HAZARD AND RISK MANAGEMENT, MASTER OF PHARMACY

1. Presented by : Mayank Bhatt
Guided by : Ms. Navdha Soni
Assistant Professor
L.J. Institute of Pharmacy
1

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
Oxygen Demand
05
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
06
Chemical Oxygen Demand
07
Dissolve Oxygen
08
Categories of Pollutants
02
Pharmaceutical Industry
Waste
03
Treatment of Industrial
Waste
04
Introduction
01
2

3. Water Pollution:
 Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes,
rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater).
 This form of environmental degradation occurs when pollutants
are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without
adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
 It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading
worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for
the deaths more than 14,000 people daily.
 The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a
wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical changes
such as elevated temperature and discoloration.
INTRODUCTION
3

4. Industrial wastes contain a large variety of pollutants which are categorized as follows:
1. Inorganic pollutants
These include alkalis, mineral acids, inorganic salts, free chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, salts of chromium,
nickel, zinc, cadmium, copper, silver, etc. Anions such a phosphates, sulphates, chlorides, nitrites and nitrates, cyanides;
cations such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, mercury, arsenic, etc.
2. Organic pollutants
These include high molecular weight compounds such as sugars, oils and fat, proteins, hydrocarbons, phenols, detergents,
and organic acids. Some of these pollutants are resistant to biodegradation and others are toxic to aquatic life in the
receiving water. Their removal, or at least reduction to a low concentration. Becomes necessary in order to be able to treat
such waste water by biological means.
In addition, industrial wastes may contain radioactive material, which need very careful handling, treatment and
disposal.
CATEGORIES OF POLLUTANTS
4

5. PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY WASTE
 Product of this industry may be classified as :
 Chemical – antihistaminic or hypnotics
 Antibiotics – narrow spectrum or broad spectrum
 Biological – vaccines and sera
 Vegetables – fluid extracts
 Forms in which the above products are used are tablets, pills, capsules, elixirs, extracts, tinctures,
emulsions, suspensions, solutions, lotions, syrups, mixtures, sprays, ointments, etc.
 In the pharmaceutical industry some units like produce bulk drugs, formulation units and other are engaged
in receiving various ingredients of a drug and mixing them in proper amounts to give final product. all the
units have ‘ filling and packing’ section, which produces a large amount of solid wastes such as paper
cartons, bottles, ampoules, rubber stoppers.
 A unit having quality control laboratory has usually an animal house attached to it. dead animals and other
solid wastes from this section need to be handled carefully and disposed of effectively. 5

6. Continued....
 Pharmaceutical industry produces medicinal both by fermentation and by organic synthesis. Industries based
on fermentation process produce vitamins (particularly B2, B12 and C) , various antibiotics, organic acids,
enzymes, etc.
 Antibiotics and vitamins are synthesized by fungi or bacteria in large, stirred tanks from a fairly complex
nutrient solution of organic matter and minerals. Raw materials such as corn steep liquor, distiller's soluble,
soyabean meal, fish or whole soluble are used to provide nitrogen and growth factors, while energy is supplied
by various sugars and starch.
 Industries which only formulate the drugs and use standard method of mixing, pelletizing, capsulating and
packing, use raw materials such as sugar, corn syrups, lactose, calcium, gelatin, talc, alcohols, wines,
glycerine, aspirin and other vitamins and antibiotics.
 Liquid wastes generated are classified as: (a) process wastes consisting mainly of used chemicals, spent
fermentation broth, washings and contaminated batches, (b) the sanitary wastes, and (c) cooling water.
6

7. Wastes Produce in the Manufacturing
of Penicillin
Colour Colourless
Odour Fruity
PH value 6.3
5-day 37°C BOD 1490 mg/l
Free ammonia nitrogen 5 mg/l
Albuminoid nitrogen 13 mg/l
Organic nitrogen 18 mg/l
Phosphates 72 mg/l
Sulphates 50 mg/l
Chlorides 90 mg/l
Total solids 1900 mg/l
Suspended solids 420 mg/l
Volatile solids 880 mg/l
7

8. Wastes Produce in the Manufacturing of
Streptomycin
Colour Pale yellow
Odour Septic
PH value 6.2
5-day 37°C BOD 1794 mg/l
Free ammonia nitrogen 2.6 mg/l
Albuminoid nitrogen 28.4 mg/l
Organic nitrogen 29.1 mg/l
Phosphates 65 mg/l
Sulphates 52 mg/l
Chlorides 104 mg/l
Total solids 3594 mg/l
Suspended solids 1750 mg/l
Volatile solids 1446 mg/l
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9. 01 PHYSICAL METHOD
TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES
04 A COMBINATION
03 BIOLOGICAL METHOD
02 CHEMICAL METHOD
9

10. TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES
PHYSICAL METHOD
These include screening, sedimentation,
flotation, filtration, mixing, drying, freezing,
dialysis, osmosis, adsorption, gas transfer,
elutriation, etc.
CHEMICAL METHOD
These include PH correction, coagulation,
softening, ion exchange, oxidation,
reduction, disinfection.
BIOLOGICAL METHOD
These employ aerobic and anaerobic
microorganisms to destroy organic matter and
reduce the oxygen demand of the waste
water.
A COMBINATION
The above three methods is also used to
treat waste water.
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11. OXYGEN DEMAND
 It is a measure of the amount of “reduced” organic and
inorganic matter in a water.
 Relates to oxygen consumption in a river or lake as a
result of a pollution discharge.
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12. 02
01
03
BOD – BIOCHEMICAL
OXYGEN DEMAND
COD - CHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND
DO – DISSOLVE OXYGEN
THREE WAYS TO
MEASURED

13. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
• Most natural waters contain small quantities of organic compounds. Aquatic microorganisms have evolved to
use some of these compounds as food.
• Microorganisms living in oxygenated waters use dissolved oxygen to oxidative degrade the organic
compounds, releasing energy which is used for growth and reproduction.
• Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required for microbial metabolism of organic
compounds in water.
• It is used in water quality management and assessment, ecology and environmental science.
• BOD is not an accurate quantitative test, although it is considered as an indication of the quality of a water
source.
• It is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre
of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20°C or 3 days of incubation at 27°C.
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14. 14

15. 01
Most pristine
rivers
02
Moderately
polluted rivers
03
severely
polluted
04
Municipal
sewage
05
Untreated
sewage
02
04
03
01
05
Most pristine rivers will
have a 5-day carbonaceous
BOD below 1 mg/L.
Moderately polluted rivers
may have a BOD value in the
range of 2 to 8 mg/L.
Rivers may be considered severely
polluted when BOD values exceed 8
mg/L.
Municipal sewage that is
efficiently treated would
have a value of about 20
mg/L or less.
Untreated sewage varies, but
averages around 600 mg/L in
Europe and as low as 200 mg/L in
the U.S..
TYPICAL VALUES
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16. METHOD
DILUTION
METHOD
01
MANOMETR
IC METHOD 02
16

17. DILUTION METHOD
 This standard method is recognized by EPA, which is labeled Method 5210B in the Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater. In order to obtain BOD5, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a sample must
be measured before and after the incubation period, and appropriately adjusted by the sample corresponding dilution
factor.
 This analysis is performed using 300 ml incubation bottles in which buffered dilution water is dosed with seed
microorganisms and stored for 5 days in the dark room at 20 °C to prevent DO production via photosynthesis. The
bottles have traditionally been made of glass, which required cleaning and rinsing between samples.
 A SM 5210B approved, disposable, plastic BOD bottle is available which eliminates this step. In addition to the various
dilutions of BOD samples, this procedure requires dilution water blanks, glucose glutamic acid (GGA) controls, and seed
controls. The dilution water blank is used to confirm the quality of the dilution water that is used to dilute the other
samples.
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18. Disposable BOD bottle
Glass BOD bottle
BOD test bottle
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19.  This is necessary because impurities in the dilution water may cause significant alterations in the results.
The GGA control is a standardized solution to determine the quality of the seed, where its recommended
BOD5 concentration is 198 mg/l ± 30.5 mg/l. For measurement of carbonaceous BOD (cBOD), a
nitrification inhibitor is added after the dilution water has been added to the sample.
 The inhibitor hinders the oxidation of ammonia nitrogen, which supplies the nitrogenous BOD (nBOD).
When performing the BOD5 test, it is conventional practice to measure only cBOD because nitrogenous
demand does not reflect the oxygen demand from organic matter.
 This is because nBOD is generated by the breakdown of proteins, whereas cBOD is produced by the
breakdown of organic molecules.
Continued....
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20. MANOMETRIC METHOD
 This method is limited to the measurement of the oxygen consumption due only to carbonaceous
oxidation. Ammonia oxidation is inhibited.
 The sample is kept in a sealed container fitted with a pressure sensor. A substance that absorbs carbon dioxide
(typically lithium hydroxide) is added in the container above the sample level.
 The sample is stored in conditions identical to the dilution method. Oxygen is consumed and, as ammonia
oxidation is inhibited, carbon dioxide is released.
 The total amount of gas, and thus the pressure, decreases because carbon dioxide is absorbed. From the drop of
pressure, the sensor electronics computes and displays the consumed quantity of oxygen.
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21. •simplicity: no dilution of
sample required, no
seeding, no blank sample
•direct reading of BOD
value
continuous display of BOD
value at the current
incubation time
Advantages of this method compared to
the dilution method
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22. BOD TRAK II Manometric BOD
apparatus
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23. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
 The chemical oxygen demand (COD) determines the amount of oxygen required for chemical oxidation of organic matter
using a strong chemical oxidant, such as, potassium dichromate under reflux conditions. This test is widely used to
determine:
 Degree of pollution in water bodies and their self-purification capacity,
 Efficiency of treatment plants,
 Pollution loads, and
 Provides rough idea of Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) which can be used to determine sample volume for BOD
estimation..
 The limitation of the test lies in its inability to differentiate between the biologically oxidizable and biologically inert
material and to find out the system rate constant of aerobic biological stabilization.
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24. • Suitable for a wide range of wastes with a large sample size.
• Due to it higher oxidizing ability dichromate reflux method is
preferred over other procedures using other oxidants (e.g.
potassium permanganate).
• Oxidation of most organic compounds is up to 95-100% of the
theoretical value.
Open Reflux
Principle
• This method is conducted with ampules and culture tubes with
pre-measured reagents.
• Measurement of sample volume and reagent volume are critical.
• This method is economical in the use of metallic salt reagents and
generate smaller quantity of hazardous wastes.
Closed Reflux
Principle
Methods for COD determination
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25. PROCEDURE
 Wash culture tubes and caps with 20% H2SO4 before using to prevent contamination.
 Place sample (2.5 mL) in culture tube and Add K2Cr2O7 digestion solution (1.5 mL).
 Carefully run sulphuric acid reagent (3.5 mL) down inside of vessel so an acid layer is formed under the sample-digestion
solution layer and tightly cap tubes or seal ampules, and invert each several times to mix completely.
 Place tubes in block digester preheated to 150°C and reflux for 2 h behind a protective shield.
 Cool to room temperature and place vessels in test tube rack. Some mercuric sulphate may precipitate out but this will not
affect the analysis.
 Add 1 to 2 drops of Ferroin indicator and stir rapidly on magnetic stirrer while titrating with standardized 0.10 M FAS
(ferrous ammonium sulphate).
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26.  The end point is a sharp colour change from blue-green to reddish brown, although the blue green
may reappear within minutes.
 In the same manner reflux and titrate a blank containing the reagents and a volume of distilled water
equal to that of the sample.
 COD is given by
COD (mg O2 /L) = [(A-B) × M ×8000) / (V sample)
Where:
A = volume of FAS used for blank (mL)
B = volume of FAS used for sample (mL)
M = molarity of FAS
8000 = milli equivalent weight of oxygen (8) ×1000 mL/L
Continued....
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27. 27

28. DISSSOLVE OXYGEN
 The test was first developed by Lajos Winkler while working on his doctoral dissertation in 1888. Dissolved oxygen
(D.O) levels in environmental water depend on the physiochemical and biochemical activities in water body and it is
an important useful in pollution and waste treatment process control.
 D.O levels in natural waters and wastewaters depend on physical, chemical and biological activities in water body.
The solubility of atmospheric oxygen in fresh water ranges from 14.6mg/L at 0°C to about 7.0mg/L at 35°C under
normal atmospheric pressure. Since it is poorly soluble gas, its solubility directly varies with the atmospheric
pressure at any given temperature.
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29. METHODS
Iodometric Method
• Titration-based
method which
depends on
oxidizing property
of D.O.
Membrane
Electrode Procedure
• Which works based
on the rate of
diffusion of
molecular oxygen
across a
membrane.
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30. PROCEDURE
1. Make dilution water by adding 2 mL/L of following reagents in distilled water:
a. Phosphate buffer solution
b. Magnesium sulfate solution
c. Calcium chloride solution
d. Ferric chloride solution
e. Sodium Sulfite solution
2. Collect sample in a BOD bottle using D.O sampler.
3. a. Add 1mL MnSO4 followed by 1mL of alkali-iodide-azide reagent to a sample collected in 250 to 300mL bottle up
to the brim. The tip of the pipette should be below the liquid level while adding these reagents. Stopper immediately.
Rinse the pipettes before putting them to reagent bottles. b. Mix well by inverting the bottle 2-3 times and allow the
precipitate to settle leaving 150 mL clear supernatant. The precipitate is white if the sample is devoid of oxygen, and
becomes increasingly brown with rising oxygen content.
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31. 4. At this stage, add 1mL conc. H2SO4.
5. Replace the stopper and mix well till precipitate goes into solution.
6. Take 201 mL of this solution in a conical flask and titrate against std. Na2S2O3 soln.
7. Add 2 drops of starch indicator and continue to titrate till the color of the solution becomes either
colorless or changes to its original sample color.
8. Note down volume of 0.025N sodium thiosulfate consumed.
9. As 1 mL of sodium thiosulfate of 0.025N equals to 1 mg/L dissolved oxygen.
10. Dissolved oxygen (D.O) (in mg/L) = mL of sodium thiosulfate (0.025N) consumed.
Continued....
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32. REFERENCE
1. https://www.pdfdrive.com/industrial-waste-water-treatment-e176323001.html Industrial
waste water treatment, PHI Learning Private Limited by A.D. Patwardhan
2. https://web.iitd.ac.in/~arunku/files/CEL212_Y14/CEL%20212%20Lab%205%20COD%20an
d%20DO.pdf
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand
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