4. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
Europe after the Napoleonic Empire
• What was the Restoration?
▫ It was a return to the political system of the
Ancien Régime after Napoleon´s defeat in 1815.
5. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
The leaders of various
European states met at
the Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815).
MEASURES
The restoration of absolute monarchy
Changes to Europe´s borders
6. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
The restoration of
absolute monarchy
The European
monarchs who had
been deposed by
Napoleon returned
to power.
However, some of
these monarchs had
to accept
constitutional limits
to their power
7. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
Changes to Europe´s
borders
Napoleon´s conquests
had transformed the
map of Europe.
After his
defeat, another series
of changes were made
to guarantee peace
and avoid new
revolutions.
Objectives:
1.- To reduce the
number of States
2.- To stop the French
conquers.
8. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
Prusia annexed the
Rhineland.
Belgium was united
with the Netherlands
to form the Kingdom
of the Netherlands.
The Cogress of Vienna
France came back to
its borders before the
Revolution.
The German Confederation
was created. It was formed
by 39 states, and was
dominated by Austria and
Prusia.
Two buffer states
were created to avoid
a French invasion.
Italy was divided
into various states.
Austria, Rusia and Prusia
gained territories in a balanced
way, so that no one could be
more powerful than the others.
9. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
• Two alliances were formed to enforce the
agreements of the Congress of Viena:
Objectives
To enforce the Congress of
Vienna
To support Europe´s
restored monarchs in the
event of a revolution
10. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
• Two alliances were formed to enforce the
agreements of the Congress of Viena:
Alliances
The Holy Alliance
Russia
Austria
Prusia
The Quadruple
Alliance
The three members
of the Holy Alliance
and Great Britain
11. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
What happened in Spain after the
war of Independence?
Joseph I left Spain
Fernando VII returned to the Spanish
throne.
12. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
Periods of Fernando VII´s reign
1.- The restoration of
absolutism
2.- The liberal
period
3.- The victory of
absolutism
13. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
1.- The restoration of absolutism (1812-1820)
What happened when
Fernando VII returned
to Spain?
He had the
support of
the
Spanish
people
Spanish
people
received
him as
their
legitimate
king
What did Fernando VII
do after becoming king?
He abolished
the
Constitution
of 1812
He ruled as
an absolute
monarch
14. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
Some
members of
the Spanish
military
rebelled
against this
return of
absolutism.
In
1820, there
was a
successful
revolt led by
two army
officers, Rieg
o and
Quiroga.
The king
restaured
the liberal
Constitution
of 1812 and
the rights
and
freedoms.
General Riego
15. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
3.- The victory of absolutism
(1823-1843)
What did Fernando VII do to restore absolutism?
He asked the Holly Aliance to assist him in reestablishing absolutism.
What happened after this decision?
There were more revolts but this time they
weren´t successful
16. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
The end of Fernando VII´s reign
The problem of Fernando VII´s succession
• Who was going to inherit the throne?
▫ Fernando VII had no sons.
▫ He had one daughter: Isabel.
• Could women inherit the throne?
▫ No, they couldn´t. In Spain there was the Salic
law, established by Felipe V. It didn´t allow females to
inherit the throne.
17. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
The end of Fernando VII´s reign
The problem of
Fernando VII´s succession
• What did Fernando VII do?
▫ He proclaimed his pragmatic
sanction, which replaced Salic law.
▫ This allowed his daughter, Isabel, to
become queen after his death.
18. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
The end of Fernando VII´s reign
The problem of
Fernando VII´s succession
• Was everybody in favour of his
pragmatic sanction?
▫ No, Fernando´s brother was
angered:
Under Salic law, Fernando´s heir
would have been his brother Carlos.
Carlos María
Isidro de Borbón
19. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
The end of Fernando VII´s reign
The problem of Fernando VII´s succession
• What were the consequences of the
pragmatic sanction?
▫ The Carlist Wars
1833-1840
1846-1849
1872-1876
22. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
Origins:
the Enlightenment ideas (American War of Independence and
French Revolution).
LIBERALISM
Objective:
Emphasis of individual freedoms and rights.
(As a reaction against the Restoration of the
Absolutism)
Representation:
It represented the interests of the bourgeoisie.
23. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
SEPARATION OF
POWERS
LIMITED
SUFFRAGE
(Only male property
owners)
CONSTITUTIONAL
MONARCHY
NATIONAL
SOVEREIGNTY
LIBERALISM
FREEDOM OF:
- ASSOCIATION
- RELIGION
- THE PRESS
25. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
Origins:
1.- The expansion of the Napoleonic
Empire.
NATIONALISM
2.- The new division of Europe
imposed by the Congress of Vienna
=> no respect to the identity of the
peoples such as Polish, Belgians,
Norwegians, Italians or Germans.
3.- The ancien Empires, such as the Ottoman, the Russian and the Austrian
Empires, were formed by very different peoples.
26. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
Consecuences:
Some peoples claimed their independences.
NATIONALISM
Nationalism advocated the right of people who
defined themselves as nations to establish their
own independent states.
27. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
INDEPENDENT NATION-STATES WITH
CLEARLY DEFINED BORDERS
THE FORM OF
GOVERNMENT THAT EACH
NATION PREFERS
NATIONAL
SOVEREIGNTY
POPULATION WITH A COMMON
HISTORY, LANGUAGE AND
CULTURE
NATIONALISM
A WELL-INTEGRATED
SOCIETY
28. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
In the 19th century, democratic movements
defended ordinary people´s right to
participate in politics.
DEMOCRACY
Representation:
The middle and working classes.
29. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
OPPOSITION
TO MONARCHY
(Considered
incompatible with
democracy)
REPUBLIC
NATIONAL
SOVEREINGTY
UNIVERSAL
MANHOOD
SUFFRAGE
DEMOCRACY
POLITICAL PARTIES
SHOULD DEFEND THE
RIGHTS OF THE MIDDLE
AND WORKING CLASSES
AGAINST UPPER-CLASS
DOMINANCE
31. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
Meaning
Political
revolutions
The end of
absolute
monarchy
Based on liberal
and nationalist
ideologies
First half of the
19th century
Characteristics
Establishment
of democracy
32. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
Political revolutions
First half of the 19th century
1820s => Portugal, Spain and
Greece
1830 => France and Belgium
1848 => France, the Austrian
Empire, the German Confederation
and Italy
33. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
• 1820s political revolutions
▫ Countries:
Portugal and Spain
▫ Characteristics:
liberal revolutions
▫ Aim:
To establish constitutional monarchies
34. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
• 1820s political revolutions
▫ Countries:
Greece
▫ Characteristics:
liberal and nationalist
revolution
▫ Aim:
To win its independence from the Ottoman Empire
35. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
• 1830 political revolutions
▫ Countries:
France
▫ Characteristics:
Carlos X of
Borbon wanted to
eliminate the
charter given by
Luis XVIII.
liberal revolution
▫ Aim:
To establish a constitutional
monarchy.
Luis Felipe de
Orleans became
king. He was the
leader of the
upper class.
36. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
• 1830 political revolutions
▫ Countries:
Belgium
▫ Characteristics:
Nationalist revolution
▫ Aim:
To gain independence from the Neatherlands, to
which Belgium had been united by the Congress of
Vienna.
37. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
• 1848 political revolutions
▫ Countries:
France, the Austrian Empire, the German Confederation and
Italy.
▫ Characteristics:
More radical
Democratic revolution:
▫ Aim:
the middle class and proletariat were now demanding
democratic reforms which would give them access to political
power.
▫ Results :
Only in France the revolution suceed:
Proclamation of the Second Republic
Introduction of universal manhood suffrage
39. ITALIAN AND GERMAN
UNIFICATION
• How were Italian and German territories like until
the mid-19th century?
▫ They were divided into numerous independent states.
• What happened during the first half of the 19th
century in these modern-day countries?
▫ Nationalists movements emerged.
• What was the result of these movements?
▫ These states were unified to form two new nation-states:
Italy and Germany.
41. ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Why was there a
nationalist
movement?
▫ They had a common
language.
▫ They wanted to
increase the economic
market.
▫ They wanted
infraestructures of
transport.
42. ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Who was opposed to
the Italian
unification?
▫ The Austrians (after the
Congress of
Vienna, they had
annexed the Kingdom
of
Lombardy, Parma, Mód
ena and Toscana).
▫ The Papal States
43. ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Who was the motor
of the unification?
▫ The kingdom of
Piedmont-Sardinia
Italian monarchy of
Saboya.
A great army.
Liberal constitution.
A seaport.
Wealth
45. ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Type of unification process:
▫ Military
• Process:
▫ 1859: After gaining support from
France, King Victor Emmanuel II
and his prime
minister, Cavour, fought
successfully against Austria.
▫ Austria was defeated in the battles
of Magenta and Solferino.
• Result:
▫ The Austrians were expelled from
Lombardy.
▫ Lombardy was given to Piedmont.
46. ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ The Piedmontese gradually
conquered and annexed the
rest of the Italian Peninsula
with the help of
Garibaldi, including
Venetia and the Kingdom of
the Two Siciles.
▫ 1859: Garibaldi and the
«Red Shirts» conquered
the Southern States.
47. GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Starting point:
▫ 1815:
German territory was
divided in 39 states.
The Congress of Vienna
created the German
Confederation, and was
dominated by Austria
and Prussia.
48. GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Starting point:
▫ 1834: Prussia created a
customs union.
This was the first unifying
step given by Prussia.
Austria didn´t take part.
▫ 1848: the nationalist
Revolution
It failed because the king
didn´t accept the throne of a
unified Germany in the
parliament of Frankfurt.
But it consolidated the
nationalism.
50. GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ Bismarck started the
German unification
process with a conflict
with Denmark over the
Duchies of Schleswig
and Holstein.
▫ 1864: Denmark was
defeated.
51. GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ 1866:
Prussia defeated
Austria in the battle of
Sadowa and created the
Northern German
Confederation.
52. GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ 1870:
France was defeated in
the Franco-Prussian War.
France didn´t accept Prussian
influence.
Result:
France had to surrender the
region of Alsace-Lorraine to
Germany.
The Southern states joined to
the German Confederation.
53. GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ 1871:
Bismarck established the
Second Reich, or
German Empire, with
Wilhem I as its kaiser.
55. THE REIGN OF ISABEL II
• What happened in 1833?
▫ Fernando VII died.
▫ Isabel II became Queen of Spain, but she
was only 3 years old.
▫ Fernado VII´s widow, María
Cristina, became the regent.
▫ At the same time, Fernando VII´s
brother, Carlos María Isidro de
Borbón, proclaimed himself as king of
Spain:
This was the beginning of the First Carlist
War. (1833-1840).
María Cristina of Bourbon
56. THE REIGN OF ISABEL II
• What were the Carlist Wars?
The Carlist Wars were military conflicts between:
the supporters of Isabel
II, called liberals.
and those who believed that her uncle Carlos was the
legitimate heir to the Spanish throne.
They were called carlists.
They defended the absolutism and the Ancien
Régime.
57. THE REIGN OF ISABEL II
• The First Carlist War
▫ In 1833 Carlos Mª Isidro
proclaimed himself king of Spain.
▫ It lasted 7 years (1833-1840)
▫ The Carlists were defeated.
▫ The «Abrazo de Vergara» put an
end to the war.
But the conflict continued through
the rest of the 19th century.
58. THE REIGN OF ISABEL II
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What´s the importance of the reign of Isabel II?
Complete these table about the two liberal political
parties that supported Isabel II:
What kind of suffrage existed during the reign of Isabel II?
What was the military´s role during the reign of Isabel II?
What regents governed in Isabel II´s place when she was a
child?
How old was Isabel II when she reached the age of
majority?
Explain the political problems she had to deal with when
she reached the age of majority.
What did Isabel II´s government do to solve the Spain´s
economic problems?
What did they do with the expropriated lands?
What was the money obtained at public auctions used
for?
ow were the “latifundios” or agricultural estates changed
through this expropriation?
These lands were supposed to be expropriated for small
farmers to buy them. But, in fact, who had the money to
buy it?
What happened to many common lands, that had been
used by ordinary people to collect wood or use them as
pasture for their farm animals? What was the
consequence of that?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What was the consequence of expropriating lands
to the Church?
What happened in 1868? What did Isabel II have to
do?
What´s the name of that revolution?
Why is this revolution important in Spain?
Explain the most important characteristics of the
Constitution of 1869.
What historical period followed to the Glorious
Revolution?
What were the two political systems that existed in
Spain during that period?
Who became king of Spain in 1871?
Why did this king have to abdicate?
Who was the legitimate heir of Isabel II?
What political system was established in Spain in
1873?
How long did it last? What dates?
What were the most important problems during
these period?
What economic achievements were there during
the Six Revolutionary Years?
What happened in 1874?
What was the result of this event?
61. AMERICA DURING THE 19th
CENTURY
USA
19th century
Westward
expansion
The American
Civil War
(1861-1865)
62. AMERICA DURING THE 19th
CENTURY
• What happened in the USA during the
19th century after the American War of
Independece?
American War of
Independence
Political and
territorial
changes.
The USA consolidated itself as a
sovereing nation and established its
definitive borders.
Establishmet
of many new
states which
still exist
today.
63. EXPANSION IN THE UNITED
STATES
• How did the USA establish the definitive borders?
The 13
colonies
64. EXPANSION IN THE UNITED
STATES
• Why did the American people expanded
westwards during the 19th century?
Many inmigrants
arrived from
Europe
•because they
were looking for
a better life in
the New World.
The population
increased rapidly.
This increase in
population
encouraged the
USA to expand
westwards
• They reach
ed North
America´s
Pacific coast.
Watch this
video about
Pioneers.
65. EXPANSION IN THE UNITED
STATES
• What were the
consequences of
the Westward
expansion?
▫ Conflicts with
Native
Americans.
Destruction of
many tribes.
Watch this video
66. EXPANSION IN THE UNITED
STATES
Some tribes
were isolated
on
reservations.
67. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
• Starting point:
▫ Slavery still existed
in the southern
states.
▫ The northern states
rejected slavery.
▫ The southern states
felt threatened by
this.
▫ A civil war started.
Watch this video
68. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
• Consequences:
▫ The war was won
by the northern
states.
▫ Slavery was ended.
▫ Universal
manhood suffrage.
Male citizens of all
ethnic bacgrounds
had the right to
vote in elections.
69. LATIN AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE
• When did the Spanish colonies in Central
and South America began to demand
independence?
▫ During the reign of Fernando VII.
70. LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
Great Britain offered supporto
to the revolutionaries in order
to break Spain´s trade
monopoly over its colonies.
The colonies´Creole upper
middle classes wanted more
political and economic control.
Other Wars of Independence
(USA, Spain) and the French
Revolution.
Factors
71. LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
• Who were the leaders?
Simón Bolívar
General José de San Martín
He led
Venezuela, Col
ombia
(including
Panama at the
time), Ecuado
r, Peru
(together with
Don José de
San
Martín), and
Bolivia to
independence
from the
Spanish
Empire.
He got the
Independence
of Argentina
and Peru.
72. LATIN AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE
• Between 1810 and 1825, all the
Spanish colonies in
America, except Puerto Rico
and Cuba, gained their
independence.
▫ Venezuela, Argentina and Mexico
became independent republics.
• They moved from being dominated
by Spain to being under the political
and economic influence of Great
Britain and the USA.
73. EXERCISE
List the new nations in
the order in which
they were established.
Then use the list to
make a timeline.
74. Isabel Aguña
Profesora de Geografía e Historia
Sección Bilingüe
Fuente: Oxford Education HISTORY 4ºESO