Bringing back millets for human health and the planet's health
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This document discusses challenges facing global agriculture and nutrition, including poor diets being a leading health risk worldwide, and farmers facing novel climates by 2050 due to climate change. It notes that three crops - wheat, rice, and maize - provide over half the world's plant-based calories, and highlights millets as nutritious and resilient but neglected crops. The remainder of the document outlines efforts in India to mainstream the production and consumption of millets, including improving cultivation practices with farmers, establishing community seed banks, developing millet products, including millets in school meals and the Public Distribution Scheme.
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Bringing back millets for human health and the planet's health
- 1. Bioversity International April 22, 2017 Ann Tutwiler, Director General Photo:KrishnasisGhosh Agricultural Biodiversity Nourishes People and Sustains the Planet
- 2. Challenge: Poor Diets World’s Number One Health Risk Sources: Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. 2014, FAO: The State of Food and Agriculture 2014, Global Hunger Index 2014. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014) IPCC WGII AR5 Summary for Policymakers in: Climate Change 2014 – Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 44 p
- 3. Challenge: Farmers Facing Novel Climates Impacts on Agriculture Predicted by 2050 Source: Adapted from Mathur 2014.
- 4. Challenge: Three Crops Provide More Than Half Of World’s Plant Based Calories Credits:Wheathttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wheat.Ricehttps://www.flickr.com/photos/legin/163637229,Maize http://maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/Corn-Agriculture-Vegetable-Cobs-Food-Nature-Maize-1934194
- 5. Millets: Nutritious; Resilient; Neglected Finger millet Foxtail millet Little millet Kodo millet Photos: Top Left – Finger Millet, Bioversity International/N. Capozio. Other pictures reproduced c/o NUS Community Org on Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nus_community/sets/
- 7. Mainstreaming Millet: Farmers Farmers work together with scientists testing varieties of millets for yield, cultivation, processing, and food preparation and to learn improved cultivation practices. Photos: Reproduced c/o NUS Community Org on Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nus_community/sets/
- 8. Mainstreaming Millet: Seeds Community seedbanks provide safe storage and enable community families to access seeds at times of scarcity. Photos: Reproduced c/o NUS Community Org on Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nus_community/sets/
- 9. Mainstreaming Millet: Product Development Getting to work in the laboratory to create and test products. Photos: Reproduced c/o NUS Community Org on Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nus_community/sets/
- 10. Mainstreaming Millet: Urban Consumers Photos: Reproduced c/o NUS Community Org on Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nus_community/sets/
- 11. Mainstreaming Millet: Rural Consumers 10 minutes – mechanized processing2 hours – traditional grinding Photos: Bioversity International/J. Cherfas
- 12. Mainstreaming Millet: Children Inclusion of millets in school noon meal scheme in 12 districts in Central & Southern India. School children had improved weight and up to 37% higher levels of hemoglobin over students eating white rice. Photos: Reproduced c/o NUS Community Org on Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nus_community/sets/
- 13. Mainstreaming Millets: Indian National Food Security Act 2013 The addition of millets to the Public Distribution Scheme in 2013 meaning these nutritious grains are now available to more than 800 million people via subsidized rates. Photos: Reproduced c/o NUS Community Org on Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nus_community/sets/
- 14. Thank you www.bioversityinternational.org/subscribe @BioversityInt M. Ann Tutwiler a.tutwiler@cgiar.org @AnnTutwiler
Notas del editor
- The risks that poor diets pose to mortality and morbidity is now greater than the combined risks of unsafe sex, alcohol, drug and tobacco use (27% v 16%) Six of the top 11 risk factors (such as child and maternal malnutrition, high blood pressure, high body mass index and high cholesterol) driving the global burden of disease are related to diet. Consumption: Population growth and increasing urbanization are coinciding with an increase of health problems related to poor nutrition around the world. Around 800 million people suffer from insecure food supplies, while 2.1 billion people are obese or overweight. At the same time, 2 billion people lack essential vitamins and minerals critical for growth and development, such as vitamin A, iron and zinc. It is important to note that often these forms of malnutrition co-exist. Sources: Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. 2014 FAO: The State of Food and Agriculture 2014 Global Hunger Index 2014 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014) IPCC WGII AR5 Summary for Policymakers in: Climate Change 2014 – Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 44 p.
- Climate change to reduce agricultural production by 2% every decade while demand will increase by 14% every decade until 2050 Yields of major crops will face average decline of 8% in Africa and South Asia by 2050. SLIDE MAP SHOWS PREDICTED –VE and +VE CHANGES FOR AG AROUND WORLD FROM CLIMATE CHANGE GREEN = more heat or rain will favour ag Down the scale towards red Different approaches – not just on breeding better-adapted staple crops (expensive and requires time), but using what is already in genebanks around the world staples and alternatives. A plan to mobilize diversity Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014) IPCC WGII AR5 Summary for Policymakers in: Climate Change 2014 – Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 44 p. Lobell D.B.; Field, C.B. (2007) Global scale climate-crop yield relationships and the impacts of recent warming. Environmental Research Letters 2: p.1-7.
- 12 crops and 5 animals together provide 75% of the world’s food (FAO) Diets round the world have paradoxically become simultaneously more diverse and more alike (Khoury 2013). That is, people are increasingly eating foods, often originating far away even when locally grown, that they did not eat before. This can be considered an increase in dietary diversity. However, as a result, the diets of diverse people around the world are becoming more similar. The loss of diversity is an inherent challenge for future agriculture. Beyond simply supplying enough food, however, agricultural biodiversity is, if anything, even more important for its value for human health. Source: RBG Kew (2016). The State of the World’s Plants Report – 2016. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew FAO (1997) The State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 511 p. Khoury et al 2013 http://www.pnas.org/content/111/11/4001.abstract Images: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wheat_P1210892.jpg https://pixabay.com/p-1028158/?no_redirect (rice, no attribution required) http://maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/Corn-Agriculture-Vegetable-Cobs-Food-Nature-Maize-1934194 (Maize, no attribution required)
- NUTRITION DIFFERENCES Finger millet high in calcium Little millet high in iron (exact stats for reference in notes) 100g of cooked grain of finger millet over 38 times amount of calcium, Little millet more than nine times amount of iron. Than 100g of cooked rice Source: Gopalan C., Ramashastri, B.V. and Balasubramanium, S.C. (eds) (2004) Nutritive Value of Indian Foods, ICMR, New Delhi CLIMATE/PEST RESILIENT Minor millets resilient to various agro-climatic conditions: (poor soil fertility, limited rainfall) so well adapted to marginal agricultural conditions of hilly and semi-arid regions of India. Genetically diverse and adapted to a range of marginal growing conditions where grains such as wheat and rice are unsuccessful, millets mature quickly, are able to withstand climatic stress, and grow in a variety of soils. With less inputs. Considering the high incidence of marginal land, poor soils and scarcity of water in many regions of India, the suitability of minor millets to grow in difficult edaphic and climatic conditions compared with other commodity crops make them ideal candidates to be used in climate change adaptation strategies in agriculture. Sources: NB Yenagi, JA Handigol, S Bala Ravi , Bhag Mal and S Padulosi Nutritional and Technological Advancements in the Promotion of Ethnic and Novel Foods Using the Genetic Diversity of Minor Millets in India Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources http://www.nuscommunity.org/uploads/tx_news/Yenagi_et_al.pdf Minor millets in India: A neglected crop goes mainstream http://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/user_upload/online_library/publications/pdfs/CS8_Minor_millets_in_India.pdf Chapter in Diversifying Food and Diets: Using agricultural biodiversity to improve nutrition and health up on click – values from 100g of cooked grain
- A tale of a rediscovered food for healthy people and a healthy planet. 10-12 minutes story-telling session about millet – a great example of rediscovering tradeoffs lost in the search for yield Many of these nutritious health fad foods are being lost from menus and fields in their traditional homes Minor millets are helping to bring nutrition and sustainable agricultural production to India with some added ingredients of women’s empowerment and income opportunities along the way Production is inefficient as a result of the lack of suitable higher-yielding varieties, poor quality seed, and unimproved cultivation practices. Traditional processing methods condemn the women who prepare millets to considerable daily drudgery. In addition, there is a lack of attractive recipes for adding value, a lack of awareness of the nutritional value of millets, poorly organized integration with markets, and generally unfavorable environmental policy. http://www.bioversityinternational.org/e-library/publications/detail/minor-millets-as-a-central-element-for-sustainably-enhanced-incomes-empowerment-and-nutrition-in-rural-india/
- Example of technique: Reduced drudgery and grain loss in post-harvest operations. Finger millet crop matures in about 95–125 days depending on the variety used, the crop season, and the method of cultivation. Traditional harvesting method: At maturity, the stem turns a straw color and the ears turn a brownish color. Plants are cut to ground level using sickles, left in the field for drying for 3–5 days, tied in bundles, and either stacked in the field itself or transported to the threshing yard and stacked there. Alternative harvesting method: cut and remove only the ears from the plants, dry them thoroughly and thresh by beating with sticks or tread using a tractor or stone roller. No effective machineryis available for harvesting and threshing operations
- In 2009, more than 10 tons of high-quality seed of improved varieties of five minor millet species across all the project locations were produced and transferred to respective village seed banks to support the use of target species in the local communities. 5 farmer-run seedbanks, which contain 21 landraces from five millet species are empowering farmers to conserve local seeds and nurture their seed exchange practices. Farmers can take seed but must return twice the amount The gene-grain-seed bank is generally a purpose-built structure in the village that is designed to provide a safe environment for the storage of seeds. In the first place, it represents a local genebank to conserve locally important varieties. In the second, it also enables community families to store their harvest for later consumption, and to borrow from the community store rather than eat their stored seed. Finally, it is a safe place to store seeds saved specifically for the next crop cycle, and to make higher-quality seed available as a loan Strengthening skills of user groups—esp. women and vulnerable groups—in conservation practices and use enhancement of millets; training in the area of: seed collection, PVS, quality seed production, seed bank management, agronomic techniques, using farm tools to minimize drudgery, use of processing equipment, value addition methods, and product development and marketing. During 2008 alone, 75 training days were organized and 1399 trainees including 824 women were trained. Similar training programs were conducted every year http://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/user_upload/online_library/publications/pdfs/Minor_millets_as_a_central_element_for_sustainably_enhanced_incomes_1983.pdf
- URBAN CONSUMERS HEALTH CONSCIOUS ALSO IN INDIA – not just Whole Foods in US PICTURE SHOWS A TASTER DISH OF MILLET DIVERSITY SERVED A High End INDIAN RESTAURANT in Tamil Nadu EACH DISH IS MADE FROM A DIFFERENT VARIETY OF MILLET Gluten Free Restaurant menus In India, rising domestic demand in richer urban consumers for millets as a health food Positive as stimulates production, better for environment, better for people, encourages diversity in production systems 50% of the world’s population lives in urban areas and by 2050, more than two-thirds of those people are going to be in cities. This poses a new set of challenges.
- Bioversity International has concentrated on direct use among the project participants – the mill can be found in the seedbank pictured earlier, and is directed at personal use to increase consumption. Up to 69% of women reported that millet had become a staple of their families’ diets. Left image: A stone quern used for grinding millet. Since the project introduced electric mini-mills to the village most of these sit outside the doors as ornamental reminders of the drudgery of the past. Credit: J. Cherfas/Bioversity International Right image: Electrical mini-mills allow a woman to prepare the millet for a day's meals in 10 minutes instead of 2 hours, just one factor the created a resurgence of interest in abandoned crops. Credit: J. Cherfas/Bioversity International
- Inclusion of millets in school noon meal scheme in 12 districts in Central & Southern India School children eating millet for lunch had improved weight and up to 37% higher levels of hemoglobin over students eating white rice. 85% of children in the pilot scheme liked millet-based meals – also creates a local value chain ALSO MENTION OUR SIMILAR PROGRAMMES IN BRAZIL AND KENYA POLICY WIN: RESULT: India’s National Food Security Act (2013) incorporates millets into public distribution system, meaning these nutritious grains are now available to more than 800 million people via subsidized rates. Result of this policy change largely through advocacy and lobbying efforts by Indian partners, in particular M. S. Swaminathan Link to related paper: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/e-library/publications/detail/minor-millets-as-a-central-element-for-sustainably-enhanced-incomes-empowerment-and-nutrition-in-rural-india/ “Programs such as the PDS (food subsidy) and MGNREGA (employment security) that target underlying determinants account for about 70 percent of India’s expenditure on nutrition.” – Global Nutrition Report 2016
- India’s National Food Security Act (2013) incorporates millets into public distribution system, meaning these nutritious grains are now available to more than 800 million people via subsidized rates. Result of this policy change largely through advocacy and lobbying efforts by Indian partners, in particular M. S. Swaminathan
- THANK YOU/FINAL SLIDE