2. Definitions
• Association of Operations Management defines; the field of
study that focuses on the effective planning, scheduling, use
and control of manufacturing or service organization
through the study of concepts from enginering,MIS,quality
& industrial mgt as they affect the org.
• According to shrin and Joel G. Siegel’ production
and operation management is the management of
all activities directly related to the production of
goods and services’
5. Production : An Integration of fucntions
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Human
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6. Scope of OM
1. Product Selection and development
2. Process Selection
3. Facilities Location
4. Layout Planning
5. Material handling
6. Manufacturing System
7. Production planning and control
8. Work Study
9. Quality
10. Safety management
9. DEFINITION
• A Strategy is the pre-decided procedures and practices
to be followed by all the members of an organization.
• A set of managerial decisions and actions for the long
term performance of enterprises by exercising checks
and control at different levels and timing.
10. Operation management is the systematic design, direction &control of the
process that transform inputs into services.
Plants – Factory &location where all activities take place.
People – Direct &Indirectworkforce.
Parts – The components, sub assemblies, or even products.
Processes – Methodologies, technology, tooling &fixtures for establishing
maintaining, and improving productivity.
Planning &control – MIS which initiates, direct, monitors &collect
feedback.
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11. 2
Corporate Strategy
• Environment Scanning
• Core Competencies.
• Core Process
• Global Strategies
Functional Strategy
• Finance
• Marketing
• Operations
Market Analysis
• Market Segmentation
• Needs Assessment
Competitive Priorities
• Cost
• Quality
• Time
• Flexibility
Competitive
Capabilities
• Current
• Needed
• Planned
New Service/ Product Design
• Design
• Analysis
• Development
• Full launch
OPERATION MANAGEMENTAND STRATEGY
Operation function should be guided by strategies which are consistent with the
organisation strategies
12. OPERATION STRATEGY
The set of decision that are warranted in the operational processes to support the
competitive of the business. To develop organizational strategies at three level of
operation:
• Corporate Level
• Business Level
• Functional Level
CORPORATE STRATEGY
BUSINESS STRATEGY
PRODUCT OR SERVICES
COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES
( COST, TIME QUALITY, FLEXIBILITY)
GLOBAL
BUSINESS
ENVIROMENT
COMPETENCIES
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13. OPERATION STRATEGY
Production Systems ( Make to stock/ Order, Assemble to order)
Product Plans
Outsourcing
Process Decisions
Quality Decisions
Capacity Decisions ( Facility planning, location, layout)
Operating Decisions.
Technology Decisions.
Resource Planning.
LINKAGE BETWEEN
CORPORATE, BUSINESS
& OPERATION
STRATEGY
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14. ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS
OF OPERATION
STRATEGY• The six elements of operation strategy are:
• 1)Designing of the production system – The product
design has two varieties -
Customised product design – The design is
customised when the volume is low
• and special features are inbuilt. Eg: Turbines, boiler, air
compressors etc.
Standard product design – The designer adopt a
universal design so that the product will have wide
acceptance across the customer. Eg: Air conditioners,
TV.
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15. • There are two types of production systems:
Product focussed – system is adopted where mass
production is using a group
• of machines. Eg: Automobiles, computer.
Process focussed – system is based on a single task
like painting, packing, heat.
• 2) Facilities for the production and services –
Production allows the firm to provide the customer
with products of low cost, faster delivery, on-time
delivery.
16. 3) Product &service design and development –
Generating the idea.
Creating the feasibilityreports.
Designing the prototype
Preparing a production model.
Evaluating the economies of scale for production.
Testing the product in the market.
Obtaining feedback.
Creating the final design and starting the production.
Product life cycle introduced in the market has its own life cycle.
1) Introduction stage.
2) Growth stage.
3) Maturity stage.
4) Decline stage.
ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS
OF OPERATION
STRATEGY
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17. QUALITY
FLEXIBILITY
OPERATION
STRATEGY
TIME
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OPERATION MANAGEMENTAND STRATEGY
Phases of Operations Strategy
Quality is the driving factor for
any organisation. Quality
includes Just-In-Time, Lean
Manufacturing, Total Quality
Management, Total Productive
Maintenance.
Flexibility enables a firm to
meet the changing demands of
the customers to develop new
processes and materials and to
make the organisation more
agile in its manufacturing
Planning
Design Time
Processing Time
Changeover Time
Delivery Time
Response Time
Factor To Be Reduced During Operation
18. OPERATION MANAGEMENT AND
STRATEGY
1
8
Strategic Decision Making- is most crucial management function.
Decisions commit the organisation and its members to activities which have
financial repercussions and effect the functioning of others departments or
division. Strategic Decision making consistof :-
• Data Gathering
• Analysis
• Predicting outcomes
• Environmental Scanning
• Core competencies
Environmental Scanning
• Competitors may be gaining an edge by diversification, making forays into
firm niche market by making new and better products.
• Suppliers could be forming cartels and preparing to drive hard bargains.
•Government could be passing laws and issuing order which could affect the
supply of materials. Now it is used to be SWOT analysis and PESTLE analysis.
20. 10
OPERATION MANAGEMENTAND STRATEGY
Differentiation Strategic – is referred to the long term priorities or goal achieve.
“Companies have different potential in terms of maneuverability along with target market
place (channels), promotion and price. These are affected by the company’s position in the
market, and the industry structure”. The BCG growth-share matrix displays the various
business units on a graph of the market growth rate vs. market share relative to competitors:
Abusiness unit that
has a large market
share in a fast
growing
Stars may
industry.
generate
cash, but because the
market is growing
rapidly they require
investment to
maintain their lead.
If successful, a star
will become a cash
cow when its
industry matures
a business unit that has a large market
share in a mature, slow growing industry.
Cash cows require little investment and
generate cash that can be used to invest in
other business units
A business unit thathas a small
market share in a high growth
market. These business units
require resources to grow
market share, but whether they
will succeed and become stars
is unknown.
A business unit that has a small market share in a
mature industry. A dog may not require
substantial cash, but it ties up capital that could
better be deployed elsewhere. Unless a dog has
some other strategic purpose, it should be
liquidated if there is little prospect for it to gain
market share.
21. INDUSTRY BESTPRACTICES
Pragmatic Benchmarking – is a method of measuring a company’s processes,
methods and procedures in a way that all functions in great details.
Benchmarking - Aprocess of comparison with a superior performer anywhere in
the world to improve quality . The following are types of benchmarking:-
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Process benchmarking – Businessprocess.
Financial benchmarking.
Performance benchmarking.
Product benchmarking.
Strategic benchmarking.
Functional benchmarking.
Benchmarking is classified into two groups :
Internal Benchmarking – refers to comparison within the organisation or
industry.
External Benchmarking – refers to comparison with outsiders.
22. INDUSTRY BESTPRACTICES
Steps inBenchmarking –
Planning, analysis, integration, and action are the four steps recognized in the
process of benchmarking. Targets are set and activities are conducted to reach
them.
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Planning – determines the process, service, or the product to be benchmarked
on which metrics are assigned for collection of data.
Analysis – Analysed data gives inputs for comparison with the target company’s
performance on the parameter benchmark on which data was collected.
Integration – Resources are required across all functions to achieve the target
needs. Integration involves putting together resources like people, equipments and
communication, so that progress is unhindered.
Action – When changes are needed, actions have to be planned according to the
steps earlier stated. The teams are provided with necessary leadership, authority
and supporting facilities to enable them to complete all activities within the time
frame set for the purpose.
23. MANUFACTURING STRATEGIES
There are many types of competitive priorities for process used in the
manufacturing of products. The production systems are:
Batch production.
Mass production.
Customised production.
Assemble products.
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The following are three dominant strategies:
Make to stock – Manufacturing firms adopt this strategy to ensure immediate
delivery of the products, minimizing delivery times. Eg: chemical, soft drink.
Assemble to order – This strategy serves as a competitive priority of
customization and ensures fast delivery. Eg: Paints to colors, furniture.
Make to order – The firms set of processes that suits the manufacture based on
the customer requirements. This strategy gives a higher degree of customization,
one of the major competitive priority.
