d r e ss S u b ne t m ask u se f o r su b ne t s, t h e m o r e su b ne t s y o u h av e av ai l ab l e . H o w e v e r , as d , t h e l e ss h o st ad d r e sse s ar e av ai l ab l e p e r su b ne t . In t h e r o w b o t h t h e 128 and t h e 6 4 b i t . W e no w h av e o nl y 6 b i t s l e f t f o r m ask i s no w 255.255.255.19 2. 11000000 11111111 10101000 11111111 N o t i ce al so t h at w e u se t h e f o u r t h d o cu m e nt and t h e S u b ne t g am e r e d o cu m e nt w i l l f o cu s o nl y o n t h e f C l ass C ne t w o r k s, i t w i l l b e m u ch ne t w o r k . 00000001 11111111 o ct e t t o su b ne t a C f e r o nl y t o C l ass C o u r t h o ct e t . O nce y e asi e r f o r y o u t o u 00000000 11000000 l ass C ne t w o r k . B e cau se t h i s ne t w o r k s, t h e r e m ai nd e r o f t h i s o u u nd e r st and IP su b ne t t i ng f o r nd e r st and IP su b ne t t i ng f o r any S o , b ack t o o u r f o u r t h o ct e t , e x act l y w h at ne t w o r k and h o st ad d r e sse s can w e cr e at e b y b o r r o w i ng t h e se t w o b i t s and t h u s ap p l y i ng t h i s .19 2 m ask ? N e t w o r k ad d r e ss S u b ne t m ask 11000000 11111111 10101000 11111111 00000001 11111111 00000000 11000000 L e t ' s l o o k f i r st at t h e su b ne t s. W e h av e t w o d i g i t s w i t h w h i ch t o cr e at e su b ne t s. N e t w o r k ad d r e ss 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000 S u b ne t m ask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 L o o k i ng at t h e b i t v al u e ch ar t , i t ' s e asy t o se e t h at t h o se t w o d i g i t s can b e . . . 00, w h i ch e q u al s 0 B it B i t v al u e 0 128 0 6 4 0 3 2 0 16 0 8 0 4 0 2 0 1 1 64 0 3 2 0 16 0 8 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 6 4 0 3 2 0 16 0 8 0 4 0 2 0 1 01, w h i ch e q u al s 6 4 B it B i t v al u e 0 128 10, w h i ch e q u al s 128 B it B i t v al u e 1 128 o r 11, w h i ch e q u al s 19 2
  • 5. B it B i t v al u e 1 128 1 64 0 3 2 0 16 0 8 0 4 0 2 0 1 S o w e h av e cr e at e d t h e f o l l o w i ng su b ne t s: 19 2.16 8.1.0 19 2.16 8.1.64 19 2.16 8.1.128 19 2.16 8.1.192 Th at m e ans t h at t h e se nu m b e r s (0, 6 4, 128, and 19 2) can no l o ng e r b e h o st ad d r e sse s b e cau se t h e y ar e no w su b ne t ad d r e sse s. E ach su b ne t , l i k e any ne t w o r k , m u st h av e a b r o ad cast ad d r e ss as w e l l . Th e b r o ad cast ad d r e ss i s t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e ne t w o r k , so o n o u r f i r st su b ne t , 19 2.16 8.1.0, av ai l ab l e h o st ad d r e sse s ar e 19 2.16 8.1.1 t h r o u g h 19 2.16 8.1.62. Th e 19 2.16 8.1.63 i s t h e b r o ad cast ad d r e ss and 19 2.16 8.1.64 i s t h e ad d r e ss o f t h e ne x t su b ne t . R e m e m b e r t h at b e f o r e w e su b ne t t e d o u r ne t w o r k , w e co u l d u se al l 8 b i t s o f t h e 4t h o ct e t f o r h o st ad d r e sse s. Th at g av e u s 254 h o st ad d r e sse s. W e no w h av e 6 2 f o r e ach o f o u r 4 su b ne t s, o r 248 t o t al . Th e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e sh o w s t h e co m p l e t e r e su l t s o f b o r r o w i ng t w o h o st b i t s t o su b ne t o u r C l ass C ne t w o r k . S u b ne t N e t w o r k ad d r e ss S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255.192 F i r st su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.0 S e co nd su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.64 Th i r d su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.128 F o u r t h su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.192 H o st ad d r e sse s 19 19 19 19 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 B r o ad cast ad d r e ss 2.1 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.62 2.65 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.126 2.129 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.190 2.193 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.254 19 19 19 19 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 P a r t I V : A ll Y o u R e a lly N e e d S u b ne t t i ng can se e m s p r e t t y co m p l i cat e d , b u t h e r e ' s al l y o u r e al l y ne e d i n o r d e r t o e asi l y and r ap i d l y su b ne t a ne t w o r k , a l i t t l e ch ar t w e so m e t i m e s cal l t h e H ap p y C h ar t . Y o u ' l l so o n se e w h y . M ask B it B i t v al u e 128 1 128 19 2 1 6 4 224 1 3 2 240 1 16 248 1 8 252 1 4 254 1 2 255 1 1 A ssu m e y o u o w n t h e 19 9 .1.2.0 ne t w o r k . Y o u ne e d t o cr e at e 16 su b ne t s and y o u w i l l ne e d no m o r e t h an 12 h o st s o n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e t h e f o l l o w i ng st e p s: 1. F i nd w ith an i m th e o e ach b it u o u t h o w m any b i t s y o u ne e 21) f r o m t h e l e f t -m o st b i t u ag i nar y l i ne t o t h e r i g h t o f ne t o t h e l e f t o f t h e l i ne . To ne t w o r k , y o u can co u nt b y nt i l y o u r e ach t h e nu m b e r o d t o b o r r o w b y co u nt i ng b y p o w e r s o f t w nt i l y o u r e ach t h e nu m b e r o f su b ne t s y o u t h e l ast b i t y o u b o r r o w . Th e su b ne t m ask m ak e su r e y o u h av e t h e r i g h t am o u nt o f p o w e r s o f t w o (st ar t i ng w i t h 21) f r o m t h e f h o st s y o u ne e d . o (st ar t i ng ne e d . D r aw y o u ne e d i s h o st s f o r r i g h t -m o st 2.63 2.127 2.191 2.255
  • 6. M ask B it B i t v al u e 2 128 1 128 2. O b t ai n t h e ne t w (19 9 .1.2.0) and t h at t e l l s u s t h e t o o b t ai n al l t h e 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 4 19 2 1 6 4 o r k ad ad d i ng se co nd ne t w o 8 224 1 3 2 16 240 1 16 248 1 8 252 1 4 254 1 2 255 1 1 d r e sse s b y st ar t i ng w i t h t h e 0 ne t w o r k , w h i ch i s al w ay s t h e f i r st t h e b i t v al u e t h at co r r e sp o nd s t o t h e m ask . F o r t h i s e x am p l e , ne t w o r k i s 19 9 .1.2.16 . C o nt i nu e t o i ncr e m e nt b y t h i s b i t v al u e r k ad d r e sse s. 9 .1.2.0 9 .1.2.16 9 .1.2.32 9 .1.2.48 9 .1.2.64 9 .1.2.80 9 .1.2.96 . . . a n d s o o n M ask B it B i t v al u e 128 1 128 19 2 1 6 4 224 1 3 2 240 1 16 248 1 8 252 1 4 254 1 2 255 1 1 3 . O nce y o u se e t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e sse s, i t ' s e asy t o d e t e r m i ne t h e b r o ad cast ad d r e sse s and t h e v al i d h o st ad d r e sse s f o r e ach su b ne t . F o r e x am p l e , t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e 19 9 .1.2.0 ne t w o r k h as t o b e 19 9 .1.2.15 b e cau se 19 9 .1.2.16 i s t h e ne x t ne t w o r k ad d r e ss. S i nce i t ' s t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e ne t w o r k , 19 9 .1.2.15 i s t h e b r o ad cast ad d r e ss. A l l ad d r e sse s b e t w e e n 19 9 .1.2.0 and 19 9 .1.2.15 ar e t h e h o st ad d r e sse s f o r t h e ne t w o r k . L e t ' s t r y ano t h e r e x am p l e . A ssu m e y o u o w n t h e 200.20.2.0 ne t w o r k . Y o u w ant t o cr e at e 2 su b ne t s, b u t y o u ne e d u p t o 125 h o st s o n at l e ast o ne o f t h e su b ne t s. C o m p l e t e t h e f o l l o w i ng st e p s: 1. F i nd o u t (st ar t i ng su b ne t s y su b ne t m M ask B it B i t v al u e h o w m any b i t s y o u ne e w i t h 21) f r o m t h e l e f t -m o u ne e d . D r aw an i m ag ask y o u ne e d i s t h e o ne 2 128 1 128 19 2 1 6 4 224 1 3 2 d to b o st b i nar y to th o rro w i t u nt i l l i ne t o e le ft o 240 1 16 b y co u nt i ng t h e b i t s b y p o w e r s o f t w o y o u r e ach t h e m ax i m u m nu m b e r o f t h e r i g h t o f t h e l ast b i t y o u b o r r o w . Th e f t h e l i ne . 248 1 8 252 1 4 254 1 2 255 1 1 2. O b t ai n t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e sse s b y st ar t i ng w i t h t h e 0 ne t w o r k , w h i ch i s al w ay s t h e f i r st (200.20.2.0) and ad d i ng t h e b i t v al u e t h at co r r e sp o nd s t o t h e m ask . F o r t h i s e x am p l e , t h at t e l l s u s t h e se co nd ne t w o r k (and l ast i n t h i s case ) i s 200.20.2.128. Th e r e aso n i t
  • 7. h as t o b e t h e l ast su b ne t i s t h at y o u w o u l d g e t 200.20.2.256 as t h e ne x t ne t w o r k ad d r e ss i f y o u i ncr e m e nt e d ag ai n b y 128. A n o ct e t canno t co nt ai n a nu m b e r g r e at e r t h an 255. 200.20.2.0 200.20.2.128 M ask B it B i t v al u e 128 1 128 19 2 1 6 4 224 1 3 2 240 1 16 248 1 8 252 1 4 254 1 2 255 1 1 3 . O nce y o u se e t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e sse s, i t ' s e asy t o d e t e r m i ne t h e b r o ad cast ad d r e sse s and t h e v al i d h o st ad d r e sse s f o r e ach su b ne t . F o r t h i s e x am p l e , t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e 200.20.2.0 ne t w o r k h as t o b e 200.20.2.127 b e cau se 200.20.2.128 i s t h e ne x t ne t w o r k ad d r e ss. S i nce i t ' s t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e ne t w o r k , 200.20.2.127 i s t h e b r o ad cast ad d r e ss. A l l ad d r e sse s b e t w e e n 200.20.2.0 and 200.20.2.127 ar e t h e h o st ad d r e sse s f o r t h e ne t w o r k . L e t ' s d o t h at e x am p l e ag ai n w i t h j u st a l i t t l e m o d i f i cat i o n. A g ai n assu m e y o u o w n t h e 200.20.2.0 ne t w o r k . Y o u w ant t o su b ne t y o u r ne t w o r k as m u ch as p o ssi b l e , b u t y o u ne e d u p t o 125 h o st s o n at l e ast o ne o f t h e su b ne t s. C o m p l e t e t h e f o l l o w i ng st e p s: 1. N o t e : T h i s i s t h e o n l y s t e p s w e w i l l c h a n g e . W e a r e c h a n g i n g i t t o s h o w h o w y o u c o u n t b y p o w e r s o f tw o fr o m r ig h t to le ft to e n s u r e th a t y o u g e t th e d e s ir e d n u m o f h o s t s . .. . F i nd o u t h o w m any b i t s y o u ne e d t o b o r r o w b y co u nt i ng t h e b i t s b y p o w o f t w o (st ar t i ng w i t h 21) f r o m t h e r i g h t -m o st b i t u nt i l y o u r e ach t h e m ax i m u m nu m b e h o st s y o u ne e d o n any su b ne t .. D r aw an i m ag i nar y l i ne t o t h e l e f t o f t h e l ast b i t y o u b o r r o w . Th e su b ne t m ask y o u ne e d i s st i l l t h e o ne t o t h e l e f t o f t h e l i ne . 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 M ask 19 2 224 240 248 252 254 255 128 B it 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B i t v al u e 128 6 4 3 2 16 8 4 2 1 2. O b t ai n t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e sse s b y st ar t i ng w i t h t h e 0 ne t w o r k , w h i ch i s al w (200.20.2.0) and ad d i ng t h e b i t v al u e t h at co r r e sp o nd s t o t h e m ask . F o r t h t h at t e l l s u s t h e se co nd ne t w o r k (and l ast i n t h i s case ) i s 200.20.2.128. Th h as t o b e t h e l ast su b ne t i s t h at y o u w o u l d g e t 200.20.2.256 as t h e ne x t ne ad d r e ss i f y o u i ncr e m e nt e d ag ai n b y 128. A n o ct e t canno t co nt ai n a nu m b t h an 255. ay s t h e f i r st i s e x am p l e , e r e aso n i t tw o rk e r g r e at e r 200.20.2.0 200.20.2.128 M ask B it B i t v al u e 128 1 128 19 2 1 6 4 224 1 3 2 240 1 16 248 1 8 252 1 4 254 1 2 c a n b e r e rs r o f 255 1 1
  • 8. 3 . O nce y o u se e t h e ne t w o r k ad d r e sse s, i t ' s e asy t o d e t e r m i ne t h e b r o ad cast ad d r e sse s and t h e v al i d h o st ad d r e sse s f o r e ach su b ne t . F o r t h i s e x am p l e , t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e 200.20.2.0 ne t w o r k h as t o b e 200.20.2.127 b e cau se 200.20.2.128 i s t h e ne x t ne t w o r k ad d r e ss. S i nce i t ' s t h e l ast ad d r e ss o n t h e ne t w o r k , 200.20.2.127 i s t h e b r o ad cast ad d r e ss. A l l ad d r e sse s b e t w e e n 200.20.2.0 and 200.20.2.127 ar e t h e h o st ad d r e sse s f o r t h e ne t w o r k . N o w y o u t r y i t ! (Answ ers f ound at th e end of th is p ap er) H e r e ar e so m e e x am p l e s f o r y o u t o t r y . U se t h e H ap p y C h ar t t o h e l p y o u . E x a m p le 1 X Y Z C o m p any w o u l d l i k e t o su b ne t i t s ne t w o r k so t h at t h e r e ar e f i v e se p ar at e su b ne t s. Th e y w i l l ne e d 25 co m p u t e r s i n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e e ach o f t h e f o l l o w i ng : N O TE : If y o u cr e at e m o r e t h an f i v e su b ne t s, l i st t h e e x t r a o ne s t o o . S u b ne t N e t w o r k ad d r e ss S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255._____ F i r st su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2._ _ _ S e co nd su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.___ Th i r d su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.___ F o u r t h su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.___ F i f t h su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.___ S i x t h su b ne t ? ? H o st ad d r e sse s 19 19 19 19 19 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 2.___ - 19 2.___ - 19 2.___ - 19 2.___ - 19 2.___ - 19 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 B r o ad cast ad d r e ss 2.___ 2.___ 2.___ 2.___ 2.___ 19 19 19 19 19 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 N o t e : Th e t e r m " C l ass C " i s u se d i n t h i s d o cu m e nt t o h e l p f aci l i t at e t h e u nd e r st and i ng o f IP ad d r e ssi ng and su b ne t t i ng . IP ad d r e ss cl ass t e r m i no l o g y i s r ar e l y u se d i n t h e i nd u st r y any m o r e b e cau se o f t h e i nt r o d u ct i o n o f cl assl e ss i nt e r d o m ai n r o u t i ng (C ID R ) . 2.___ 2.___ 2.___ 2.___ 2.___
  • 9. E x a m p le 2 C o m p any A B C w o u l d l i k e t o su b ne t i t s ne t w o r k (219 .7 .9 .0) so t h at t h e r e ar e 3 2 se p ar at e su b ne t s. Th e y w i l l ne e d 6 h o st s i n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e t h e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e : N O TE : B e cau se t h e r e ar e so m any su b ne t s, d o n' t w r i t e t h e m al l o u t (u nl e ss y o u j u st w ant t o ) . If y o u can d o t h e f i r st t e n and k no w w h at t h e l ast o ne i s, y o u g e t t h e i d e a. S u b ne t N e t w o r k ad d r e ss S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255.___ F i r st su b ne t 219 .7 .9 . __ S e co nd su b ne t 219 .7 .9 . __ Th i r d su b ne t 219 .7 .9 . __ F o u r t h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 . __ F i f t h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 . __ S i x t h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 . __ S e v e nt h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 . __ E i g h t h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 . __ N i nt h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 . __ Te nt h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 . __ . . Th i r t y -se co nd 219 .7 .9 . ___ su b ne t H o st ad d r e sse s 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ - 219 .7 .9 . __ - 219 .7 .9 . __ - 219 .7 .9 . __ - 219 .7 .9 . __ - 219 .7 .9 . __ - 219 .7 .9 . __ - 219 .7 .9 . __ - 219 .7 .9 . __ - 219 .7 .9 . __ - 219 .7 .9 . __ 219 .7 .9 . ___ - 219 .7 .9 . ___ B r o ad cast ad d r e ss 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ 219 .7 .9 . ___ E x a m p le 3 Th e A cm e C o m p any w o u l d l i k e t o su b ne t i t s ne t w o r k (19 5.5.5.0) so t h at t h e r e ar e 50 se p ar at e su b ne t s. Th e y w i l l ne e d o nl y 2 h o st s i n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e e ach o f t h e f o l l o w i ng : N O TE : B e cau se t h e r e ar e so m any su b ne t s, y o u d o n' t ne e d t o w r i t e t h e m al l o u t . If y o u can f i l l i n t h e i nf o r m at i o n r e q u i r e d b e l o w (t h e su b ne t m ask , t h e ad d r e sse s f o r t h e f i r st f e w su b ne t s, and t h e t o t al nu m b e r o f su b ne t s cr e at e d ) , y o u o b v i o u sl y g e t t h e i d e a. S u b ne t N e t w o r k ad d r e ss S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255. ___ F i r st su b ne t 19 5.5.5. __ S e co nd su b ne t 19 5.5.5. __ Th i r d su b ne t 19 5.5.5. __ F o u r t h su b ne t 19 5.5.5. __ F i f t h su b ne t 19 5.5.5. __ S i x t h su b ne t 19 5.5.5. __ S e v e nt h su b ne t 19 5.5.5. __ . . H o st ad d r e sse s 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ - 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ H o w m any su b ne t s ar e act u al l y cr e at e d w i t h t h i s su b ne t m ask y o u u se d ? __ B r o ad cast ad d r e ss 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __ 5.5.5. __
  • 10. A N SW E R ST O P R A C T IC E P R O B L E M S E x a m p le 1 X Y Z C o m p any w o u l d l i k e t o su b ne t i t s ne t w o r k so t h at t h e r e ar e f i v e se p ar at e su b ne t s. Th e y w i l l ne e d 25 co m p u t e r s i n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e e ach o f t h e f o l l o w i ng : N O TE : If y o u cr e at e m o r e t h an f i v e su b ne t s, l i st t h e e x t r a o ne s t o o . S u b ne t N e t w o r k ad d r e ss S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255.224 F i r st su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.0 S e co nd su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.32 Th i r d su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.64 F o u r t h su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.96 F i f t h su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.128 S i x t h su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.160 S e v e nt h su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.192 E i g h t h su b ne t 19 2.16 8.16 2.224 H o st ad d r e sse s 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 B r o ad cast ad d r e ss 2.1 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.30 2.33 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.62 2.65 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.94 2.97 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.126 2.129 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.158 2.161 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.190 2.193 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.222 2.225 - 19 2.16 8.16 2.254 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 8.16 2.31 2.63 2.95 2.127 2.159 2.191 2.223 2.255 E x a m p le 2 C o m p any A B C w o u l d l i k e t o su b ne t i t s ne t w o r k (219 .7 .9 .0) so t h at t h e r e ar e 3 2 se p ar at e su b ne t s. Th e y w i l l ne e d 6 h o st s i n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e t h e f o l l o w i ng t ab l e : N O TE : B e cau se t h e r e ar e so m any su b ne t s, d o n' t w r i t e t h e m al l o u t (u nl e ss y o u j u st w ant t o ) . If y o u can d o t h e f i r st t e n and k no w w h at t h e l ast o ne i s, y o u g e t t h e i d e a. S u b ne t N e t w o r k ad d r e ss S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255.248 F i r st su b ne t 219 .7 .9 .0 S e co nd su b ne t 219 .7 .9 .8 Th i r d su b ne t 219 .7 .9 .16 F o u r t h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 .24 F i f t h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 .32 S i x t h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 .40 S e v e nt h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 .48 E i g h t h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 .56 N i nt h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 .64 Te nt h su b ne t 219 .7 .9 .72 . . Th i r t y -se co nd 219 .7 .9 .248 su b ne t H o st ad d r e sse s 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .1 .9 .17 .25 .33 .41 .49 .57 .65 .73 - 219 .7 .9 .6 219 .7 .9 .14 219 .7 .9 .22 219 .7 .9 .30 219 .7 .9 .38 219 .7 .9 .46 219 .7 .9 .54 219 .7 .9 .62 219 .7 .9 .70 219 .7 .9 .78 219 .7 .9 .249 - 219 .7 .9 .254 B r o ad cast ad d r e ss 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .7 .15 .23 .31 .39 .47 .55 .63 .71 .79 219 .7 .9 .255
  • 11. E x a m p le 3 Th e A cm e C o m p any w o u l d l i k e t o su b ne t i t s ne t w o r k (19 5.5.5.0) so t h at t h e r e ar e 50 se p ar at e su b ne t s. Th e y w i l l ne e d o nl y 2 h o st s i n e ach su b ne t . C o m p l e t e e ach o f t h e f o l l o w i ng : N O TE : B e cau se t h e r e ar e so m any su b ne t s, y o u d o n' t ne e d t o w r i t e t h e m al l o u t . If y o u can f i l l i n t h e i nf o r m at i o n r e q u i r e d b e l o w (t h e su b ne t m ask , t h e ad d r e sse s f o r t h e f i r st f e w su b ne t s, and t h e t o t al nu m b e r o f su b ne t s cr e at e d ) , y o u o b v i o u sl y g e t t h e i d e a. S u b ne t N e t w o r k ad d r e ss S u b ne t m ask : 255.255.255.252 F i r st su b ne t 19 5.5.5.0 S e co nd su b ne t 19 5.5.5.4 Th i r d su b ne t 19 5.5.5.8 F o u r t h su b ne t 19 5.5.5.12 F i f t h su b ne t 19 5.5.5.16 S i x t h su b ne t 19 5.5.5.20 S e v e nt h su b ne t 19 5.5.5.24 . . H o st ad d r e sse s 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 5.5.5.1 5.5.5.5 5.5.5.9 5.5.5.13 5.5.5.17 5.5.5.21 5.5.5.25 - 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 5.5.5.2 5.5.5.6 5.5.5.10 5.5.5.14 5.5.5.18 5.5.5.22 5.5.5.26 H o w m any su b ne t s ar e act u al l y cr e at e d w i t h t h i s su b ne t m ask y o u u se d ? 64 B r o ad cast ad d r e ss 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 5.5.5.3 5.5.5.7 5.5.5.11 5.5.5.15 5.5.5.19 5.5.5.23 5.5.5.27