1. Prepared by Raizza Corpuz

2. • designed to preserve the ideals of liberty, equality and
security against the assaults of opportunism, PBM
Employees Organization v. Phil. Blooming Mills, 51
SCRA 189 (Nachura, 2009)
Civil Rights- belong to everyone
Political Rights-to participate directly or indirectly.

3. • A bill of rights may be defined as a declaration and
enumeration of a person’s rights and privileges which the
Constitution is designed to protect against violations by
the government, or by an individual or groups of
individual
• Its basis is the social importance accorded to the
individual in a democratic or republican state, the belief
that every human being has intrinsic dignity and worth
which must be respected and safeguarded.

4. • No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without
due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal
protection of the laws.
ANALYSIS:
Right to LIFE, LIBERTY and PROPERTY,:
1.“Any deprivation of life, liberty, and property by the State is
with due process if it is done (1) under the authority of a law
that is valid or of Constitutional itself, and (2) after compliance
with fair and reasonable methods of procedure prescribed by
law.”
2.The term “person” in section 1 embraces all persons within the
territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines, without regard to any
difference of race, color, or nationality, including aliens.

5. Naturalpe rso n refers to a real human being
Juridicalpe rso n A juristic orjuridical person is an artificial
entity through which the law allows a group of natural
persons to act as if it were a single composite individual
for certain purposes, or in some jurisdictions, for a
single person to have a separate legal personality other
than their own.

6. This legal fiction does not mean these entities are human
beings, but rather means that the law recognizes them
and allows them to act as natural persons for some
purposes—most commonly lawsuits, property ownership,
and contracts.
The concept goes by many names, including corporate
personhood. A juristic person is sometimes called a legal
person, artificial person, or legal entity (although the last
term is sometimes understood to include natural persons
as well).

7. Life , as protected by due process of law, means
something more than mere animal existence. The
prohibition against its deprivation without due process
extends to all the limbs and faculties by which life is
enjoyed
Libe rty, as protected by due process of law, denotes not
merely freedom from physical restraint. It also embraces
the right of man to use his faculties with which he has
been endowed by his Creator subject only to the
limitations that he does not violate the law or rights of
others.
Pro pe rty, as protected by due process of law, may refer
to the thing itself or to the right over a thing. The
constitutional provision, however, has reference more to
the rights over the thing. It includes the right to own, use,
transmit and even to destroy, subject to the right of the
State and of other persons.

8. • Eq ualpro te ctio n o f the laws signifies
that “all persons subject to legislation should be treated
alike, under like circumstances and conditions both in the
privileges conferred and liabilities imposed.”

9. • The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable
searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any
purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or
warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause
to be determined personally by the judge after
examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant
and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly
describing the place to be searched and the persons or
things to be seized.

10. • The purpo se o f Se ctio n-IIis to pro te ct the privacy and the
sanctity o f the pe rso n and o f his ho use and o the r
po sse ssio ns (pape rs, do cum e nts, e ffe cts, e tc. ) fo und
the re in ag ainst arbitrary intrusio ns by ag e nts o f the state .

11. The written order to take a person in
custody in order that he may be bound to
answer for the commission of an offense,
is called a warrant of arrest.
Se arch Warrant – is an o rde r in writing ,
issue d in the nam e o f the pe o ple o f the
Re public o f the Philippine s, sig ne d by a
judg e and dire cte d to a pe ace o ffice r,
co m m anding him to se arch fo r a ce rtain
pe rso nalpro pe rty and bring it be fo re the
co urt.

12.  AValid Se arch Warrant and warrant o f Arre st m ust have
ProbableCause.
Probable Cause – m e ans the re are facts and
circum stance s atte nding the issuance o f warrant
sufficie nt to induce a prude nt and cautio us judg e to re ly
o n the m .
 The Pro bable Cause m ust be de te rm ine d pe rso nally by the judg e .
 The Warrant m ust particularly de scribe the place to be se arche d, o r
the pe rso n o r thing s to be se ize d.

13. •The JUDGE issue a warrant of
arrest or the search warrant
•The POLICE OFFICERserve a
warrant arrest or the search
warrant.

14.  Se arch and Se iz ure s can be m ade witho ut Warrant in the
fo llo wing instance s:
a. Whe n the re is co nse nt o r waive r – that is if a Pe ace
O ffice r has be e n g rante d co nse nt to e nte r the
pre m ise o f ano the r fo r the purpo se o f se arch and
se iz ure ;
b. Whe re se arch is an incide nt to a lawful arre st – say,
a pickpo cke t caug ht in flag rante de licto , can be
se arche d fo r his lo o t;
c. Whe n an o ffice r m aking the se arch has re aso nable
cause to co nduct it in a ve hicle be lie ve d to be
co ntaining co ntraband o r fo rfe ite d g o o ds – be cause
the ve hicle can g e t away be fo re a warrant is
se cure d.
d. Whe n the po sse ssio n o f article s pro hibite d by law is
disclo se d to plain vie w (plain vie w rule )

15. • Aprivate individualcan arre st a crim inal
e ve n witho ut a warrant, this is calle d
“CITIZEN ARREST”.
• Warrantless Arrest
Warrantle ss Arre st is allo we d unde r the
fo llo wing circum stance s:
1 . Flag rante De licto (Caug ht in the Act); --
2. Ho t Pursuit O pe ratio n;
3. Arre st o f Fug itive .

16. 1 . Flag rante De licto (Caug ht in the Act); --
-----Pe rso n to be arre ste d has co m m itte d, is actually
co m m itting , is atte m pting to co m m it an o ffe nse
2. Ho t Pursuit O pe ratio n;
----- Arre st take s e ffe ct whe n a crim e has just in fact be e n
co m m itte d and the arre sting o ffice r o r private individual
has pro bable cause to be lie ve base d o n pe rso nalfacts
o r circum stance s that the pe rso n to be arre ste d has
co m m itte d it.
3. Arre st o f Fug itive
----- Whe n a pe rso n to be arre ste d is a priso ne r who
e scape d fro m a pe nale stablishm e nt o r place whe re he
is se rving finaljudg m e nt o r te m po rarily co nfine d while
his case is pe nding o r has e scape d while be ing
transfe rre d fro m o ne co nfine m e nt to ano the r.

17. • The Privacy o f co m m unicatio n and co rre spo nde nce shall
be invio lable e xce pt upo n lawfulo rde r o f the co urt, o r
whe n public safe ty o r o rde r re q uire s o the rwise as
pre scribe d by law. ”
Explanatio n:
Eve ry pe rso n has the rig ht to ke e p his co m m unicatio n o r
co rre spo nde nce a se cre t. His co m m unicatio n with o the rs
by pho ne o r by le tte r is a pe rso nal o r private m atte r that
no bo dy sho uld intrude upo n.
But this rig ht can be lawfully suspe nde d upo n o rde r o f the
co urt if the safe ty and se curity o f the pe o ple is at stake .

18. • Ate le pho ne co nve rsatio n be twe e n two (2) drug pushe rs
se cre tly re co rde d by po lice o ffice rs by tapping its wire
witho ut co urt o rde r is no t acce ptable . As e vide nce in
co urt due to the privacy o f co m m unicatio n e nshrine d in
the Philippine Co nstitutio n. Ho we ve r, re co rding o f
co nve rsatio n thro ug h te le pho ne e xte nsio n is no t a
vio latio n o f the Anti-Wire Tapping Law.

19. • No law shallbe passe d abridg ing the fre e do m o f spe e ch,
o f e xpre ssio n, o r o f the pre ss o r the rig ht o f the pe o ple
pe ace ably to asse m ble and pe titio n the g o ve rnm e nt fo r
re dre ss o f g rie vance s. ”
Filipino Translation:
• Hindi dapat magpatibay ng batas na
nagbabawas sa kalayaan sa pananalita,
pagpapahayag, o ng pamamahayag, o sa
karapatan ng mga taong-bayan na mapayapang
makapag-tipon at magpetisyon sa pamahalaan
upang ilahad ang kanilang mga karaingan.”

20. Freedom of Speech;
Right to a Free Press;
Freedom of Assembly;
The Right of Petition.
 Fre e do m o f Spe e ch is no t abso lute , ne ithe r is a Fre e
Pre ss.
Lim itatio ns to Fre e do m o f Spe e ch
i. Se ve re calum ny;
ii. Anything le wd o r o bsce ne ;
iii. Anything that pro vo ke s vio le nce o r diso rde r;
iv. Se ditio us m e ssag e s;
v. “Cle ar and pre se nt dang e r”.

21. 1 . Libe l - untruthful info rm atio n/characte r
assassinatio n in writte n, and using print
o r bro adcast m e dia.
2. Slande r - spo ke n untruthful info rm atio n /
characte r assassinatio n .
• Cle ar and Pre se nt Dang e r – if the utte re d thre at se e m s
se rio us (i. e . the inte nt appe ars to be se rio us), im m e diate ,
g rave and re alistic.
i. Se ve re calum ny - untruthful
info rm atio n / characte r
assassinatio n .
Libe l– written
Slande r - ve rbal

22. • No law shallbe m ade re spe cting an e stablishm e nt o f
re lig io n, o r pro hibiting the fre e e xe rcise the re o f. The fre e
e xe rcise and e njo ym e nt o f re lig io us pro fe ssio n and
wo rship, witho ut discrim inatio n o r pre fe re nce , shall
fo re ve r be allo we d. No re lig io us te sts shallbe allo we d fo r
the e xe rcise o f civilo r po liticalrig hts. . ”
Filipino Translation:
• “Hindi dapat bawalan ang kalayaan sa paninirahan at ang
pag babag o ng tirahan sa saklaw ng m g a katakdaang
itinatadhana ng batas m aliban sa le g al na uto s ng
hukum an. Ni hindi dapat bawalan ang karapatan sa
pag lalakbay m aliban kun para sa kapakanan ng
kapanatag an ng bansa, kalig tasang pam bayan, o
kalusug ang pam bayan ayo n sa m aaaring itadhana ng
batas. ”

23. • The libe rty o f abo de and o f chang ing
the sam e within the lim its pre scribe d
by law shallno t be im paire d e xce pt
upo n lawfulo rde r o f the co urt. The
rig ht to trave lshallno t im paire d
e xce pt in the inte re st o f natio nal
se curity, public safe ty, o r public
he alth, as m ay be pro vide d by law ”

24. • Hindi dapat bawalan ang kalayaan sa paninirahan at ang
pag babag o ng tirahan sa saklaw ng m g a katakdaang
itinatadhana ng batas m aliban sa le g al na uto s ng
hukum an. Ni hindi dapat bawalan ang karapatan sa
pag lalakbay m aliban kun para sa kapakanan ng
kapanatag an ng bansa, kalig tasang pam bayan, o
kalusug ang pam bayan ayo n sa m aaaring itadhana ng
batas. ”

25. • The rig ht o f the pe o ple to info rm atio n o n m atte rs o f public
co nce rn shallbe re co g niz e d. Acce ss to o fficialre co rds,
and to do cum e nts, and pape rs pe rtaining to o fficialacts,
transactio ns, o r de cisio ns, as we llas to g o ve rnm e nt
re se arch data use d as basis fo r po licy de ve lo pm e nt shall
be affo rde d to the citiz e ns, subje ct to such lim itatio ns as
m ay be pro vide d by law. ”
Filipino Translation:
• Dapat kilalanin ang karapatan ng tao ng -bayan na
m apag batiran hing g ilsa m g a bag ay-bag ay na m ay
kinalam an sa tanan. Ang kaalam an sa m g a o pisyalna
re ko rd, at sa m g a do kum e nto at pape le s tung ko lsa m g a
o pisyalna g awain, transaksyo n, o pasya, g ayo n din sa
m g a dato s sa pananaliksik ng pam ahalaan na
pinag babatayan ng patakaran sa pag papaunlad ay dapat
ibig ay sa m am am ayan sa ilalim ng m g a katakdaang

26. • Fre e do m o f the Pre ss and fre e do m o f acce ss to
info rm atio n be aring o n g o ve rnm e ntalde cisio n are
fundam e ntale le m e nts o f Popular Sovereignty”.
Pe o ple have acce ss to public re co rds such as re co rds o f a
case in co urt subje ct to re aso nable rule s and re g ulatio ns,
e xce pt whe n it is ve ry cle ar that the purpo se o f
e xam inatio n o f public re co rd is unlawful, she e r o r idle
curio sity. It is no t the duty o f the custo dians o f the
re co rds to co nce rn the m se lve s with the m o tive s, re aso ns,
and o bje cts o f the pe rso n se e king acce ss to such
do cum e nts o r info rm atio n.

27. • The rig ht o f the pe o ple , including tho se e m plo ye d in the
public and private se cto rs, to fo rm unio ns, asso ciatio ns,
o r so cie tie s fo r purpo se s no t co ntrary to law shallno t be
abridg e d. ”
Filipino Translation:
“Hindi dapat hadlang an ang karapatan ng m g a tao ng -
bayan kabilang ang m g a nag liling ko d sa publiko at
pribado ng se kto r na m ag tatag ng m g a aso sasyo n, m g a
unyo n, o m g a kapisanan sa m g a layuning hindi lalabag
sa batas. ”

28. • Unionism is a ne ce ssity to place e m plo ye e s o r labo r
se cto rs to the barg aining le ve ls sam e as that o f the ir
e m plo ye rs in re latio n to ne g o tiatio ns o f te rm s and
co nditio ns o f e m plo ym e nt. Ho we ve r, while e m plo ye e s in
the public se cto r m ay fo rm a unio n, the y are no t e ntitle d
to stag e strike to pre ss the ir de m ands to im pro ve the
te rm s and co nditio ns o f the ir e m plo ym e nt. ”
Reason:
•
• Unde r the co nstitutio n, no m o ne y fro m the Natio nal
Tre asury shall be spe nt e xce pt in acco rdance with
appro priatio n by law. Im pro ving the e co no m ic co nditio ns
o f e m plo ye e s in the public se cto r re q uire s spe nding o f
public m o ne y. Chang e in the te rm s o f g o ve rnm e nt
e m plo ye e s can o nly be re aliz e d thro ug h law. ”

29. Question:: If a public and private co m pany has re q uire d
e ve ry e m plo ye e to sig n an ag re e m e nt as part o f his
e m plo ym e nt co ntract – that he willno t jo in any labo r
unio ns, so cie tie s o r asso ciatio ns, do e s this co nstitute s
vio latio n o f Art. III, Se c. 8 o f the Philippine Co nstitutio n?
Answer:
Ye s. It is a fo rm o f unfair labo r practice .
Commentary:
If public e m plo ye e s are pro hibite d to g o o n strike , the
e sse nce o f fo rm ing unio ns in g o ve rnm e nt e ntitie s sho w
lack o f lo g ic. It is also a cle ar suppre ssio n to the ir rig ht fo r
re dre ss o f g rie vance s. Thus, it co ntradicts to Art. III,
Se ctio n 4 o f the 1 9 8 7 Philippine Co nstitutio n.

30. • “Private pro pe rty shallno t be take n fo r public use witho ut
just co m pe nsatio n. ”
Filipino Translatio n:
Ang m g a pribado ng ariarian ay hindi dapat kunin uko lsa
g am it pam bayan nang walang wasto ng kabayaran. ”

31. • This is in co nne ctio n with the inhe re nt rig hts o f the state ,
spe cifically, the Rig ht o f Em ine nt Do m ain.
• Just co m pe nsatio n - the am o unt to be paid fo r the
e xpro priate d pro pe rty shallbe de te rm ine d by the pro pe r
co urt, base d o n the fair m arke t-value at the tim e o f the
taking .

32. • “No law im pairing the o blig atio n o f co ntracts shallbe
passe d. ”
• Filipino Translatio n:
• “Hindi dapat m ag patibay ng batas na sisira sa
pananag utan ng m g a ko ntrata. ”
 Discusse s the “sanctity” o f co ntracts and o blig atio ns;
 Laws affe cting co ntracts canno t be applie d re tro active ly;
 allco ntracts ille g alin nature are no n-binding .

33. • No te :
• A co ntract is a m e e ting o f m inds be twe e n partie s with
re spe ct to re nditio n o f se rvice o r pe rfo rm ance o f
o blig atio n to g ive so m e thing , Go ve rnm e nt is pro hibite d
fro m inte rfe ring with ag re e m e nt o f partie s since it is
co nside re d as a law be twe e n the co ntracting partie s.

34. “Fre e acce ss to co urts and q uasi-judicial
bo die s and ade q uate le g al assistance shall no t
be de nie d to any pe rso n by re aso n o f po ve rty. ”
 Filipino Translatio n:
“Hindi dapat ipag kait sa sinum ang tao ang
m alayang pag dulo g sa m g a hukum an at sa
m g a kalupunang m ala-pang hukum an at sa
sapat na tulo ng pam batas nang dahil sa
karalitaan. ”

35. No te :
If the accuse d canno t affo rd to hire a
lawye r to de fe nd his case , the
g o ve rnm e nt shallpro vide o ne fo r him . He
shall be assiste d and re pre se nte d by a
public pro se cuto r and a co unse l fro m the
Public Atto rne y’s O ffice , re spe ctive ly.

36.  The Inte g rate d Bar o f the Philippine s
(IBP) is g iving fre e le g al assistance to
unde rprivile g e d litig ants.
 Ape rso n who , due to po ve rty, canno t
pay do cke t fe e in civil case m ay apply in
co urt to file his case as a paupe r litig ant.

37. (1 ) “Any pe rso n unde r inve stig atio n fo r the
co m m issio n o f an o ffe nse shall have the rig ht
to be info rm e d o f his rig ht to re m ain sile nt and
to have co m pe te nt and inde pe nde nt co unse l
pre fe rably o f his o wn cho ice . If the pe rso n
canno t affo rd the se rvice s o f co unse l, he m ust
be pro vide d with o ne . The se rig hts canno t be
waive d e xce pt in writing and in the pre se nce o f
co unse l. ”

38. Lecture of Mr. John Torres – Philippine Government and Constitution
Social Science-I
(1 ) “Ang sinum ang tao na na ini-im bistig ahan
dahil sa pag labag ay dapat m ag karo o n ng
karapatang m apaliwanag an ng kanyang
karapatang m ag sawalang -kibo at m ag karo o n
ng abo g ado ng m ay sapat na kakayahan at
kanyang pe rso nal na pinili. Kung hindi niya
m akakayanan ang pag liling ko d ng abo g ado ,
kinakailang ang pag kalo o ban siya ng isa. Hindi
m aiuuro ng ang m g a karapatang ito m aliban
kung nakasulat at sa harap ng abo g ado . ”

39. (2) “No to rture , fo rce , vio le nce , thre at,
intim idatio n, o r any o the r m e ans which vitiate
the fre e shall be use d ag ainst him . Se cre t
de te ntio n place s, so litary, inco m m unicado o r
o the r sim ilar fo rm s o f de te ntio n are pro hibite d. ”

40. (2) “Hindi siya dapat g am itan ng labis na
pag papahirap, pwe rsa, dahas, pananako t,
pag babanta, o anum ang paraaan na lalabag sa
kanyang m alayang pag papasya. Ipinag babawal
ang m g a lihim na kulung an, so litaryo ,
ing ko m unikado , o iba pang katulad ng anyo ng
de te nsyo n. ”

41. (3) “Any co nfe ssio n o r adm issio n o btaine d in
vio latio n o f this o r Se ctio n 1 7 he re o f shall be
inadm issible in e vide nce ag ainst him . ”
(3) “Hindi dapat tang g aping e bide nsya laban sa
kanya ang anum ang pag tatapat o pag -am in na
nakuha nang labag sa se ksyo ng ito o sa
se ksyo ng labing -pito . ”

42. (4) “The law shall pro vide fo r pe nal and civil
sanctio ns fo r vio latio ns o f this se ctio n as we ll
as co m pe nsatio n to and re habilitatio n o f victim s
o f to rture o r sim ilar practice s, and the ir
fam ilie s. ”

43. (4) “Dapat m ag tadhana ang batas ng m g a
kaparusahang pe nal at sibil sa m g a pag labag
sa se ksyo ng ito at g ayundin ng bayad-pinsala
at re habilitasyo n sa m g a biktim a ng labis na
m g a pag hihirap o katulad ng m g a nakag awian,
at sa kanilang m g a pam ilya. ”

44. This se ctio n stre sse s the fo llo wing :
1 . Miranda Rig hts/Rule s;
2. Pe rm issible use o f Po lice Po we r;
3. Adm issible co nfe ssio ns; and
4. The rig ht to re dre ss in the e ve nt o f a
vio latio n o f the se rig hts.

45. Miranda Rig hts/Rule s - pro vide s that be fo re a
pe rso n unde r a custo dial inve stig atio n is
q ue stio ne d, he m ust be info rm e d o f the
fo llo wing :
1 . The rig ht to re m ain sile nt;
2. Anything he says can and will be use d
ag ainst him in the co urt; and
3. The rig ht o f a co unse l and that if he
canno t affo rd o ne , the g o ve rnm e nt will
pro vide fo r him .

46. “All pe rso ns, e xce pt tho se charg e d with
o ffe nse s punishable by re clusio n pe rpe tua
whe n e vide nce o f g uilt is stro ng , shall, be fo re
co nvictio n, be bailable by sufficie nt se curitie s,
o r be re le ase d o n re co g nizance as m ay be
pro vide d by law. The rig ht to bail shall no t be
im paire d e ve n whe n the privile g e o f the writ o f
habe as co rpus is suspe nde d. Exce ssive bail
shallno t be re q uire d. ”

47.  Filipino Translatio n:
“Ang lahat ng m g a tao , m aliban sa m g a nahahabla sa m g a pag labag na
pinarurusahan ng re clusio n pe rpe tua kapag m atibay ang e bide nsya ng
pag kakasala, bag o m ahatulan, ay dapat m apiyansahan ng sapat ng
pyado r, o m aaaring palayain sa bisa ng panag o t ayo n sa m aaaring
itadhana ng batas. Hindi dapat bawalan ang karapatan sa piyansa kahit
na suspe ndido ang pribile hiyo ng writ o f habe as co rpus . Hindi dapat
kailang anin ang m alabis na piyansa. ”

48. Bail – is the se curity (usually a de po sit o f
m o ne y) re q uire d by a co urt fo r the te m po rary
re le ase o f a pe rso n who is in the custo dy o f the
law pro vide d that his appe arance in trials m ay
be e nsure d.
Exce ssive Bail – is pro hibite d be cause that is
the sam e as de nying the rig ht to po st bail.

49. Writ o f Habe as Co rpus
1.is an order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction, directed
to the person detaining another, commanding him to produce the
body of the prisoner at a designated time and place and to show
sufficient cause for holding in custody the individual so detained.
2.an action that protects an individual from unlawful detention.
3. It prevents an agency from holding an individual without reason
4.A literal translation of habeas corpus found in many legal
textbooks is “you (shall) have the body.”

50. • A literal translation of “habeas” could be “may you
have” or possibly “let you have.” The “shall” in quotes is
used to indicate a theoretical or ideal state for which the
subjunctive is used in both Latin and English.
“Corpus” is accusative here because it is the direct
object of the verb “habeas;” it indicates what should or
may be “had.” So, a translation of “habeas corpus” that
follows more closely the rules of Classical Latin can be
“may you have the body” or “let you have the body.”

51. No n-Bailable Crim e s
1 . Kidnapping ;
2. Murde r;
3. Rape ;
4. Drug -Pushing ;
5. Carnapping ;
6 . O r Crim e s Unde r the He ino us Crim e Law,
Plunde r Law and Dang e ro us Drug s Law.

52. (1 ) “No pe rso n shall be he ld to answe r fo r a
crim inal o ffe nse witho ut due pro ce ss o f law. In
all crim inal pro se cutio ns, the accuse d shall be
pre sum e d inno ce nt until the co ntrary is
pro ve d. ”
(1 ) “Hindi dapat papanag utin sa pag kakasalang
krim inal ang sinum ang tao nang hindi
kaparaanan ng batas. Ang m g a akusado ay
itinuturing na ino se nte hang g a’t hindi
napapatunayan. ”

53. (2) “In all crim inal pro se cutio ns, shall e njo y the
rig ht to be he ard by him se lf and co unse l, to be
info rm e d o f the nature and cause o f the
accusatio n ag ainst him , to have a spe e dy,
im partial, and public trial, to m e e t the witne sse s
face to face , and to have co m pulso ry pro ce ss
to se cure the atte ndance o f witne sse s and the
pro ductio n o f e vide nce in his be half. Ho we ve r,
afte r arraig nm e nt, trial m ay pro ce e d
no twithstanding the abse nce o f the accuse d
pro vide d that he has be e n duly no tifie d and his

54.  Filipino Translatio n:
(2) “Ang nasasakdal ay dapat magtamasa ng karapatang magmatwid sa
pamamagitan ng sarili at ng abogado, mapaliwanagan ng uri at dahilan ng
sakdal laban sa kanya, magkaroon ng mabilis, walang kinikilingan, at
hayagan paglitis, makaharap ang mga testigo, magkaroon ng sapilitang
kaparaanan upang matiyak ang pagharap ng mga testigo sa paglilitaw ng
ebidensyang para sa kanyang kapakanan. Gayunman, matapos mabasa
ang sakdal, maaring ituloy ang paglilitis kahit wala ang nasasakdal sa
pasubaling marapat na naipaalam sa kanya ang paglilitis sat di-
makatwiran ang kanyang kabiguang humarap. ”

55.  This Se ctio n O bse rve s the Fo llo wing :
1 . Rig ht to Due Pro ce ss o f Law in Crim inalCase s;
2. Inno ce nt UntilPro ve n Guilty;
3. The Rig ht to Co nfro nt O ne ’s Accuse r; and
4. Basis fo r Trials in Abse ntia.

56. Political Law. 2009, Nachura, VJ Graphic Arts Inc. Quezon
City Metro Manila
Excerpt: Lecture of Mr. John Torres – Philippine
Government and Constitution Social Science-I
Discourses on the 1987 Philippine Constitution by
Reynaldo S. Naguit;
Politics, Governance and Government with Philippine
Constitution, Second Edition by Roman R. Dannug and
Marlo B. Campanilla;
Revised Penal Code of the Philippines;
Supreme Court Decided Cases;
Philippine Criminal Law Reviewer;
Civil Code of the Philippines