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Similar a UNEP-GPA_GPNM_generic presentation V2
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UNEP-GPA_GPNM_generic presentation V2
- 1. Nutrient Management, Environment and the Global Partnership on Nutrient Management (GPNM) Christopher Cox, PhD Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (GPA) UN Environment (UNEP), GPNM Secretariat
- 2. The global concern of oceans pollution • Oceans and Coasts – the very basis of much of the world’s economy. • 350 million jobs globally linked to the oceans. • Marine environment supplies planet with key services • climate regulation, storm protection, food security, nutrients cycling etc.. • All these services underpin lives and livelihoods in different sectors from tourism to fisheries. • Oceans are suffering from advanced degradation mainly as a result of human activities. • Over the past decades marine pollution has become an increasingly significant problem. • particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, plastic debris or the spread invasive organisms. Nutrient pollution is a major concern • Population pressure set to reach nine billion by 2050 • Pollution impacts likely to be severe unless global action is taken to sustainably manage and protect oceans and coastal ecosystems
- 3. Simplified overview of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) flows highlighting major present- day anthropogenic sources, the cascade of reactive nitrogen (Nr) forms and the associated environmental concerns (in: Our Nutrient World, from Sutton et al., 2011b) The global concern The Nutrient Cascade
- 4. The global concern Nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the biosphere and oceans • In the context of the Planetary Boundaries framework (Johan Rockström et al., 2009) • Planetary boundaries define safe operating space for humanity with respect to the Earth system; associated with the planet's biophysical subsystems or processes • Boundary for N is greatly exceeded • Boundary for P is being approached Source: Johan Rockström et al., Nature 461, 472-475 (24 September 2009) Nutrients
- 5. Trends in global consumption of mineral fertilizer (nitrogen and phosphorus) and projected possible futures. Source: FAO 2012
- 6. Estimated net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs according to the world’s main river catchments (Source: Our Nutrient World 2013). The global concern Too Much and Too Little Nutrients: regional variations in Nitrogen
- 7. Estimated global phosphorus surplus and deficit. Source: Our Nutrient World, 2013, citing (MacDonald et al., 2011) The global concern Too Much and Too Little Nutrients: regional variations in Phosphorous
- 8. The global concern Impacts of nutrient loading mortality of benthic organisms, collapse of fisheries and shellfish poisoning >500 eutrophic/hypoxic coastal systems >245,000 km2 of water area worldwide Global loss of ecosystem services =USD 200 billion/year Source: World Resources Institute (http://www.wri.org/resource/world-hypoxic-and-eutrophic-coastal-areas)
- 9. The five key threats of excess nutrients • The WAGES of too much or too little Nitrogen and Phosphorus • Multiple impacts across several environmental areas • Water quality • Air quality • Greenhouse balance • Ecosystems • Soil quality Modified from the European Nitrogen Assessment (2011) ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
- 10. Water quality • Climate change drivers? • Warmer ocean/lake temperatures, chemistry, circulation patterns • Sargassum proliferation (Caribbean, West Africa); Harmful algal blooms (worldwide) • Under active research Qingdao, China, province of Shandong Harbour in St. Thomas (Caribbean) Source: The St. Thomas Source HAB and fish kills in Seychelles Source: Seychelles News Agency
- 11. Air quality & Greenhouse balance • Climate drivers also important in land-atmosphere interactions with respect to pollution through emissions of greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) to the atmosphere • N2O contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion, increasing the risk of skin cancer from UV-B radiation
- 12. Soil quality and land degradation • Nutrient deficits in parts of the globe – African continent of note • Extraction of nutrients without replenishment, physical erosion • Land degradation and declining yields • Climate change will exacerbate conditions • Deeping land degradation with changes in temperature and moisture/water regimes
- 13. Towards global action… • Established by the Washington Declaration • Over 108 governments declared commitment to protect and preserve the marine environment from impacts of land-based activities • GPA adopted in 1995 • Only global intergovernmental mechanism explicitly addressing the linkages between freshwater, coastal and marine environments. • Voluntary, action-oriented, intergovernmental programme led by UNEP • GPA designed to address accelerating degradation of the world’s oceans and coastal areas
- 14. Global Partnership on Nutrient Management (GPNM) • Multi-sectoral international partnership • Established under the GPA in 2009 • Key roles: • Catalyze strategic advocacy and co-operation at the global and regional levels • As a knowledge platform to support science policy interaction and translating science for policy makers • To provide information and enhance capacities to address the growing problem of nutrient over-enrichment and eutrophication • To position nutrient issues as part of the international sustainable development agenda • advance Sustainable Development Goals, in particular under Goal 14 on conservation of the oceans and Goal 2 on sustainable agriculture
- 15. Partnership strengthening Enhancing advocacy and knowledge exchange • Global partnership of stakeholders actively engaged in addressing nutrient over- enrichment in coastal waters • Engage international, regional fora to promote the GPNM /seek new members • Over 40 Partners engaged; research academia, government, private sector • Communications and outreach strategy • Disseminate advocacy documents (e.g. Our Nutrient World) • Engage with other global initiatives/projects • Develop and maintain partnership web- based knowledge platform
- 16. Knowledge generation Analysis of relationship between nutrient sources and impacts • Data base development on nutrients and environmental impacts: • Nutrient release from aquaculture; several publications available • Coastal conditions, non-land based nutrient sources, as well as coastal effects • Update knowledge on occurrences of hypoxia and harmful algal blooms • Update knowledge on impacts on fisheries, relationships between fishery production and hypoxia
- 17. Best practices and solutions Helping stakeholders with policy and technical approaches • Production of a fully operational 'policy toolbox' and delivery of the training. • Case studies of Best Management Practice (BMP) examples that are being implemented around the world by key partners • agricultural BMPs and urban BMPs database • policy database • Replication and up-scaling of BMPs, measures etc. through on-ground demonstration, training • Strengthening decision support systems for good watershed (nutrient) management (e.g. Manila Bay watershed) • Application of ecosystem health report card tools in coastal lake ecosystems (e.g. Lake Chilika, India and Laguna de Bay Lake, Philippines)
- 18. GPNM – a growing partnership
- 19. For more information visit us at http://web.unep.org/gpa/what-we-do/global-partnership-nutrient-management http://www.nutrientchallenge.org/
Notas del editor
- A safe operating space for humanity: Johan Rockström et al., Nature 461, 472-475 (24 September 2009) The inner green shading represents the proposed safe operating space for nine planetary systems. The red wedges represent an estimate of the current position for each variable. The boundaries in three systems (rate of biodiversity loss, climate change and human interference with the nitrogen cycle), have already been exceeded. N cycle (part of a boundary with the P cycle): Parameter: Amt of N2 removed from the atmosphere for human use – mill/tonnes/yr Proposed boundary: 35 mill/tonnes/yr Current status: 121 mill/tonnes/yr P cycle (part of a boundary with the N cycle): Parameter: Amt of P flowing into the oceans – mill/tonnes/yr Proposed boundary: 11 mill/tonnes/yr Current status: 8.5 - 9.5 mill/tonnes/yr
- Major inequalities exist between those parts of the world using excess nutrients and those that do not have enough. The key regions where too much nutrients are typically used include North America, Europe, and parts of South and South East Asia and Latin America. By contrast, many parts of Africa and Latin America have insufficient access to nutrients, leading to soil nutrient mining and limiting productivity. In agricultural soils N and P applied as fertilisers can be washed off and reach surface waters by runoff or can move into the aquifer through leaching, eventually arriving at surface waters. In developed countries and intensive agricultural regions this diffuse source of nutrients represents a major cause of water pollution. Regions using excessive nutrient input have higher diffuse water pollution (Billen et al., 2011, Grizzetti et al., 2011). The map shows the estimated net anthropogenic nitrogen input according to the world’s main river catchments (Billen et al., 2013). Values are based on the dataset of the UNESCO-IOC project Global-Nutrient Export from WaterSheds “Global-NEWS” (http://marine.rutgers.edu/globalnews/index.htm) The scale of the differences is illustrated for major river catchments, with these being exacerbated by differences in nutrient use efficiency across the full chain.
- Map shows calculated spatially explicit P balances for cropland soils at 0.5° resolution based on the principal agronomic P inputs and outputs associated with production of 123 crops globally for the year 2000. Although agronomic inputs of P fertilizer and manure collectively exceeded P removal by harvested crops at the global scale, P deficits covered almost 30% of the global cropland area. There was massive variation in the magnitudes of these P imbalances across most regions, particularly Europe and South America. High P fertilizer application relative to crop P use resulted in a greater proportion of the intense P surpluses globally than manure P application. High P fertilizer application was also typically associated with areas of relatively low P-use efficiency. Although manure was an important driver of P surpluses in some locations with high livestock densities, P deficits were common in areas producing forage crops used as livestock feed. Resolving agronomic P imbalances may be possible with more efficient use of P fertilizers and more effective recycling of manure P. Such reforms are needed to increase global agricultural productivity while maintaining or improving freshwater quality. Source: Agronomic phosphorus imbalances across the world's croplands Graham K. MacDonald, Elena M. Bennett, Philip A. Potter, and Navin Ramankutty
- When N and P enter the sea they do the exact same thing they did on land, they fertilize the sea, and promote the production of algae and phytoplankton, which is extra organic matter to the ecosystem. The decomposition of this excess organic can drastically alter the way marine ecosystems function and often lead to hypoxia – a shortage of oxygen in the water – suffocating marine life. In addition, this extra N and P changes the natural balance between these nutrients, allowing harmful algal blooms to develop, threatening fisheries and human health. Sedimentation and decomposition of biomass from phytoplankton blooms can also deplete oxygen in bottom waters and surface sediments, especially in ecosystems with low rates of water turnover (e.g. Rabalais, 2002). This further shifts the benthic community toward a smaller number of tolerant species. Changes in the benthic community alter nutrient cycling in the sediments and overlying water, feeding back to alter the rest of the aquatic ecosystem (Grizzetti et al., 2011). The relative importance of N and P varies according to the issue being considered. In groundwater, the key problem is accumulation of nitrate. In freshwater systems, there is often a relative surplus of N compared with P, so the water body is said to be ‘phosphorus-limited’. This means that further P input becomes the most usual driver of algal blooms. By contrast, coastal marine ecosystems are more often considered to be ‘nitrogen-limited’ so that additional Nr is more often the source of problems with algal blooms in these situations. NOTE: the background map on which the hypoxic systems are superimposed (as red dots) is from ERIC W. SANDERSON et al., 2002. The Human Footprint and the Last of the Wild http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/10/891.full.pdf+html. The ‘human footprint’ legend is a quantitative evaluation of human influence on the land surface, based on a number of geographic data parameters, normalized to a 0 to 100 scale.
- Environmental impacts, from air quality to soil quality – coined as ‘WAGES”. The next sides illustrate the impacts in each of these areas
- There may be increasing adverse impacts related to nutrient loading as the oceans warm – more harmful algal blooms with fish kills, more eutropication
- The Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (GPA) was established by governments to address the issues of pollution that includes Nutrient Pollution
- Global partnership of stakeholders actively engaged in addressing nutrient over-enrichment in coastal waters Engaging in international and regional fora to promote the GPNM /seek new members On-going: presence at World Water Forum; special ‘advocacy’ presentation developed & promotional printed resources being prepared Key countries to be re-engaged; a priority review underway New members being bought on-board through the Communications Task Team Developing a communication and outreach strategy Draft Comms Strategy developed. Comms Task Team to review to finalize Special advocacy’ presentation developed - TO BE AGREED BY GPNM SC Publishing and disseminating an advocacy manual on ‘Effective Nutrient Management’ COMPLETE Holding of GPNM global meetings FOR GPNM SC CONSIDERATION – Proposed at next face-to-face meeting; possibly GNC project Steering Committee meeting. Date and venue TBD Engaging with other GEF LME projects e.g., BOBLME Under consideration; no significant progress. This will be via the Regional Platforms Developing and maintaining a separate partnership and project web based platform to present and project outcomes Updated proposal for the web portal submitted by A. Bleeker. FOR GPNM SC CONSIDERATION: Scope of work – expansion of the existing contract with ECN
- Seeking partners in African region!!!! Share knowledge and best practices on good nutrient management