History Camp: Temperance: The Doorway to Suffrage
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The Temperance Movement was more important than many people think, as it was actually the doorway to the Suffrage Movement. Learn how women empowered themselves and overcame obstacles to pave the way for the next stage, Suffrage.
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History Camp: Temperance: The Doorway to Suffrage
- 1. Susan B. Anthony Temperance: The Doorway to Suffrage Property of Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum © 20
- 2. The Birthplace of SUSAN B. ANTHONY Adams, Massachusetts
- 3. Family Influences Susan B Anthony was the daughter of two progressive parents, Daniel Anthony and Lucy Read Anthony. Daniel was a school teacher who would become a cotton mill owner to support his wife and children. Lucy had been a student and teacher’s aide when she fell in love with Daniel. She does not convert from her Baptist Faith.
- 8. Temperance
- 9. Women sung hymns in front of saloons in attempt to discourage men from entering, but rather return to their wives and children.
- 16. Women Join the Reform
- 17. Carrie Nation
- 21. Matilda Gage
- 23. Anna Howard Shaw
- 24. Frances Willard
- 25. Alice Paul
- 26. Lucy Burns
- 27. Temperance for a Woman’s Movement Identified alcoholism with Spousal Abuse Gave women power and influence Organized women in public sphere Allowed women to publish pamphlets without ridicule
- 28. In the Public Eye Members of the Women's Christian Temperance Union march on Washington, D.C., in 1909 to present a petition. Photo Credit: Topical Press Agency/Getty Images Temperance parade in Eustis, Florida in 1919. Women formed the core of the movement to limit the consumption of alcohol in the United States. They succeeded with the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1919. Photo Credit: State Archives of Florida/Florida Memory
- 30. Suffrage… the next logical step
- 31. Political Cartoons Satire & Opposition Women were also painted in that way through political cartoons from the Anti- Suffrage Movement. Women were depicted as destructive for the temperance movement. The Movement gains and losses momentum depending on the popular view.
- 33. New Stages for Women
- 34. Family Issues Anti-Suffragists claim 1. 2. 3. 4. Those favoring suffrage looked to breakdown the American Family Women were not capable of voting, as their minds were not built way Suffrage would be like anarchy Men’s roles would become more feminine The Suffrage Response 1. 2. 3. Women took their children on the parades with them Educated women were usually members of the Suffrage Political groups Most of the original Suffragists were the only organized women’s group that took a stand against “Restellism” Many of the Temperance Reformers and the Suffragists were also opposed to Restellism, a time period term for abortion.
- 35. “What ignorance and lack of self-government the world is filled with.” “[T]he newspaper reports every day of every year of scandals and outrages, of wife murders and paramour shooting, of abortions and infanticides, are perpetual reminders of men’s incapacity to cope successfully with this monster evil of society.” -Speech on “Social Purity”, Chicago 1875
- 36. To New Heights & Lengths Susan B. Anthony and friends go to Washington!
Notas del editor
- Susan B. Anthony was born in Adams, MA in February, 1820. She is known as a reformer but is usually identified as the leading Suffragist for the rights of Women in the United States. Little do most people realize that Susan B. Anthony stood for many reforms including Abolition, Education Reform, Child Labor Reform, Medical Reform, she was Opposed to Restellism (a time period term for abortion). Her great work began with Temperance.
- She would be forced to give up singing and dancing to marry her love, as he was a Quaker. She gives birth to eight children, although only 6 would grow to adulthood, five of which was born in Adams, MA. Susan was the second born.
- Her passion and compassion began at home. Her father was a Quaker, and despite his religious background, he sold liquor from his home in Adams, MA from 1817 through 1825.
- This image is from Daniel’s store on East Road in Adams, MA. He sold items from his textile mill, agricultural products from his in-laws farm, as well as home made items and household needs. He would sell hard liquor as well, mainly because his store was the only one on that side of town. Until one December Day in 1825, when a man purchased liquor from another location and fell asleep on the side of the road and died. Daniel would subsequently participate in the Temperance Movement.
- Susan B. Anthony witnessed her father become more involved with the Temperance Movement from the young age of 5. Her father demanded that all of his employees sign a Temperance Agreement. This movement was in its infancy stages still, only speaking of the moral implications of alcohol use, tobacco use, gambling and prostitution. It never addressed the other issues that Susan would as she grew up. This image is of the Lucy’s kitchen. Lucy would cook for a minimum of 16 people breakfast, lunch and dinner because Daniel owned a textile mill, where he would hire up to 22 young girls between the age of 8 and 16. 11 of these girls lived in the attic of their home. The girls couldn’t earn a wage because children were property of their fathers, so Daniel would pay the farmers for their daughters’ work. Lucy clothed, educated, fed and took care of these girls until they moved in 1826.
- This is a digital rendering of what Susan B. Anthony would have looked like at age 5. It was at this stage of her life that Susan B. Anthony witnessed the contradiction between the Quaker Faith, where men and women were equal in the church, and this male domination over family finances and home. Susan B. Anthony loved her father very much, but did recognize that her mother’s life was difficult, calling it “ -------”
- When Susan was a school teacher, at the age of 18; she witnessed spousal and child abuse for the first time. She wanted to help the family, but there were no laws protecting women and children from abusive men. The Temperance Movement had been growing. They were the only organizations that realized that domestic abuse was a societal problem rather than a familial problem. Susan B. Anthony began her career as a reformer with Temperance for that very reason. Women began to utilize their strength in numbers and influence.
- Women began their own organizations like the Women’s Christian Temperance League. They used religion as the foothold to get backing from men who shared their beliefs. Women were now seen outside of the house and in public speaking on political and spiritual matters.
- Soon postcards would help spread the message of Temperance. Images that began conversations, spreading the message across the states.
- Some were very blunt with the message, claiming the worst case scenarios of “taking the drink”
- Others were direct with images of Temperance leaders with messages and empowerment.
- Others were full of satire, which brought the conversation to new heights and triggered more women to join the movement.
- As with Susan B Anthony, many women joined to change the lives of those they knew or because of what was personally witnessed. As the movement grew, that was no longer the case. Women were joining Temperance Movements for the social aspect, the political turn and for moral standings.
- One of these women was Carrie Nation. Carrie Amelia Moore Nation’s life was full hardships. Carrie said that her calling was to rid the Nation of Alcohol.
- Carrie would use her name as a slogan “Carry A. Nation” . She weilded a hatchet and was arrested many times for destroying saloons with it. She would speak publically, had followers and was a strong advocate for Temperance. She even opened a home to support women who left the abusive homes with alcoholic husbands.
- Some of her colleagues were…AMELIA BLOOMER (Homer, NY) May 27, 1818 - Dec. 30, 1894, edited early Seneca Falls women's rights paper The Lily, married lawyer, 2 adopted children, introduced Elizabeth Cady Stanton to Susan B. Anthony 1850, dress reform pioneer, propagandist, lectured on temperance and woman's rights in Midwest, worked for suffrage legislation in Nebraska 1856 and Iowa
- ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (Johnstonw, NY) Nov. 12, 1815 - Oct. 26, 1902, brilliant woman's rights leader, influenced by father's law office, married abolitionist, omitted word "obey" from ceremony, felt a woman should not submerge her identity in marriage, 7 children, with Lucretia Mott, Mary McClintock, Jane Hunt and Martha Wright issued call to first woman's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York 1848, wrote "Declaration of Sentiments" declaring that "men and women are created equal," proposed that women should vote, suffered ridicule and criticism, intellectual, free thinker, used pseudonym "Sun Flower," political partner for 50 years with Susan B. Anthony, popular speaker and forceful writer, drafted resolutions, wrote speeches, ran for Congress 1866, edited The Revolution, president of National Woman Suffrage Association for 21 years, agitated for constitutional amendment from 1887 onward, author of The Woman's Bible disputing the Bible's derogatory treatment of women, honored by 6,000 at the Metropolitan Opera House on 80th birthday, called "The Grand Old Woman of America."
- MATILDA JOSLYN GAGE (Cicero, NY) March 25, 1826 - March 18, 1989, married at 18, 5 children, spoke "trembling in every limb" at National Woman's Rights Convention in Syracuse 1852, contributed to The Revolution, leader of state and national suffrage associations, lobbied Congress and political parties, co-authored "Women's Declaration of Rights" with Elizabeth Cady Stanton for Centennial, organizer, editor of National Citizen and Ballot Box monthly suffrage newspaper, wrote Woman as Inventor and edited with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony The History of Woman Suffrage Vol. 1-3, "With her feeble health she accomplished wonders" (Susan B. Anthony), opposed church for the "belief in woman's inferiority," lifelong motto carved on gravestone: "There is a word sweeter than Mother, Home, or Heaven; that word is Liberty."
- CARRIE LANE CHAPMAN CATT (Ripon, WI) Jan. 9, 1859 - March 9, 1947, Iowa State College, teacher, school superintendent, journalist, lecturer, widowed at 26 after 1 year, married to civil engineer George Catt 1890, left financially independent when he died 1905, field organizer with Susan B. Anthony, reorganized National American Woman Suffrage Association to be more political 1890, fundraiser, planner, administrator, led New York campaigns, national and international organizations, her secret "Winning Plan" combined state and federal work and unified mainline movement 1916, pacifist, lobbied Woodrow Wilson, opposed militants, organized successful 14-month campaign for ratification, founded League of Women Voters, worked for world peace. "It is to Mrs. Catt more than to any single figure besides Susan B. Anthony that American women owe their right to vote."
- ANNA HOWARD SHAW (Newcastle-on-Tyne, England) Feb. 14, 1847 - July 2, 1919, sailed for America 1851, pioneer homesteader at 12, taught, first ordained Methodist woman minister 1880, began by preaching sermons to the trees in the Michigan forest, Boston U. medical school 1886, Women's Christian Temperance Union organizer and speaker, outstanding suffrage orator for 30 years, known for her compelling eloquence, "She spoke in every state in the union," close associate of Susan B. Anthony, warm and devoted, stocky, lived for 30 years with friend and secretary Lucy Anthony, Susan B. Anthony's niece, National American Woman Suffrage Association president 1904-1915, chaired Woman's Committee of the US Council of National Defense during WWI, had battleship named for her, died speaking out for League of Nations at 7
- FRANCES ELIZABETH CAROLINE WILLARD (New York) Sept. 28, 1839 - Feb. 17, 1898, frontier childhood, called Frank, taught school, president of Evanston College for Ladies, Illinois temperance leader, presented "Home Protection" petition of over 100,000 women to legislature 1879, served for 20 years organizing its members into strong women's movement sympathetic to suffrage, member of American Woman Suffrage Association and a leader in the International Council of Women 1888.
- After SBA passed away in March of 1906, the Suffrage Movement stalled as a State Movement rather than a Federal Movement until Alice Paul.ALICE STOKES PAUL (Moorestown, NJ) Jan. 11, 1885 - July 9, 1977, Quaker, Swarthmore, U. of Penn. PhD., chief strategist for the militant suffrage wing, founder of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage and the National Woman's Party, author of the Equal Rights Amendment, organizer of the 1913 parade in Washington DC, jailed 3 times in England and 3 times in the US, waged hunger strike in prison, hospitalized, force-fed and treated as insane, law degree in 1922, international organizer, influenced charter of the United Nations.
- LUCY BURNS (Brooklyn, NY) July 28, 1879 - Dec. 22, 1966, red-headed Irish Catholic, Vassar, Yale Grad. School, organizer in England, arrested, founded Congressional Union with political partner Alice Paul, militant suffrage organizer and widely respected leader, lobbyist, speaker, teacher, editor, hunger striker. "Lucy Burns brought a fierceness and resoluteness to the American woman suffrage movement that was rarely equaled. Praised by Alice Paul as 'a thousand times more valiant than I,' Burns in her poise and strength of character was a rallying symbol for the more faint hearted...when the militant phase of the National Woman's Party ended, she had spent more time in jail than any other American suffragist."
- Women, historically, were not seen taking part in public arena for social and political movements. The Temperance Movement helped to break down these barriers. Religious men called women from their congregations to take action. These strong women stood up against the social norms, held parades, some spoke for pay against alcohol use while others did so in less formal surroundings and on street corners. Women were forging a path and proved to be quite successful.
- Women began printing rally songs and hymns, that made way for handouts, fliers and pamphlets. Soon Temperance papers with stories written by women were published and distributed. Women held authority in these roles, defining the movement to be more than just to abolish alcohol but to give women a say over family finances- so men couldn’t spend their pay checks in the saloon without regard to their children, to outlaw spousal and child abuse, some temperance activists, including Amelia Jenks Bloomer and Frances Willard, also fought for women to have the right to divorce if their husbands drank, and have the woman maintain the family home and the children.
- With women speaking out about their rights in the home, the next logical step was for women to demand enfranchisement.
- Just as the opposition to the Temperance movement used political cartoons, their own postcards and posters to create an image of women being irrational or overzealous; the Anti-Suffragists portrayed the Suffragist as moving forward without thought of the American lifestyle,
- The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and other Temperance Organizations began getting women to have formal organizations, leaving the older style of quilting circles and informal meetings. They had formalized pledge cards, membership, standardized meetings and financial backing. These organizations paved the way for the Suffrage Parties to begin in this same manner. One of these groups was the National-American Woman Suffrage Association, the card above was signed by Susan B. Anthony and Alice Blackwell.
- Beginning with the hymn marches then as picketing in front of taverns, saloons and pubs; the women of the Temperance Movement would breach social norms with formalized parades. The Suffragists capitalized on this idea of having women seen in public through this mode of civil disobedience. Alice Paul’s parade in Washington DC in 1913. The parade itself was led by lawyer Inez Milholland and included ten bands, five mounted brigades, 26 floats, and around 8000 marchers, including many notables such as Helen Keller, who was scheduled to speak at Constitution Hall after the march. After a good beginning, the marchers encountered crowds, mostly male, on the street that should have been cleared for the parade. They were jeered and harassed while attempting to squeeze by the scoffing crowds, and the police were sometimes of little help, or even participated in the harassment. Over 200 people were treated for injuries at local hospitals
- Susan B Anthony believed as an abolitionist that the 15th Amendment was not going to non-gender specific; when that proved to be untrue, Miss Anthony began her most famous work, Suffrage Reform. Although the Temperance Movement bridged gaps and gave women new modes of communication and organization; Suffragists needed to take their mission to Washington DC without a large population of religious men backing them. Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alva Belmont, Elizabeth Blackwell and many others would become fixtures in Washington DC, slowing inching forward with political support. “You can note the beginning of spring not only on the cherry blossoms but also on the arrive of the red shawl”, this saying was written by a reporter and described Susan B. Anthony and her famous red shawl. This would be a difficult battle, but Susan B Anthony recognized the need for a federal amendment.
- Susan B. Anthony began her battle for women with Temperance, as did so many women during that time. It was a battle that took more than her life time. She wasn’t alone…
- Susan B Anthony knew that the work that needed to happen would exceed her life time. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony dedicated their lives to bringing true change to women’s lives by changing the dynamic in the home, with family finances, in the workplace and with having a say in our government. So many other women joined them starting with Temperance and moving forward for civil freedoms we enjoy today. Temperance truly was the doorway to the Suffrage movement, giving women voice, a forum for organizing and passage to law making bodies on State and Federal levels.