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1. Sensory symptoms

2. TERMINOLOGIES
• Words used to characterize sensory
disturbance.

3. PARESTHESIAS
Typically refers to tingling or pins and needles
sensation but may include a wide variety of
other abnormal sensation, except pain.

4. DYSESTHESIAS
It is a more generalized term which denote all
types of abnormal sensations including painful
ones, regardless of whether a stimulus is
evident.

5. HYPESTHESIA/HYPOESTHESIA
Refers to reduction in cutaneous sensation to
a specific type of testing such as pressure,
light touch, and warm & cold stimuli.

6. ANESTHESIA
Refers to complete absence of skin sensation
to the same stimuli plus pinprick.

7. HYPALGESIA OR ANALGESIA
This refers to reduced or absent pain
perception (nociception) , such as perception
of the pricking quality elicited by a pain.

8. HYPERESTHESIA
Means pain or increased sensitivity in
response to touch.

9. ALLODYNIA
Describes the situation in which a non painful
stimulus once perceived is experienced as
painful even excruciating.
Eg: elicitation of a painful stimuli by
application of vibrating tuning fork

10. HYPERALGESIA
Denotes severe pain in response to a mildly
noxious stimuli.

11. HYPERPATHIA
It is a broad term which encompasses all the
phenomena described by hyperesthesia,
allodynia, & hyperalgesia.
With hyperpathia the threshold for a sensory
stimulus s increased and perception is
delayed, but once felt , is unduly painful.

12. Disorders of deep sensation arising from muscle
spindles, tendons,& joints, affect propriocepton.
•Manifestation include (particularly when eyes
closed or in dark)
Imbalance
clumsiness of precision movement sensory
Unsteadiness of gait. ataxia

13. other findings on examination usually include
reduced or absent joint position & vibratory
sensibility and absent deep tendon reflex in the
affected limbs.
Romber’s sign is positive - which means the
patient sways markedly of topples when asked to
stand with feet close together and eyes closed.
In severe state of deafferentiation involving deep
sensation, the patient cannot walk or stand or even
sit unsupported.

14. PSEUDOATHETOSIS
Is continuous involuntary movements of the
outstretched hands and fingers occur,
particularly with eyes closed.

15. SENSORY SYMPTOMS
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS POSITIVE SYMPTOMS

16. POSITIVE SYMPTOMS….
• The prototypical positive symptom is tingling,
that is pins and needle sensation.
• Other positive symptoms include altered
sensations that are described as
 Pricking
 Band like
 Lightening like shooting feeling (lancinations)
 aching

17. Cont…
.
 Knifelike
 Twisting
 Drawing
 Pulling
 Tightening
 Burning
 Searing
 Electrical
 Or raw feelings

18. Positive symptoms usually results from impulses
.
generated at sites of lowered threshold or
heightened excitability, along a peripheral or
central sensory pathway.
The nature and severity of the abnormal
sensation depend on the-
Number
Rate
Timing
Distribution of ectopic impulses, and
Type and function of the nervous tissue from which
they arise.

19. Since positive symptoms represents excessive
.
activity of sensory pathways- they are not
represented as sensory loss on examination

20. Negative symptoms…..
• Negative symptoms represents loss of sensory
functions and are characterized by diminished
or absent feeling.
• It is often experienced as numbness.
• It is estimated that at least half half the
afferent axons innervating a given site are lost
or functionless before a sensory deficit can be
demonstrated by clinical examination.

21. The threshold of sensory symptoms varies
with how rapidly function is lost in sensory
nerve fibre.
If the rate of loss is low-lack of cutaneous
feelings may be unnoticed by the patient -and
difficult to demonstrate on examination, even
though few sensory fibers are functioning.

22. If rate of loss is rapid- both positive and
negative phenomenon are easily identified.

23. Thank u……