Sanitation of soil

1. COURSE TITLE :SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE
PRESENTED BY :
Devarshi Ranjan
M.F.Sc (Aquaculture)
College of Fisheries,Dholi
TOPIC
Salinization of Soil and Water, Environmental Impact,
Over Exploitation of Wild stocks,
Mangrove Deforestation,

2. Salinization
 Salinization is the process by which water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil.
 Saline soils contain high accumulation of soluble salts, which include sulphates,
carbonates, chlorides and in some cases nitrates of calcium, magnesium, potassium and
sodium.
 When there is a high build-up of sodium salts the soil is said to be sodic soil.
 Salinity in soils can occur naturally or as a result of human activity.

3. • After irrigation, the water added to the soil is used by the crop or evaporates directly
from the moist soil.
• The salt, however, is left behind in the soil.
• If not removed, it accumulates in the soil, this process is called salinization Very salty
soils are sometimes recognizable by a white layer of dry salt on the soil surface.

4.  Salinization causes
flooding by sea or ocean water (after flood waters retreat, they leave behind large quantities of
salt).
Salty groundwater may also contribute to salinization. When the water table rises
application of irrigation waters with high salt concentration.
Salinization of land and water by drainage and seepage from pond.
Fig:-Rain or irrigation, in the absence of leaching, can bring salts to the surface by capillary
action

5.  How can salinity problems be managed
land as freshwater area where shrimp farming would be prohibited.
Promoted by the use of rotational systems of rice-fish or rice- shrimp culture.
 Increased soil wetness in semi-arid and arid areas to the point that the soil does not
support crop.
 The growth of salt-tolerant weeds.
 Irregular patterns of crop growth .
 Early signs
 Indicators of soil salinity

6. Salt concentration of the
irrigation water in g/l
Soil salinization risk Restriction on use
less than 0.5 g/l no risk no restriction on its use
0.5 - 2 g/l slight to moderate risk should be used with
appropriate water
management practices
more than 2 g/l high risk not generally advised for
use unless consulted with
specialists

7. Mangrove Ecosystems

8. Mangrove ecosystems
Mangrove ecosystems are wetlands consisting of woody vegetation.
that occur in intertidal marine and brackish environments.
They are distributed along coasts in tropical and subtropical regions.
 Indonesia has 29,000–31,894 km2 of mangroves which is more than any other country on
earth (21–23% of the global total).
Mangroves serve as breeding, nursery and feeding grounds for a large number of
terrestrial and aquatic organisms.

9. Impact of destruction of Mangrove habitat
tides move faster causing the bank erosion .
The total suspended solids in the estuarine area especially during monsoon will be higher.
reduced water quality.
introduction of excess nutrients.
alteration of natural food chains.
blockage of tidal creeks.
overexploitation of wild seed stocks.

10. Importance of mangroves
Mangroves are highly productive components of the food web of coastal ecosystem .
Many commercial finfish and shell fish species depend on mangrove habitat for part
of their life cycle.
The dense network of mangroves protects adjacent high lands from erosion and
damage.
The mangroves assimilate pollutants and recycle nutrients through various
biochemical processes.
Many birds also utilize mangrove habitat for their feeding and breeding, Mangrove
habitats have also become important for the purpose of aquaculture.

11. Recommendations
Awareness campaign on conservation and management of mangroves among coastal
population.
Collection of mangrove products may be regulated by appropriate rules.
Conversion of mangrove lands for other purpose must be strictly prohibited.
Special task force/squad may be created in the maritime state’s, forest department for
surveillance, watch and ward of wetland ecosystems.
Regular monitoring of the state of art of mangroves by government organization,
Universities and similar agencies for understanding the nature and dynamics of
mangrove ecosystems may be done.
Nursery for mangrove plants may be maintained for transplantation in the appropriate
areas .

12. Over exploitation of wild stocks

13. Over exploitation of wild stocks
 The overexploitation and unsustainable use of natural resources in world has changed the
quantity, quality, and distribution of the natural capital.
Overexploitation is particularly severe near coastal cities.
Most wildlife trade issues can be explained by simple economic dynamics where prices
are a reflection of the relationship between the supply and demand.
as the law of supply shows us that the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied,
which naturally leads to overexploitation.
FAO Reports 87% of the World’s Fisheries are Overexploited or Fully Exploited.

14. Identification of factors of unsustainability
• Strong demand for limited resources
• Poor governance
• Complexity and lack of data
• Failure of institutions and policies
• Inappropriate incentives
• Interaction with other sectors and with the environment
• Poverty and lack of alternatives

15. Impacts of Exploitation
• Unsustainable mortality on by-catch species
• Damage to benthic habitats and communities
• Community changes arising from depletion of forage populations (bottom-up)
• Community changes arising from depletion of predator populations (top-down)
• Community changes from altering the size composition of the exploited community
• seafloor –spatial distribution of impacts, spatial distribution of fragile or sensitive
features, recovery times;
• marine communities –impacts on biodiversity, alterations of trophic relationships
(predators, prey, and competitor fields), disturbing size-based relationships.

16. Solutions
 The number of fishing vessels in operation in a fishing area and provide fishermen .
Advancements in technology include input control based systems .
will allow for increased awareness of the total catch by fisherman and has the
potential to aid in the reduction of overfishing
 information sharing and decreased competition among industries.

17. THANK YOU