This presentation consist brief introduction about the IVF (In-vitro fertilization) in humans. There are more than 15 slides which gives you basic study about the history of IVF, causes of IVF, basic steps involved in IVF process, ethical issues and etc. Hope it will help you and make you easy to understand the IVF.

1. in
Humans
Made By - Ayushi Srivastava
B.Tech (Biotechnology)
SRMU

2. SUCCESS RATE OF IVF
ETHICAL ISSUES
RISKS OF IVF
STEPS INVOLVED IN IVF
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CAUSES OF INFERTILITY

3. The process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum is
known as Fertilization. The product of fertilization is a cell called a zygote.
This zygote divides by mitosis many times and becomes
an embryo. The embryo continues to grow and develop
into a fetus.
This is the first step in the creation of a new life.

4. Infertility is defined as a failure to conceive within one or more years of regular
unprotected coitus.
10-15% of married couples are affected by infertility.
There are 2 types of infertility:
 Primary infertility refers to couples who have not become pregnant after at
least 1 year having sex without using birth control methods.
 Secondary infertility refers to couples who have been able to get pregnant
at least once, but now are unable.
CAUSES OF INFERTILITY:
The cause will be by men, women or by both. Some causes are as follows:
 Problems in ovulation includes hormonal imbalance, particularly with
estrogen, PCOD, endometriosis, etc.
 Damage in fallopian tube.
 Problem in semen and sperm includes low sperm count and mobility,
abnormality in sperm count, etc.
 Klinefelter’s syndrome (Genetic factor).

5. A medical procedure whereby an egg is fertilized by sperm in a test tube or elsewhere outside the body, is
known as In-vitro Fertilization.
During in vitro fertilization, there are some basic steps are as follows:
 Eggs are removed from mature follicles within an ovary.
 An egg is fertilized by injecting a single sperm into the egg or mixing the egg with sperm in a petri dish.
 The fertilized egg (embryo) is transferred into the uterus.
In-vitro fertilization also known as Test-Tube baby.
For all women, the odds of having a baby on the first IVF
attempt was 29.5 percent.
That stayed pretty steady through their fourth attempt, but the
chance of having a baby jumped up to 65 percent by the
sixth attempt.

7.  Research for IVF was began 1930.
 Early IVF experiment began as early at 1878 with the use of rabbit.
 In 1959, the first IVF was achieved with rabbit conducted by M.C. Chang.
 In 1960s and 1970s, IVF in humans was pioneered by Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe.
 In 1973, Monash team research Carl Wood and John Leeton in Australia reported 1st IVF pregnancy, resulted in
early abortion.
 On 25 July 1978, Louise Brown was the first baby who born with in-vitro fertilization.
World’s first test tube baby, Louise Brown In 2010, Sir Edwards was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or medicine “for
the development of in-vitro fertilization

8. CAUSES OF
INFERTILITY
 One third of infertility cases
can be attributed to male
factors.
 One third of infertility cases
can be attributed to female
factors.
 One third of infertility cases
are caused by a
combination of factors in
both partners.

9.  Enlarged veins in the testes (varicocele) also can
affect the quality of sperm.
 Abnormal sperm production or function due to
undescended testicles, genetic defects, health
problems.
 Less sperm count and sperm mobility.
 Overexposure to certain environmental factors such
as pesticides, other chemicals and radiation.
Cigarette smoking, alcohol, marijuana, anabolic
steroids, medications to treat bacterial infections,
high blood pressure and depression also can affect
fertility.
 Problems with the delivery of sperm due to sexual
problems such as premature ejaculation, genetic
diseases, structural problems such as a blockage in
the testicle.
 Blocked fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory
disease, endometriosis, or surgery for an ectopic
pregnancy.
 Ovulation disorders, which affect the release of eggs
from the ovaries. These include hormonal disorders
such as polycystic ovary syndrome.
 Endometriosis, which occurs when endometrial tissue
grows outside of the uterus, may affect the function of
the ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes.
 Primary ovarian insufficiency (early menopause), when
the ovaries stop working and menstruation ends
before age 40.
 Uterine or cervical abnormalities, including
abnormalities with the cervix, polyps in the uterus or
the shape of the uterus. Noncancerous tumors in the
uterine wall (uterine fibroids) may cause infertility.

10. in In-vitro Fertilization

11. OOCYTE RETRIEVAL
Egg retrieval can be done in your doctor's office or a clinic 34
to 36 hours after the final injection and before ovulation.
During egg retrieval, you'll be sedated and given pain
medication. Transvaginal ultrasound aspiration is the
usual retrieval method.
SPERM PREPARATION
Before a man's sperm can be used for IVF, it must first be
prepared. The sperm preparation process begins with an
analysis of a semen sample (the fluid and sperm from the
ejaculate). During the semen analysis, an andrologist will
determine the sample's sperm count.

12. FERTILIZATION
Sperm and oocytes are placed together in petri dish with media.
The sperm will find their way to the oocytes and fertilization takes
place.
Sperm needs to be injected into the oocyte for fertilization to take
place.
EMBRYO CULTURE
Embryo culture is a component of in vitro fertilization where in
resultant embryos are allowed to grow for some time in an artificial
medium.
During embryo culture, embryos are developing from 1-cell stage to
the blastocyst stage.

13. EMBRYO EVALUATION
Observe the embryos regularly and make accurate assessments while
minimising disturbance to avoid stress.
Determine embryo genetic normality. Evaluation of embryo can be done
by differentiating them into grades. Grade 1 embryos are good for
freezing.
EMBRYO TRANSFER
An embryo transfer is the last part of the in vitro fertilization (IVF)
process. During IVF, fertility medications are used to stimulate the
ovaries into releasing healthy eggs. These eggs are then removed
from a woman's ovaries and fertilized in a lab.
Embryos are transferred into the uterus after 2-5 days of in-vitro
fertilisation.

14. CRYOPRESERVATION
Cryopreservation enables good quality embryos to be cryopreserved for future
use. The embryos are maintained in liquid nitrogen for long-term storage.
There are two types of methods for Cryopreservation are as follows:
 Slow freezing
 Vitrification
Slow freezing cryopreservation Vitrification Cryopreservation

15. INSEMINATION
The introduction of semen into a woman or a female animal by natural
or artificial means. In artificial insemination, a doctor inserts sperm
directly into a woman's cervix, fallopian tubes, or uterus. The
most common method is called "intrauterine insemination (IUI)“,
when a doctor places the sperm in the uterus.
LEUTAL PHASE
During the Luteal Phase, the follicle that burst and released
the egg (during ovulation) develops into a small yellow
structure, or cyst, called the corpus luteum.
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen that
cause the uterine lining, or endometrium, to thicken and be
able to nourish a fertilized egg.

16. PREGNANCY PHASE
IVF pregnancy is that the same as a “regular” pregnancy in each respect.
After 2 weeks, female checks her pregnancy with pregnancy kits.
Doctor will likely schedule a blood test 10 to 14 days after the egg
retrieval. The blood test will detect and measure the hormone HCG, the
“pregnancy hormone”.

17. For instance, a woman who is under age 35 and undergoes IVF has a 39.6% chance of having a baby,
while a woman over age 40 has an 11.5% chance.
However, the CDC recently found that the success rate is increasing in every age group as the
techniques are refined and doctors become more experienced.
The IVF success rates are substantially better today than they were just a few years ago.
In-vitro fertilization has favourable outcome.

18. ETHICAL ISSUES

19. IVF

20. WEBLIOGRAPHY
 www.ivfconceptions.com
 www.sciencedirect.com
 www.mayoclinic.org
 https://www.vitrolife.com/globalassets/investor-section/presentations/181121-ivf-past-present-
future.pdf
 www.biocyclopedia.com