Ccna pres

CCNA
Exam code R/S-200-120
Presented By
Mr Danish Nauman

Basic Network components
 Transmission media
 Connectors
 NIC (Network Interface Card)
 Protocols
 Addresses
 Hub / Switch
 Modem
 Router

Transmission media
 10Base2
 10Base5
 10BaseT
 10BaseTX
 100BaseFX fiber optics
 10BaseT
 Base – signaling type
 10 – Bandwidth of 10Mbps
 T – Twisted pair cable
 F – Fiber
 10Base2
 Base – signaling type
 10 – Bandwidth of 10Mbps
 2 – Support 200 meters

10Base2 10Base5 10BaseT 10BaseTX 100BaseFX
Name Thinnet Thicknet Cat 3,4,5 Cat 5e,6,7 Fiber optics
Users per segment 30 208 1 1
Max length 185 500 100 100
Capacity 10Mbps 10Mbps
Topology Star / Bus Star / Bus
OHMS 50 100

Cable type Transmission speed
Cat1
Cat 2 Up to 4 Mbps
Cat 3 Up to 10 Mbps 16 MHz
Cat 4 Up to 16 Mbps 20MHz
Cat 5 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps 100MHz
Cat 5e 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps 100MHz
Cat 6 Up to 10 Gbps 250MHz
Cat 6a Up to 10 Gbps 500MHz
Cat 7 Up to 10 Gbps 600MHz
Cat 7a Up to 100 Gbps 1000MHz

Connecting cables
 Straight through cable
 Crossover cable
 Rollover cable

Straight through cable
• This cable is used to connect two different
types of devices.
• This is used to connect MAC device and Non
MAC device.
Switch
Router
Host
Router
Hub
Switch
Host Hub

Straight Through Cable
Side 1 Side2
White Orange White Orange
Orange Orange
White Green White Green
Blue Blue
White Blue White Blue
Green Green
White Brown White Brown
Brown Brown

Crossover cable
• This cable is used to connect same devices.
• This is used to connect MAC to MAC or Non-
MAC to Non-Mac.
Switch
Router
Hub
Switch
Router
Hub
Hub Switch

Crossover cable
Side1 Side2
White Orange White Green
Orange Green
White Green White orange
White Blue Blue
Blue White Blue
Green Orange
White Brown White Brown
Brown Brown

Rollover cable
 This cable is used to connect Router console port to PC
serial(COM) port.
 This cable is called Null modem cables.

Network Interface Card (NIC)
 This provide network communication to a LAN.
 It contain buffer.
 It contain unique 48bit MAC( Media Access Controller
) address.

Protocol
 Protocol is a set of rules and regulations.
 Two device to establish communication both should
be same protocol

Addresses
 Addresses are used to identify the device.
 There are two type of addresses.
 MAC – Pre define
 IP – User define

OSI Layer
 Open System Interconnect Layer.
 This is describe how data is communicated from one
to another system.
 Allow multiply vendor development and standardize

OSI Layer types
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer

7. Application Layer
 Program to program communication.
 Provides network services to use application

6. Presentation Layer
 Data translation and code formatting including
compression and encryption.
 Ensure application layer can be use data.
 MPEG, MIDI, TIFF, JPEG, TXT, Quick time
movie
20

5. Session Layer
 Establish and maintain session across the
network.
 Organize communication through simplex,
half and full duplex mode.
21

4. Transport Layer
 Segments data and adds port numbers.
 Data is ensured at this layer by maintaining flow
control.
 Error correction and detection.
 Defined reliable and unreliable end to end data
communication.
 Connection orient communication.
 Acknowledge and are received for every segment.
 Call setup, data transfer and call termination.
 Connection parameters are synchronized.
 Windowing technique used to control outstanding
data segment and to increase throughput.
22

3. Network Layer
 Data packet done here.
 Responsible for sending DATA.
 Assigns IP addresses.
 Maintain routing table.
 Find the best path.
 Router
23

2. Data Link Layer
 Framing of the packets is done here.
 Handles error notification, network topology
and flow control.
 Provides access to LAN medium in an orderly
manner.
 Adds MAC address to frames.
 Switch, Bridge and NIC
24

1. Physical Layer
 Sending and receive bits.
 Places data on the Network media.
 Communication directly with the media.
 Hub, Repeater, Cable and Connector
25

Term Definition
FTP File Transfer Protocol
TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol
WWW World Wide Web
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Voip Voice Over Internet Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
POP3 Post Office Protocol
NFS Network File System
RPC Remote Procedure Call
NETBIOS Network Basic Input/output System
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
26

Term Definition
UDP User Datagram Protocol
SPX Sequence Packet Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
IPX Internet Packet Exchange
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
RIP Routing Information Protocol
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
NCP Network Control Program
SMB Server Message Block
27

Layer Protocols /Services
Application FTP, TFTP, Telnet, WWW, HTTP,
POP3, SMTP, Voip, SNMP, NCP,
SMB, Apple Talk
Presentation NCP, AFP, TDI
Session NFS, SQL, RPC, NETBIOS, ZIP. SCP
Transport TCP, UDP, SPX, NWlink, NetBEUI
Network IP, IPX, ARP, RARP, ICMP, RIP,
OSPF, NWlink, NetBEUI
Data Link
Physical
28

Protocol Service Port Number
TCP WWW/HTTP 80
FTP 20 , 21
Telnet 23
SMTP 25
HTTPS 443
UDP DHCP 67 , 68
SNMP 161
TFTP 69 69
DNS 53 53
ICMP
IP
29

Data Encapsulation Sequence
Data  Segment  Packets  Frames  Bits

Communication methods
 Unicast
 Broadcast
 Multicast
31

Unicast
 One to one communication.
E.g.: Telephone
32

Broadcast
 One to any communication.
E.g.: Radio, TV
33

Multicast
 One to many communication.
E.g.: Video conference
34

Addresses
35
Hardware
Ex: MAC address
Software
Ex: IP address
Addresses

MAC Addresses
 48bit hexadecimal predefined address by
manufactures.
E.g.: A1 - b5 – 56 - f3 - c8 – 33 - 60
36
• OUI
• Organizationally Unique Identifier
• Defined by “INA”.
• There are blocks for all manufactures.
E.g.: CISCO, DELL, IBM…
Manufacture

IP Addresses
Privet
Public
Rangers
IPV4
IPV6
Versions
Dynamic
Static
Types
37

IP Rangers
Privet
-Reserved for LAN / INTRANET.
-governed by a body called INTERNIC.
Public
-Defined with routing over the internet.
-Reserved for WAN.
-Given by ISPs.
38

IP Types
Dynamic
-Addresses which are automatically assigned by a DHCP service.
-These are randomly assigned.
Static
-Addresses which are manually assigned in the properties of TCP/IP by
administrator.
-These addresses will not changed unless we change them.
39

IP Versions
IPV4
E.g.: 192.168.10.100
IPV6
E.g.:fe00.0000.0000.1258.0000.0000.0000.abfd
40
8bit 4 = 32bit
Octal(8bit)
Hexa Decimal(16bit)
16bit 4 = 128bit

IPV4 Classes
 Class A
 Class B
 Class C
 Class D
 Class E
41

Class A
Network range 1.0.0.0 - 126.0.0.0
Subnet mask 255.0.0.0
Networks 126
Host per network 16777214
Privet range 10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254
E.g.: 10 . 1 . 1 . 1
255 . 0 . 0 . 0
42
Network ID Host
127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.255 is
reserved for loopback testing
purposes.

Class B
Network range 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.0.0
Networks 16384
Privet range 172.16.0.1 - 172.31.255.254
E.g.: 172. 16 . 0 . 1
255 . 255 . 0 . 0
43
Network ID Host
169.254.0.1 - 169.254.255.254 is
reserved for APIPA( Automatic Privet
IP Address )

Class C
Network range 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.0
Networks 2097152
Privet range 192.168.0.1 - 192.168.255.254
E.g.: 192. 168 . 1 . 1
255 . 255 . 255 . 0
44
Network ID Host

Class D
 224.0.0.0 - 239.253.255.255 is reserved for
multicasting services and applications.
45
Class E
 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255 is reserved for
future use and research purposes( E.g.: NASA ).

1 - 126
Class
A
128 - 191
Class
B
192 - 223
Class
C
46

Advantages of Subnetting
 Reduce network traffic.
 Optimize network performance.
 Simplified management.
 Facilitated spanning of large geographical distance.

 192.168.0.0 / 24
255.255.255.0
8bit 8bit 8bit
 172.16.0.0 / 16
255.255.0.0
8bit 8bit
 11.0.0.0 / 8
255.255.255.0
8bit
49
Subnet prefix

 192.168.0.0 / 26
llllllll llllllll llllllll ll000000
255 . 255 . 255 . 192
 N = 2n
= 22
= 4
2
 Host per network = 2n - 2
= 26 - 2
= 62
51
l l l l l l l l
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Therefor 128+64 = 192
n = on bits (l)
n = off bits (0)
1
3
26 = 24 + 2

 Magic number = 256 – 192
= 64
52
4
5
Constant number
1
Network ID 1st IP Last IP Broadcast IP
2
192.168.0.0 0 + 1 = 1 63 - 1 = 62 64 - 1 = 63
192.168.0.64 64 + 1 = 65 127 - 1 = 126 128 - 1 = 127
192.168.0.128 128 + 1 = 129 191 - 1 = 190 192 - 1 = 191
192.168.0.192 192 + 1 = 193 255 - 1 = 254 255

 172.16.0.0 / 19
llllllll llllllll lll00000 00000000
255 . 255 . 224 . 0
 N = 2n
= 23
= 8
2
= 213 - 2
= 8190
54
l l l l l l l l
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Therefor 128+64+32 = 224
n = on bits (l)
n = off bits (0)
1
3
19 = 16 + 3

= 32
55
4
5
Constant number
Network ID 1st IP Last IP Broadcast ID
172.16.0.0 0.1 31.254 31.255
172.16.32.0 32.1 63.254 63.255
172.16.64.0 64.1 95.254 95.255
172.16.96.0 96.1 127.254 127.255
172.16.128.0 128.1 159.254 159.255
172.16.160.0 160.1 191.254 191.255
172.16.192.0 192.1 223.254 223.255
172.16.224.0 224.1 255.254 255.255

 10.0.0.0 / 11
llllllll lll00000 00000000 00000000
255 . 224 . 0 . 0
 N = 2n
= 23
= 8
2
= 221 - 2
= 2097152
57
l l l l l l l l
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Therefor 128+64+32 = 224
n = on bits (l)
n = off bits (0)
1
3
11 = 8 + 3

= 32
58
4
5
Constant number
Network ID 1st IP Last IP Broadcast ID
10.0.0.0 0.0.1 31.255.254 31.255.255
10.32.0.0 32.0.1 63.255.254 63.255.255
10.64.0.0 64.0.1 95.255.254 95.255.255
10.96.0.0 96.0.1 127.255.254 127.255.255
10.128.0.0 128.0.1 159.255.254 159.255.255
10.160.0.0 160.0.1 191.255.254 191.255.255
10.192.0.0 192.0.1 223.255.254 223.255.255
10.224.0.0 224.0.1 255.255.254 255.255.255

Routers
Modular Fixed
Modular Routers
These type of routers have up gradable slots, and the
number of ports can be increased just by adding cards in
the slots.
Fixed Routers
These types of routers have fixed number of ports.

Router Works
 Router used for communication between two different
device.
 Connect two branch.
 Router perform unicosting of data.

Internal components of a Router

Serial 1 Serial 0 AUI
E 0
Console
V.35 modem
modem
Telephone
PC
AUX
Diagram of 2501 series Router

Cabling information
 1. Ethernet It is a LAN interface. Some of the models have an
 RJ45 port for 10baseT or 10/100. And some other have a 15 pin female
connector AUI (Attachment Unit Interface).
 2. Serial It is a 60 pin female WAN interface for leased line
 3. BRI/PRI It is a RJ45 WAN interface for ISDN
 4. Async It is a 37 pin female connector for dial ups.
 5. Console It is a RJ45 Connector used to configure the
Router for the first time.
 6. Auxiliary RJ45 Connector for remote access
administration.
 Telnet(Application)
 SSH(Secure Shell)


Boot ROM : It stores the mini IOS (Internet work
Operating System) image (RX Boot) with extremely limited
capabilities and POST routines and core level OS for
maintenance.
FLASH : It is an EPROM chip that holds most of the IOS
Image. It maintains everything when router is turned off.
RAM : RAM holds running IOS configurations and
provides caching. RAM is a volatile memory and looses its
information when router is turned off. The configuration
present in RAM is called Running configuration.
NVRAM : It is a re-write able memory area that holds
router’s configuration file. NVRAM retains the information
when ever router is rebooted. Once configuration is saved,
it will be saved in NVRAM and this configuration is called
Startup Configuration.

Configuration of a Router
 Router for the first time is configured through the CONSOLE
port.COM port of a PC is connected to the console port of router with a
console cable by using a transceiver. Router is accessible by a tool. In
windows, it is called HYPER TEMINAL. As soon as the router is
powered on and accessed, the following things happen,

POST
BOOT STRAP
FLASH
NVRAM
Setup Mode
ROM (mini IOS)
If IOS is Corrupted

In Setup mode, there will be a message,
“Would You Like To Enter The Initial
Configuration [Y/N]” :
If “Y” then, initial configuration starts.
If “N” would you like to terminate the auto
installation?
Press “RETURN” to get started……You will land on
the default prompt of the Router “ ROUTER >”.
Router>_

Working Modes Of a Router
1. User Mode (Default mode)
2. Privilege or Administrative Mode
3. Global Configuration Mode
4. Interface Configuration Mode
5. Line Configuration Mode
6. Router Mode
7. Sub-Interface Mode

USER MODE
 Used to:
o PING commands.
o Router information
o RAM, ROM, NVRAM information

Enable / Privileged mode
 Used to:
o View router information.
o Setting up clock and date.
o Debugging, saving any data configured in router
and terminal configuration.
71

Global configuration mode
 Used to:
o Name setting for the router.
o Interface configuration setting.
o Password setting.
o Routing protocol setting.
o Access list setting.
72

Routing
 Router is used to talking packet from one
device to another device and sending it
through the network to another device on a
different network with the help of router.
74

Minimum requirements for
routing
 Destination network address and its subnet.
 Neighbor routers from which it can learn about
remote networks.
 Possible routers to all remote networks.
 The best route to each remote network.
 How to maintain and verify routing information.
75

Types of routing
 Static
 Default
 Dynamic
76

Static routing
 In static routing, the administrator have to
manually add routers in each router’s routing
table.
 Administration distance is 1 with next hop IP
address and 0 with exit interface.
 Manual configuration for each destination.
 To configure know destination network and
its subnet mask.
77

Static route command
R1(config)#ip route 150.50.0.0 255.255.0.0 200.100.10.2 1
78
Destination
network
Destination
subnet mask
Next hop ip
address
Administrative
distance

Remove the Static routing
R1(config)#no ip route 150.50.0.0 255.255.0.0 200.100.10.2 1
R1(config)#no ip route 20.1.1.128 255.255.0.128 200.100.10.2 1
79

Advantages of Static routing
 No overhead on the router CPU.
 No bandwidth usage between routers.
 Security ( Administrator only allows routing )
80

Disadvantages
 The Admin must really understand the
internetwork and how each router is
connected.
 If one network is added to the network , the
admin must add a route to it on all routers.
 It is not feasible in large networks because it
would be a fulltime job.
81

Default Routing
 Default routing is used to send packet s with a
remote destination network not in the routing
table to the next hop router.
 You can only use default routing on stub
networks which means that they have only
one exit port out of the network.
 Administrative distance is 0.
82

Dynamic Routing
 This is the process of using protocols to find
and update routing tables on routers.
 This is easier than other two.
 The function of dynamic routing protocol is
advertise directly connected network and
exchange the information between the
routers.

83

Routing protocols
 IGP ( Interior Gateway Protocol )
Used to exchange routing information with routers in the same
autonomous systems(AS). An AS is a collection of networks
under a common administrative domain.( E.g.: RIP, IGRP,
EIGRP, OSPF, ISIS )
 EGPs ( Exterior Gateway Protocol )
Used to communicate between ASs. EGP is a border Gateway
Protocol( BGP ).
84

Autonomous System
 An Autonomous system is a collection of networks
under a common administrative domain.
 IGPs operate within an autonomous system where
as EGP connects different autonomous systems.
 Every autonomous system has a Distinct number.
 IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) is
responsible for allocating this number.
 We can use any number unless the organization
plans for an EGP.
85

Dynamic routing protocol
Classfull
Routing protocol
don’t advertise
the subnet mask
RIPV1
IGRP
Classless
Routing protocol
advertise subnet
mask
RIPV2
EIGRP
OSPF
ISIS
86

Flavors of dynamic routing
protocols
87
Type Protocol
Distance Vector Protocol RIP , IGRP
Link State Protocol OSPF , ISIS
Hybrid Protocol EIGRP

Distance Vector Protocol Link State Protocol Hybrid
Advertise Periodic advertise
RIP = Every 30 sec
IGRP = Every 90 sec
Advertise only at network
trigger. That is new information
at routing table
Advertise full routing table Advertise updates only
Advertise only directly
connected routers
Flood the advertisement
Convergence Has high convergence time Convergence is low
Limit Has a limit
RIP = Max 15 hops
IGRP = Max 255 hops
No limit
Network Small network Large network
Routing loop Routing loop is problem No routing loops
Neighbor
relation
Don not establish neighbor
relation
Formal way to establish
neighbor relation
88
Combination of both DVP and LSP

Summarization (Router
Aggregation)
 Reduce the number of routing entry in the routing
table called Summarization.
 Advantages –
 Reduction in the size of the routing table means.
 Less overhead in terms of network traffic, CPU and
memory.
 Greater flexibility in addressing the networks.
89

Variable Length Subnet Mask
(VLSM)
 VLSM is used within an organization instead
of CIDR ( Classless Inter Domain Routing )
which is used within the internet.
90

Classless Inter Domain
Routing ( CIDR )
 CIRD is the new addressing scheme for the
internet which allows for more efficient
allocation of IP addresses than the old Class A,
B and C addressing scheme.
91

Why we need CIRD ?
 With a new network being connected to the
internet every 30 minutes the internet was
faced with 2 critical problems.
o Running out of IP addresses
o Running out of capacity in the global routing
tables.
92

RIPV1
Classfull
Broadcast
No support for VLSM
No authentication
No support for discontinuous
networks
RIPV2
Classless
It uses Multicast address
224.0.0.9 to send updates
Support VLSM
Allows MD5 authentication
Support for discontinuous
networks
94

Routing Information
Protocol Version 1
95
RIPV1

 Administrative distance is 120.
 Classfull routing protocol.
 Update time is 30 seconds.
 Distance vector protocol.
 It uses Hop count to calculate matric value.
 It uses lowest hop to select the best path.
 It uses broadcast address 255.255.255.255 sent
updates.
 Support maximum 15 hops.
 16th hop is unreachable and un-sharable.
 Advertise classfull network.
96

97
Network A
Router 1 is going to reach to the network A
Path 1 : Router 1  Router 0  Router 4 = 2Hops
Path 2 : Router 1  Router 4 = 1Hop
Path 3 : Router 1  Router 2  Router 3  Router 4 = 3 Hops
So RIPV1 is used Path 2 as the best path.

RIPV1 Configuration
200.100.10.1 / 24
R1(config)#router rip  To enable routing protocol rip
R1(config-route)#network 10.0.0.0  Advertise Class A default network
R1(config-route)#^Z  To save
R1#copy run start
R2(config-route)#^Z
R2#copy run start
R1#show ip route
98
R1 R2
200.100.10.1 / 24
S0
S1
L1
L0
L1
L0
10.1.1.1 / 8
172.16.10.9. / 30
150.50.1.1 / 16
20.1.1.140 / 26

R 20.0.0.0 / 8 [120/1] connected via 200.100.10.2
R# Debug ip rip  Display sending and received updates
RIP V1 updates sending “255.255.255.255”
10.0.0.0
172.168.0.0
200.100.10.0
99
RIP route Administrative distance
Classfull
Metric [ one hop count]
R# Show ip router rip  To display only RIP routers

Routing Information
Protocol Version 2
100
RIPV2

RIPV2 Configuration
200.100.10.1 / 24
R1(config-route)#version2
R1(config-route)#no auto summary
R2(config-route)#version2
R2(config-route)#no auto summary
R1#show ip route
101
R1 R2
200.100.10.1 / 24
S0
S1
L1
L0
L1
L0
10.1.1.1 / 8
172.16.10.9. / 30
150.50.1.1 / 16
20.1.1.140 / 26

R 20.1.1.128 / 26 [120/1] connected via 200.100.10.2
R# Debug ip rip  Display sending and received updates
RIP V2 updates sending 224.0.0.9 update
10.0.0.0
172.168.0.0
200.100.10.0
102
Classless route
R# Show ip router rip  To display only RIP routers

Remove RIP
R(config)#no router rip
103

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
 Link state routing protocol
 Administrator distance is 110
 Support VLSM
 Support manual summarization
 It uses cost to calculate metric value
 It uses SPF algorithm to select best path
 It uses multicast address 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6 to
send and receive updates
 Sending incremental updates
105

 It uses Hello protocol to establish neighbor
relation
 It uses router ID to establish neighbor relation
 It uses area to communicate
 It maintain three type of tables
o Routing table
o Neighbor table
o Database table
106
Router ID
Priority [ Default value is 1 ]
Hello interval [ 10 sec ]
Dead interval [ 40 sec ]
Authenticating bit
Stub area flag
Process ID
contains

Single area OSPF
 The entire interface in the network belongs to
same area called single area.
107
e0
e0
S1
S0
Area 1

Multi area OSPF
Area 2
 In multiarea, all the areas must connect to the
Area o (Black Bone Area) directly of virtually
( Area 3 is virtually connected to the area 0 )
108
e0
e0
S1
S0
Area 0
Area 3
Area 1
e0
Virtual
link

OSPF cost calculating
Interface bandwidth is Bandwidth 64kpbs
Cost = 108 / Bandwidth
= 108/64*1000
= 1562
109

Router ID calculating
 Once OSPF is configured router automatically
calculate the router ID.
 This router has 2 physical interfaces e0 and s0.
router ID for this router is highest IP address of
physical interfaces 200.10.1.1
110
e0 S0 200.10.1.1 /25
100.10.1.1 / 25

 In this router has 2 physical interfaces and 2
logical interfaces.
 Route ID for this router is highest IP address for
logical interface 2.2.2.2
111
e0 S0 200.10.1.1 /25
100.10.1.1 / 25
L0 L1
1.1.1.1/30 2.2.2.2/30

OSPF Network Command
Network [sub network address] [wildcard mask] area [number]
112
Broadcast address 255.255.255.255
Subnetmask 255.255.255.252 (-)
Wildcard Mask 0. 0. 0. 3

Calculation of Wildcard Mask
WCM = BCM-SNM
1. 192.168.1.0/24
255.255.255.255
- 255.255.255. 0
0 . 0 . 0 .255
2. 192.168.1.0/27
255.255.255.255
- 255.255.255.224
0 . 0 . 0 . 31
3. 192.160.1.10 0.0.0.0

OSPF Configuration
200.100.10.1 / 24
R1(config)#router ospf 10  10 is the process ID
R1(config-route)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1
R2(config)#router ospf 10  10 is the process ID
R1#show ip route
114
R1 R2
200.100.10.1 / 24
S0
S1
L1
L0
L1
L0
10.1.1.1 / 8
172.16.10.9. / 30
150.50.1.1 / 16
20.1.1.140 / 26
R# Show ip ospf interface  To trouble shooting

O 20.0.0.128 / 26 [110 / 65]
115
OSPF route
Classless
Metric [cost]
Administrative distance
R# Show ip router ospf  Display only ospf routers
R# Show ip ospf neighbor  Display neighbor table & it contain
R# Show ip ospf database  Display database table
R# Debug ip ospf adj  Display ospf adjacency

Remove OSPF
R(config)#no router ospf 10
116

Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol ( OSPF )
 Hybrid protocol
 Administrative distance 90
 Classless protocol
 Cisco proprietary protocol
 It uses bandwidth, delay, reliability, Loading & MTU
to calculate Metric Value.
 It uses for unequal cost load balancing.
 It uses Multicast address 224.0.0.10 to send updates
 It uses autonomous system numbers
118

 It maintain three types of tables
o Routing table [ Successor path ]
o Neighbor table
o Topology table [ Successor & Feasible successor path]
119

EIGRP Configuration
R1(config)#router eigrp 30  30 Autonomous number must same
R1(config-route)#network 10.0.0.0
R1(config-route)#network no auto-summary
R2(config)#router eigrp 30  30 Autonomous number must same
R1(config-route)#network no auto-summary
R1#show ip route eigrp
120
R1 R2 200.100.10.1 / 24
200.100.10.1 / 24
S0
S1
L1
L0
L1
L0
10.1.1.1 / 8
172.16.10.9. / 30
150.50.1.1 / 16
20.1.1.140 / 26

D 20.1.1.128 / 26 [ 90 / 26903010 ]
Trouble shooting
121
EIGRP route
R# Show ip eigrp neighbor  Display eigrp neighbor table
R# Show ip eigrp topology  Display eigrp topology table
R# Show debug eigrp neighbor

Adjacency process RIP EIGRP
RIP / EIGRP timer
Update timer
30s 90s
Invalid timer
Time taken to identify invalid network
90s 270s
Flush timer
Time taken to remove invalid network form
routing table
240s 630s
Hold down timer
Same as flush timer
240s 280s
122

Routing loop
 Distance vector routing protocol subject of
routing loop.
 There are 3 ways to avoid the routing loops.
o Split Horizon
o Route poisoning
o Hold down
123

Split horizon
 Split horizon says don’t send update to same
interface. That is where the updates is originated.
124
R1 R2 200.100.10.1 / 24
200.100.10.1 / 24
S0
blocked
S1
L1
L0
L1
L0
10.1.1.1 / 8
172.16.10.9. / 30
150.50.1.1 / 16
20.1.1.140 / 26
Update
200.00.10.0
10.0.0.0
172.16.0.0

Routing poisoning
 If the network is failed change the metric value to
unreachable value.
125
R1 R2 200.100.10.1 / 24
200.100.10.1 / 24
S0
S1
L1
L0
L1
L0
10.1.1.1 / 8
172.16.10.9. / 30
150.50.1.1 / 16
20.1.1.140 / 26
Fail
Before network fails
Routing table
R 172.16.0.0 / 16 [120/1]
After network fails
Routing table
R 172.16.0.0 / 16 [120/26]

Hold-Down
 If the network is failed, remove the entry from
routing table.
126
R1 R2 200.100.10.1 / 24
200.100.10.1 / 24
S0
S1
L1
L0
L1
L0
10.1.1.1 / 8
172.16.10.9. / 30
150.50.1.1 / 16
20.1.1.140 / 26
Fail
Routing table
R 172.16.0.0 / 16 [120/1]
After network fails
Routing table
No entry for network
172.16.0.0

Passive Interface Command
 This command is used to control the routing
updates.
127
R1 R2 200.100.10.1 / 24
200.100.10.1 / 24
S0
S1
L1
L0
L1
L0
10.1.1.1 / 8
172.16.10.9. / 30
150.50.1.1 / 16
20.1.1.140 / 26
Fail
Routing table
R 172.16.0.0 / 16 [120/1]
After network fails
Routing table
No entry for network
172.16.0.0
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#passive-interface serial 0

Bandwidth Command
 Specify the bandwidth to the Interface serial 0. by
default serial interface bandwidth is T1 speed
(1.54Mbps).
Define the speed 128kbps to the interface serial 0
128
128kbps
R1 R2 200.100.10.1 / 24
200.100.10.1 / 24
S0
S1
L1
L0
L1
L0
10.1.1.1 / 8
172.16.10.9. / 30
150.50.1.1 / 16
20.1.1.140 / 26
R1(config)#interface serial 0
R1(config-if)#bandwidth 128000
128kbps

Backup and Restore the
IOS and Configuration file
 Before you upgrade or restore a IOS and
configuration file, you should copy the existing
file to a TFTP host as a backup in case the new
file does not work.
 You can use any TFTP host to perform this
function.
 By default the Flash memory is a router is use to
store the IOS and NVRAM is used to store the
Configuration file.
130

131
Router
E0
10.1.1.1/24
TFTP Server
10.1.1.2/24
Default gateway
10.1.1.1
Ethernet
• Router Ethernet IP address and TFTP server IP address has to be
same subnet and both should have sane subnet mask .
• Default gateway address to the TFTP server is always router E0 IP
address 10.1.1.1

Considerations
o Check the physical connectivity between router
and TFTP server[Ping, show ip interface brief ].
o Document the IOS image file name.
o Verify the hard disk capacity of TFTP server.
o Verify the flash memory capacity [show flash].
132

IOS Backup
R1#copy flash tftp
Remote host name(or)IP address? 10.1.1.2
[TFTP server IP address]
Source file name. C2500.121.10.bin
Destination file name and then Enter.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!
[Output cut]
Upload to server done
Flash copy took 00:10:30[hh:mm:ss]
133

Restore and Upgrade IOS
Router #copy tftp flash
****NOTICE****
Flash loader helper v1.0
This process will accept the copy option and then terminate
The current system image to use the ROM based image for the copy
Router functionality will not be available during that time
If you are logged in via telnet this connection will terminate
Users with console access can see the results of the copy
operation
---***---
Proceed? [Confirm] Press Enter
134

Remote host name (or) IP Address? 10.1.1.2
[TFTP server IP address]
source file name? C2500.1251.jas10.bin
Destination file name. Enter
Erasing device
Eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Loading c2500-1251.jas10.bin from 10.1.1.2(via Ethernet)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!![output cut]
[OK-735532/800526 bytes]
135

Backup configuration file
R1#copy start tftp
Address or name of remote host[]? 10.1.1.2
Destination filename[running-config]?R2
!!
501 bytes copied in 9.236sec (35bytes/sec)
136

Restore configuration file
R1#copy tftp start
Address or name of remote host[]? 10.1.1.2
Source filename[]? R2
Destination filename [running-config]? Enter
Accessing tftp://10.1.1.1/R2
Loading R2 from 10.1.1.1 (via Ethernet0):
!!
[OK-501/4096 byte]
501 byte copied in 3.200 sec (62 bytes/sec)
137

Cisco Discovery Protocol
( CDP )
 This is used to collect the directly and remotely
connected Cisco devices information.
 This is proprietary protocol designed by Cisco.
138
128kbps S1
R1 R2
S0
200.100.10.1 / 24 200.100.10.1/ 24

CDP timer
 Global CDP information
o Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
o Sending a holdtime value of 180 seconds
139
R# Show cdp
R# show cdp details  To see CDP details

 Changing CDP Timer Value
 Disable CDP under interface
140
R(config)# cdp timer 90
R(config)# cdp holdtime 240
R(config)#interface serial 0
R(config)#no cdp enable

Troubleshooting commands
 Show run  Display the running-config file
 Show start  Display the startup-config file
 Show version  Display the IOS type and versions well as
the configuration
 Show cdp neighbor  Shows the directly connected neighbors and
the details about them
 Show cdp neighbor detail Shows the IP address and IOS versions
and type and includes all of the
information from the show cdp neighbor
command
 Ping  Tests IP connectivity to a remote device
 Trace or traceroute  Tests the connection to a remote device and
shows the path it took through the internet
work to find the remote device
141

 Access control list, gather basic statics on
packet flow and security policies can be
implemented.
 Sensitive devices can also be protected from
unauthorized access.
 It is a basic Firewall.
 It blocks unwanted incoming and outgoing
traffic.
144

Access Control List
Standard Access List
• It contain only the source IP
address in an IP packet to
filter the network.
• This is permits or denies an
entire suite of protocol.
• Range is 1 to 99.
Extended Access List
• It contains source and
destination IP address,
protocol field in the network
layer header and port
number at the Transport
layer header.
• Range is 100 to 199.
145

 Once you create an access list, you apply it to an
interface with either an Inbound or an Outbound
list.
146
Inbound Outbound
First packet are processed through the access list
and then routed to the destination.
First packets are routed to the outbound
interface and then processed through the access
list.
Inbound Access List
E1 E0
PC1 PC2
Outbound Access List
E1 E0
PC1 PC2

ACL Considerations
 You can only assign one access list per interface, per control, or
per direction.
 This means that if you are creating IP access lists, you can only
have one inbound access list and one.
 Design your access list so that the more specific tests are at the
top of the access list.
 Anytime a new list is added the bottom of the list.
 You can’t remove one line from an access list.
 By default end of the access list is deny all.
 Create access lists and then apply them to an interface.
147

ACL Process
 ACL always compared with each add every line of the access list
in sequential order that is it will always start with line 1, then go
to the line 2, then 3 and so on.
 ACL compared lines one by one of the access list only until a
match is made. Once the packet is matched , a line of the access
list adds then does not compare next lines.
 By default “deny” at the end of each access list. If a packet does
not match any lines in the access list, it will drop the packets.
148

Standard Access List
149
e0
S1
Standard ACL Lab
S0
172.16.10.1/30
10.1.1.1/30
200.100.10.1/24
200.100.10.2/24
192.168.10.1/24 192.168.10.3/24
Gateway 192.168.10.1
pc1
192.168.10.2/24
Gateway 192.168.10.1
pc2
e0
L0
L1
Ethernet
R1 R2

 Block only packets from PC1 to Router R1.
o Source is PC1 [192.168.10.2]
o Destination is R1
o Define and apply close to destination router
R1 configuration
Define
R1(config)#access-list 10 deny 192.168.10.2
R1(config)#access-list 10 permit any
Apply
R1(config-if)#ip access-group 10
150
Access-list number = 10

151
R1(config)#access-list 10 deny 192.168.102
R1(config-if)#ip access group 10
R1#show access-list  Display all the access list configured on router
R1#show access-list 10  Display only access-list 10
R1#show ip interface  Display access list applied to an interface and
Inbound / Outbound
Pc1:/> Ping 200.100.10.1  0%
Pc1:/> Ping 10.1.1.1  0%
Pc1:/> Ping 172.16.10.1  0%
Pc1:/> Ping 200.100.10.1  100%
Pc1:/> Ping 10.1.1.1  100%
Pc1:/> Ping 172.16.10.1  100%

 Remove the access-list
 You can’t remove a single line from access list. If
you try to remove , it will remove entire access
list
R1(config)#no access-list 10
152

 Block only packets from 192.168.10.0/24
network to router R1
o Source is 192.168.10.0/24
o Destination is Router R1
o Define and apply close to destination router
R1 configuration
Define
R1(config)#access-list 30 deny 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255
Apply
R1(config-if)#ip access-group 30
153
Source network Wild card

154
R1(config)#access-list 30 deny 192.168.102 0.0.0.255
R1(config-if)#ip access group 30
R1#show access-list
R1#show access-list 10
R1#show ip interface
Pc1:/> Ping 200.100.10.1  0%
Pc1:/> Ping 10.1.1.1  0%
Pc1:/> Ping 172.16.10.1  0%
Pc1:/> Ping 200.100.10.1  0%
Pc1:/> Ping 10.1.1.1  0%
Pc1:/> Ping 172.16.10.1  0%

Extended Access List
155
e0
S1
Extended ACL Lab
S0
172.16.10.1/30
10.1.1.1/30
200.100.10.1/24
200.100.10.2/24
192.168.10.1/24 192.168.10.3/24
Gateway 192.168.10.1
pc1
192.168.10.2/24
Gateway 192.168.10.1
pc2
e0
L0
L1
Ethernet
R1 R2
Configure VTY password ***** Your password

 Block only Telnet traffic from PC1 to router R1
loopback 0 interface.
o Source is PC1 [192.168.10.2]
o Destination is R1 loopback 0 172.16.10.1
o Protocol is TCP
o Service is Telnet and port is 23
o Define and apply ACL to router R2
Command format
156
R(config)#Access-list [number][deny/permit][protocol][source][destination]eq[service name or port]
R2(config)#Access-list 101 deny tcp host 192.168.10.2 host 172.16.10.1 eq 23

R2(config)#access-list 101 deny tcp host 192.168.10.2 host
172.16.10.1 eq 23
R2(config)#access-list 101 permit ip any any
R2(config)#interface Ethernet 0
R2(config)#ip access-group 101
Access list 101 is applied to interface Ethernet 0 Inbound
157
Only telnet traffic is blocked from PC1 other traffics are permitted.

 Remove the access-list
R2(config)#no access-list 101
158

 Block only networks 192.168.10.0/24 to access
WEB(WWW) traffic
o Source is network 192.168.10.0/24
o Destination is any
o Protocol is TCP
o Service and port number is WWW [80]
R1(config)#access-list 105 deny 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 any eq WWW
R1(config)#access-list 105 permit ip any any
R1(config-if)#ip access-group 105 in
PC1:>/telnet 072.16.10.1 PC1:>/telnet 072.16.10.1
…………….. …………….
Connection refused by host Connection refused by host
159

WAN connectivity types
 Dedicated line – Lease line and DSL
(Digital Subscriber Link)
 Circuit switching – Dial up and ISDN (Integrated
System Digital Network )
 Packet switching – Frame relay and X.25
 Cell switching - ATM
161

WAN Protocols and Encapsulation
types
 High Density Link Controller ( HDLC )
 Point to point protocols ( PPP )
 Frame Relay
162

High Density Controller ( HDLC
)
 This is a Cisco proprietary protocol.
 It is default encapsulation used by Cisco
routers over synchronous serial links.
 HDLC is a point to point protocol used on
leased lines.
 No authentication can be used with HDLC.
163

Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
 This is a data link protocol that can be used over either
asynchronous serial (dial up) or synchronous serial
(ISDN) media and that uses the LCP( Link Control
Protocol ) to build and maintain data link
connections.
 PPP uses,
o Authentication
o Compression
o Multilink
o Error detection
164
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
Challenge Authentication Protocol (CHAP)

Password Authentication
Protocol (PAP)
 This is less secure than CHAP.
 Passwords are sent in a clear text and it is only
performed upon the initial link establishment.
 When the PPP link is first established, the
remote node sends back to the sending router
the user name and password until
authentication is acknowledged.
165

166
Internet based leased line
172.16.10.1 S0
Router A
(ISDN)
172.16.10.2 S0
Router B
(Zoom)
1.1
1.4 5.1
1.3 1.2
5.4
5.3 5.2
E01.S0

#config t
(config)#int E 0
(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0
(config-if)#no shutdown
(config-if)#exit
(config)#int S 0
(config-if)#clock rate 56000 ( for DCE )
(config-if)#bandwidth 64
(config-if)#no shut
(config-if)#exit
(config-if)#ip routing
(config-if)#ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
(config-if)#int S0
(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
(config-if)#ppp authentication PAP
(config-if)#ppp PAP sent-username password cisco
167
For router A

#config t
(config)#int E 0
(config-if)#exit
(config)#int S 0
(config-if)#no shut
(config-if)#exit
(config-if)#int S0
(config-if)#ppp authentication PAP
(config-if)#ppp PAP sent-username password cisco
168
For router B

Challenge Authentication
Protocol ( CHAP )
 CHAP is use at the initial startup of a link and at
periodic checkup on the link to make sure the router is
still communicating with the same host.
 After PPP finished its initial phase, local router sends a
challenge request to the remote device.
 The remote device sends a value calculated using a
one-way hash function called MD5.
 The local router checks this hash value to make sure it
matches.
 If the value don’t match, then the link immediately
terminates.
 Passwords are sends in Encrypted format.
169

170
Internet based leased line
172.16.1.1 S0
Router A
(ISDN)
172.16.10.2 S0
Router B
(Zoom)
1.1
1.4 5.1
1.3 1.2
5.4
5.3 5.2
E01.S0

#config t
(config)#int E 0
(config-if)#exit
(config)#int S 0
(config-if)#no shut
(config-if)#exit
(config-if)#int S0
(config-if)#ppp authentication CHAP
(config-if)#ppp CHAP hostname zoom
(config-if)#ppp CHAP password cisco
171
For router A

#config t
(config)#int E 0
(config-if)#exit
(config)#int S 0
(config-if)#no shut
(config-if)#exit
(config-if)#int S0
(config-if)#ppp authentication CHAP
(config-if)#ppp CHAP hostname winsys
(config-if)#ppp CHAP password cisco
172
For router B

Integrated Service Digital
Network ( ISDN )
 This is used in circuit switching WAN
technology and it is a synchronous serial line.
 ISDN contain 2 channels.
o Channel D – Establish the link
o Channel B – Carry the data
173

Benefits of ISDN
 Can carry voice, video and data simultaneously.
 Has faster call setup than modem.
 Has faster data rates than modem connection.
 Used as a backup line.
 Used for voice conference.
 Used for Small office and Home office (SOHO).
174

Types of ISDN lines
 Basic Rate Interface ( BRI )
 Primary Rate Interface ( PRI )
175

Basic Rate Interface ( BRI )
 BRI has two B-channel and one D-channel.
B-channel + D-channel
2 * 64kbps + 1 * 16kbps
128kbps + 16kbps
144kbps  Total channel capacity
48kbps  Framing and Synchronization
192kbps  Total Link Capacity
176
Maximum data transfer speed of ISDN BRI is 128kbps

Dial on Demand Routing (DDR)
 This is used to allow 2 or more Cisco routers to dial
an ISDN dial-up connection on an as needed basis.
 This is only used for low-volume, periodic network
connections using either a Public Switch Telephone
Network ( PSTN ) or ISDN.
 This was designed to reduce WAN cost if you have
to pay on a per minute or per packet basis.
 DDR works when a packet received on an Interface
meets the requirements of an access list defined by
administratorwhich defines interesting traffic.
177

How DDR works?
I. Route to the destination network is determined.
II. Interesting packets dictate a DDR cell.
III. Dialer information is looked up.
IV. Traffic is transmitted.
V. Call is terminated when no more traffic is being
transmitted over a link and the idle-timeout periods ends.
178

DDR configuration
R1(config-if)#dialer-group 5
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config-if)#dialer-list 5 protocol ip permit
R1(config-if)#dialer-group 2
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#dialer-list 2 protocol ip list 10
R1(config)#access-list 10 permit host 192.168.20.2
R1(config)#access-list 10 permit host 200.100.10.2
179

Troubleshooting commands
Router#show dialer  shows the number of times the dialer string
has been reached, the Idle-timeout values
of each B channel, the length of call, and
the name of the router to which the
interface is connected.
Router#show isdn active  shows the number called and whether a call
is in progress
Router#show isdn status  shows if you are SPIDs are valid and if you
are connected and communicated with the
provider’s switch.
Router#show dialer  shows layer 3 to layer 2 mapping.
Router#debug dialer  shows you the call setup teardown procedures
Router#debug isdn q921  shows layer-2 processes (local router to
local switch)
Router#debug isdn q931  shows layer-3 processes (local router to
remote switch)
180

Multilink PPP
 This is a specification that enables the bandwidth
aggregation of multiple B channels into one logical
pipe.
 Its mission is comparable to that of Cisco’s BOD.
 More specifically, the Multilink PPP feature provides
load-balancing functionality over multiple wide area
network (WAN) links, while providing multivendor
interoperability, packets fragmentation and proper
sequencing and load calculation on both inbound
and outbound traffic.
181

The command to enable PPP multilink
182
Router A (config-if)#ppp multilink
Router A (config-if)#dialer load threshold 50 either

183
Configuration for a dialer profile
Ra
Rb
SPID 1 - 00222200
Rc
192.168.10.1/24
192.168.10.2/24
10.12.1.2
20.12.1.2
E0
E0
E0
BRI
0
BRI
0
BRI 1
BRI
0
SPID 1 - 00333300
Profile 1 – 10.12.1.1
Profile 2 – 20.12.1.1

Router A(config)#isdn switch-type basic-net3
Router A(config)#interface BRI0
Router A(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router A(config-if)#dialer pool-member1
Router A(config-if)#ppp authentication chap
Router A(config-if)#multilink
Router A(config)#interface BRI1
Router A(config-if)#dialer pool-member1
Router A(config-if)#ppp authentication chap
Router A(config-if)#multilink
Router A(config)#interface Dialer1
Router A(config-if)#ip address 10.12.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router A(config-if)#dialer remote-name Router B
Router A(config-if)#dialer string 2222 class remote
Router A(config-if)#dialer load threshold 50 either
Router A(config-if)#dialer pool 1
Router A(config-if)#dialer group 1
184

Router A(config-if)# ppp authentication chap
Router A(config-if)#ppp multilink
Router A(config)#map-class dialer remote
Router A(config-map-class)#dialer isdn speed 56
Router A(config)# interface Dialer2
Router A(config-if)#ip address 20.13.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router A(config-if)#dialer remote-name Router C
Router A(config-if)#dialer string 3333 class remote
Router A(config-if)#dialer load threshold 50 either
Router A(config-if)#dialer pool 1
Router A(config-if)# dialer-group 1
Router A(config-if)# ppp authentication chap
Router A(config-if)# ppp multilink
Router A(config)#map-class dialer remote
Router A(config-map-class)#dialer isdn speed 56
Router A(config)#ip route 10.12.1.2 255.255.255.255 Dialer1
Router A(config)#ip route 20.12.1.2 255.255.255.255 Dialer2
Router A(config)#ip route 10.13.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.12.1.2
Router A(config)#dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
185

NAT(Network Address Translation)
S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0
Router A
Router B
E 0 5.50
1.4 1.1
5.1
192.168.1.3 1.2
5.2
5.4
5.3
E 0 1.50
Note : 192.168.1.3 is denied from entering the network of 5.0.So it will enter
with mask.

Configuration of Router A
--------------------------------
# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside

(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip nat outside
(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0
(Config)# ip nat inside source list 1 int S 0 overload
Configuration of Router B
--------------------------------
# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# exit

(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1
(Config)# access-list 10 deny 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0
(Config)# access-list 10 permit any
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip access-group 10 out
Note : Only Public IP can go to the Internetworking world.

Frame Relay
 This is a connection-oriented, layer 2 networking technology.
 It operates at speeds from 56kbps to 45Mbps.
 This is very flexible and offers a wide array of deployment options.
 This operates statistically multiplexing multiple data streams over a
single physical link.
 Each data stream is known as a Virtual Circuit ( VC ).
190

VC Flavors
191
Permanent (PVC) Switched (SVC)
Implies, permanent, nailed up
circuits
A data connection is made only
when there is traffic to send
across the link
Don’t tear down or reestablish
dynamically
Establish dynamically and can
reroute around the network

 Each VC tagged with and identifier to keep it unique.
 This identifier known as a Data Link Connection Identifier (
DLCI ) is determined on a per-leg basis during the
transmission.
 In other word it is locally significant.
 It must be unique and agreed upon by 2 adjacent frame relay
devices.
 As long as the 2 agree, the value can be any valid number, and
the number doesn’t have to be the same end to end (from router
to router across a Telco Network).
192

 Valid DLCI numbers are 16-1007.
 For DLCI purposes, 0-15 is reserved, as are 1008-1023.
 The DLCI also defines the logical connection between the
Frame Relay (FR) switch and the customer premises equipment
(CPE).
193

Data Link Connection
Identifiers ( DLCI )
 Frame Relay virtual circuits (PVC) are identified by the DLCIs.
 A FR service providers such as telephone company, typically
assigns DLCI values which are used by FR to distinguish
between different virtual circuits on the network.
 Because many virtual circuits can be terminated on one
multipoint FR interface, many DLCIs are often affiliated with it.
 DLCI locally significant to the router.
 This is used to identify the connectivity between local router
and local switch.
194

Frame Relay Encapsulation
 To enable FR on the interface, simply issue the
command encapsulation frame relay.
 There are 2 types of Frame Relay Encapsulation.
 Cisco – both are cisco routers
 IETF – one end is non cisco router
195

Local Management Interface
( LMI )
 This is a signaling standard between a CPE device (router) and a
frame switch.
 The LMI is responsible for managing and maintaining status
between these devices.
 LMI messages provide information about,
 Keepalives – Verify data is flowing
 Multicasting – Provides a local DLCI PVC
 Multicast addressing – Provides DLCI status
 Status of virtual circuits – Provides DLCI status
Router A(config-if)#frame-relay Imi-type?
Cisco ansi q933a
196

Committed Information Rate
( CIR )
 This means, the average rate you want to
transmit.
 Generally this is not the same as the CIR
provides by the Telco.
 this is amount you want to send on periods of
no congestion.
 CIR defines Bits per seconds.
197

Frame Relay Configuration
Router A configuration
R1(config)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay(Cisco/ietf)
R1(config-if)#frame relay interface-dlci 100
R1(config-if)#frame-relay Imi-type(cisco/Ansi/Q933a)
R1(config-if)#no-frame-relay inverse-arp
R1(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 10.1.1.2 100
198

Frame Relay
Point - to - Point
frame-relay Network
Router A
S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0
Dlci 101 Dlci 102 Router B
E 0 5.50
PVC
1.4 1.1
5.1
1.3 1.2
5.2
5.4
5.3
E 0 1.50
Fr-Switch Fr-Switch

Config t
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# no ip address
(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0.1 point-to-point
(Config-if)# frame-relay interface DLC1 102
(or)
(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2

Point - to - Multi Point
1.0 10.0.0.4
3.0
101
102
A
B
C
D
103
104
10.0.0.3
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.1
4.0
2.0

--------------------------------
Config t
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0.1 multipoint
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.3
(Config)# ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2

Point-to-Point - Point-to-Point
4.0
1.0 3.0
2.0
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.3
10.0.0.2
172.16.1.2
172.16.1.1
161.16.1.1
101
102
103
104

--------------------------------
Config t
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# exit
(Config-if)# clockrate 56000
(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 103
broadcast
(Config-if)# exit

(Config-if)# exit
(Config-if)# clockrate 56000
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0

Router B configuration
R1(config)#ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
R1(config)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
R1(config-if)#frame relay interface-dlci 200
R1(config-if)#frame-relay Imi-type(cisco/Ansi/Q933a)
R1(config-if)#no-frame-relay inverse-arp
R1(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 10.1.1.2 200
206

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