Education purpose

1. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS
ABHISHEK
M.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
2ND SEMESTER

2. CONTENT
 What are genetically modified crops?
 History
 Genetically modified crops: Developments objects
 Development of Genetically modified crops
 Methods of productions
 Examples of Genetically modified crops
 Economics
 Advantages
 Disadvantages

3. WHAT ARE GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS?
 Genetically modified crops are those plants which DNA has been
modified by genetic engineering techniques.
 It is also known as GM Crops, GMC’s, Transgenic crops, or Biotech
crops.

4. HISTORY
 In 1982, first genetically modified plant was produced which was an
antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant.
 In 1986, first herbicide-resistant tobacco plant was produced and his
first field trials occurs in USA and France.
 In 1987, a insect-resistant tobacco plant was produced by Plant
Genetic Systems company (Belgium).
 In 1992, China was the first country to allow commercialized
transgenic plants and introducing a virus-resistant tobacco plant.
 In 1994, The first genetically modified crop approved for sale in the
U.S., which was the FlavrSavr tomato.

5.  In 1995, Bt Potato was approved by the US Environmental Protection
Agency.
 In 2000, Vitamin A-enriched golden rice was developed.

6. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS:
DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES
 Integrated pest management
 Herbicide tolerance
 Nutritional enhancements
 Product quality improvement
 Increase in yield
 Stress tolerance
 Plant based pharmaceuticals
 Contributing to the alleviation of poverty and hunger

7. DEVELOPMENT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROP
Identifying gene(s) giving a desired trait
Make copies of the gene
Transfer to plant tissue
Regenerate plants
Lab analysis and safety testing
Development of a variety
Field tests
Approval by Government agencies
Monitoring of safety

9. METHODS OF PRODUCTIONS
 Genetically engineered crops genes produced by using genetic
engineering techniques, which are-
I. Gene guns method
II. Electroporation method
III. Microinjection method
IV. Agrobacterium method

10. GENE GUNS METHOD
 Gene gun “shoot” target gene
into plant cell.
 DNA is bound to tiny particles
of gold or tungsten which are
subsequently shoot into plant
tissue or single plant cells
under high pressure.

11. ELECTROPORATION METHOD
 Electroporation is used when the plant tissue does not contain cell
walls.
 In this technique, "DNA enters the plant cells through miniature pores
which are temporarily caused by electric pulses."

12. MICROINJECTION METHOD
 Microinjection is used to directly inject foreign DNA into cells.

13. AGROBACTERIUM METHOD
 Agrobacterium tumefaciens-
mediated transformation is
another technique.
 Agrobacteria are natural
plant parasite.
 Their natural ability to
transfer genes.
 When create a suitable
environment for themselves,
these Agrobacteria insert
their genes into plant hosts.

14. EXAMPLES OF GM CROPS
 Bt Cotton
 Golden rice
 Tomato
 Potato
 Soybean
 Canola
 Corn
 Alfalfa

15. ECONOMICS
 Genetically modified (GM) crops are beneficial to farmers and
consumers.
 A 2010 study found that Bt corn provided economic benefits of $6.9
billion over the previous 14 years in five Midwestern states.
 Agriculture economists calculated that "world surplus [increased by]
$240.3 million for 1996.
 According to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-
biotech Applications (ISAAA), in 2014 approximately 18 million
farmers grew biotech crops in 28 countries.

16. ADVANTAGES OF GM CROPS
 Better For The Environment
GMOs require much less chemicals to thrive, the impact on the
environment is less.
 Resistance To Disease
One of the modifications made to the crops is an added resistance to
disease that would normally kill off the crops. This keeps the yields
high and the prices for the consumers low.
 Increased Flavor and Nutrition
Along with resistances to insects and disease, the genes of the crops
can also be altered to have a better flavor and increased nutritional
value.

17.  Longer Shelf Life
Genetically modified foods have a longer shelf life. This improves
how long they last and stay fresh during transportation and storage.
 Keeps It Affordable
One of the biggest effects that the use of GMOs has had on our every
day life is the prices of produce and other foods. Since more crops can
be yielded, the prices can be much lower.

18. DISADVANTAGES OF GM CROPS
 Cross Contamination
The pollen from the genetically modified plants is also contaminated.
When this pollen is around other plants, even things like grass or
weeds, they cross pollinate.
 Allergies On The Rise
Ever since the introduction of GMO foods, the amount of childhood
food allergies has risen significantly.
 Less Effective Antibiotics
The crops that have been genetically modified have antibiotic
properties put into them in order to make them immune to certain
diseases. When eat these foods these properties are left in body and
can make many antibiotics less effective.

19.  Not Enough Testing
There has been very little testing and research done on genetically
modified foods and the long term effects have not been discovered yet.
This makes many people feel uneasy at the high use of these foods.

20. THANK YOU