Assessment of body composition , strength, endurance, flexibility agility power coordination speed . tests for all the above mentioned components. health and skill related physical fitness

1. PHYSICAL FITNESS
ASSESMENT
-BY SUSAN SHRADDHA AND RAGINI

2. What is physical fitness?
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), physical fitness is defined as 'the ability to carry out
daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue,
and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and
respond to emergencies.'

3. What are the main components of Fitness?

4. COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH FITNESS EVALUATION
• Prescreening/risk classification.
• Resting HR, BP, height, weight, BMI, and ECG (if appropriate).
• Body composition.
• Waist circumference.
• Skinfold assessment.
• Cardiorespiratory fitness.
Submaximal or maximal test typically on a cycle ergometer or treadmill.
• Muscular strength.
1- to multiple-RM upper body (bench press) and lower body (leg press).
• Muscular endurance.
Ymca bench press,Curl-up test, Push-up test,isometric back strength,static squat
test.
• Flexibility.
Sit-and-reach test ,apleys back scratch test,trunk lift test.

5. I. BODY COMPOSITION
● Body composition is the proportion of fat and non-fat mass in your body.
● A healthy body composition is one that includes a lower percentage of body
fat and a higher percentage of non-fat mass, which includes muscle, bones,
and organs.
● Excess body fat, particularly when located centrally around the abdomen, is
associated with hypertension, metabolic syndrome,type 2 diabetes mellitus,
stroke, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and dyslipidemia.
Consists of :
1.Bioelectrical impedance analysis
2.Body mass index
3.Circumferences
4.Skin fold measurement

6. Bioelectrical impedance analysis
● Measures the impedance (Z) to the flow of a low-electrical current (800 μA), at a fixed
frequency (50 kHz).
● The principle of BIA is that Lean Tissue (LT), consisting of water and electrolytes, is a
good electrical conductor, while fat, which does not have water, is a poor conductor.
● Person stands on the machine ,electrodes are placed manually on wrist and ankle and
sends a small electrical current into a person and electrical signal
passes quickly through water that is present in hydrated muscle
tissue but meets resistance when it hits fat tissue.
● Once impedance is measured, body water and body fat percentage
is measured.
● People with an electronic medical implant, such as a pacemaker are
contraindicated as it interferes with its signaling.
Kuriyan R. Body composition techniques. The Indian journal of medical research. 2018 Nov;148(5):648.

7. BODY MASS INDEX:
● Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight
that applies to adult men and women.
● The formula for BMI is

8. Circumferences
● Circumference (or girth) measurements may be used to provide a general
representation of body composition.
● The average of the two measures is used provided they do not differ by
more than 5 mm by tape measurement.
● SITES:
Abdomen Calf
Thigh Arm
Forearm Waist
Midthigh Hips
1)Waist circumference
Measured at the smallest
circumference of the natural waist 1”
just above the umbilicus.
2)Waist to hip ratio
Circumference of waist/circumference of
hip.
Hip circumference measured at the
widest part of the buttocks.

9. Waist to hip ratio:
Normal WHR –in men (0.9),in women (0.7)
Abdominal obesity if present ,if
WHR >0.9 in men
WHR>0.85 in women
Waist circumference
Health
risk
Men Women
Low risk 0.95 or
below
0.80 or
below
Moderat
e
0.96-1 0.81-0.85
High >1 >0.85

10. Skinfold measurements:
● Principle-It measures the subcutaneous fat folds at specific sites of body.
● Skinfold measurements is done by skinfold calliper(Harpenden).
● The tester pinches the skin at the appropriate site to raise a double layer of
skin and the underlying adipose tissue, but not the muscle. The calipers are
then applied 1 cm below and at right angles to the pinch, and a reading in
millimeters (mm) taken two seconds later.
● 7 COMMON SITES-
● Triceps,chest,midaxillary,subscapular,
suprailiac,abdominal,thigh.

11. % Of Body Fat Measured By 7 Site Formula:
Predicted Body Fat Percentage Based on Body Mass Index (BMI):

12. II.MUSCLE STRENGTH
● Muscular strength refers to the muscle’s ability to exert force per unit of time.
● Strength can be assessed either statically (i.e., no overt muscular movement
at a given joint or group of joints) or dynamically (i.e., movement of an
external load or body part in which the muscle changes length).
Assessment methods:
● 1 RM tests ( 1 RM bench press for upper and leg press for lower extremity)
● Isokinetic strength test
● Handgrip strength test
● Pinch strength
● Straight leg abs strength test

13. 1-RM Tests (Repetition maximum tests)
Procedure: One repetition maximum tests (1-RM) is a popular method of
measuring isotonic muscle strength. It is a measure of the maximal weight a
subject can lift with one repetition. It is important to reach the maximum weight
without prior fatiguing the muscles. After a warm up, choose a weight that is
achievable. Then after a rest of 3-5 minutes, increase the weight and try again.
The person chooses subsequent weights until they can only repeat one full and
correct lift of that weight.

14. ISOKINETIC TEST HANDGRIP TEST PINCH STRENGTH
Isokinetic
dynamometer
With constant speed
of angular
motion,variable
resistance .The
amount of resistance
needed to counter
the subjects force is
recorded.
Rehabilitation of
orthopaedic
patients,work on
muscle rehabilitation
in a controlled
manner at higher
speeds .
Jamar Analogue
Hand dynamometer.
Measures the
amount of static
force that the hand
can squeeze.
Seated, elbow by
their side and flexed
to right angles,
neutral wrist
position, support
underneath the
dynamometer.
Mean of 3 trials
done.
Mechanical pinch gauge.
Apply pinch force at the
pinch groove while
holding the pinch gauge
between your thumb and
finger(s).
Tip Pinch (thumb-index
pulp pinch)
Key Pinch (lateral pinch)
Palmer pinch(chuck
pinch) - thumb pad to
pads of the index and
middle fingers.

15. PINCH STRENGTH (normal) GRIP STRENGTH (normal)
Yhgmomanom
Ref:Pujianita L, Prabowo T, Prananta MS. Prediction of Jamar Grip Strength Value Using Modified Aneroid Speter Cuff
Method. International Journal of Integrated Health Sciences. 2017 Mar 31;5(1):1-7.
AGE R (M) L(M) R(F) L(F)
6-15 4-20 5-18 4-15 3-17
16-
19
11-
31
7-29 9-20 7-20
20-
29
21-
41
19-
39
14-
22
13-
22
30-
39
20-
32
17-
32
13-
21
12-
22
40-
49
21-
35
19-
42
10-
24
18-
24
50 < 20-
31
20-
24
12-
22
12-
20
AGE Male Female
10-15 12-43 12-27
16-19 32-55 17-31
20-29 15-48 11-21
30-39 24-52 11-26
40-49 22-41 13-23
50 < 66 -34 17-21

16. Isokinetic dynamometer
Jamar handgrip
dynamometer

17. Straight leg lift abs strength-
● Purpose: Estimate the degree of abs strength.
● Supine with arms across the chest,head rested on floor.Both legs are raised
to a 90-degree angle (vertically) while keeping the upper body flat on the
floor.The subject aims to sustain the pressure on the tester's fingers under the
lower back by contracting the abdominals as the legs are lowered.
● The subject slowly lowers both legs until the pressure on the hand behind the
back disappears and lowest angle is measured with goniometer or protractor.

18. III.ENDURANCE TEST
● Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle group to execute repeated
muscle actions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscular fatigue or to
maintain a specific percentage of the 1-RM for a prolonged period of time.
● Simple field tests- Curl-up (crunch) test , push-ups that can be performed
without rest used to evaluate the endurance of the abdominal muscle groups
and upper body muscles, respectively.
● Other test used are Isometric back strength test,static squat test.
YMCA bench press
● Measures endurance of upper extremity and shoulder girdle.
● Performs standardized 30 reps /min. Men are tested using a 36.3-kg (80 lb)
barbell and women using a 15.9-kg (35 lb) barbell. Subjects are scored by the
number of successful repetitions completed.

19. YMCA bench
press

20. Push up test
● Assess the endurance of (anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, triceps,abdominals)
● The push-up test is administered with men starting in the standard “down”
position and women in the modified “knee push-up” position (legs together, lower
leg in contact with mat with ankles plantar-flexed, back straight, hands shoulder
width apart, head up,using the knees as the pivotal point).
● The subject must raise the body by straightening the elbows and return to the
“down” position, until the chin touches the mat. The stomach should not touch the
mat.No of pushups without rest is counted.
Partial curl up
● In supine across the tape,knees bent to 90,with feet on the floor and arms
extended to their sides,subjects are to flex their spines to 30°until their fingers
touch the second strip of tape.
● A metronome is to be set at 40 beats/ min .At the first beep, the subject
begins the curl-up, reaching the top position at the second beep

22. Isometric Back Strength Test
● Assess the erector spinae and multifidus.
● Subjects must lie face down on a bench, with their upper body from the waist
hanging over the end of the bench. The subject's feet must be held or
strapped down, and the arms by their side or clasped behind the back. When
ready, they must bring their body up to the horizontal position, and hold this
for a set period (e.g. 45 seconds).
Static squat test
● Subject stands on both feet with the back to a wall, hips and knees flexed to a
90° angle. Instruct to hold this position as long as possible and record the
time in sec.

23. Static squat test normal values

24. IV.Flexibillity test
● Flexibility has been defined as the range of motion of muscle and connective
tissues at a joint or group of joints.
● It improves mobility, posture, reduces the risk of injuries
and muscle soreness.

25. SIT AND REACH TEST
● Assess low back and hamstring flexibility.
● Sit straight with leg straight,shoes removed,soles flat against the box,both
palms facing downwards hands top on each other,subject reaches forward
along the measuring line as far as possible without bending the knee.
● The subject reaches out and holds that position for at one-two seconds while
the distance is recorded in cms.26cm ruler is used with ht of box 30cm.

26. APLEY’S BACK SCRATCH TEST
● Assess shoulder arm and upper girdle flexibility.
● Test 1-Reach behind head and touch sup medial
angle of scapula.
● Test 2-Behind the back and touch inf angle of
scapula.
UPPER TRUNK FLEXIBILITY TEST
● Assess trunk extensor flexibility.
● In prone,hands placed under the thighs,place
coin at eye level maintain focus on throughout
the movement on coin,when ready, the upper
body is lifted off the floor, in a very slow and
controlled manner, to a maximum height of
12 inches, hold for 3 sec andmeasure with
scale at chin level.

27. Ref:Jackson AW, Morrow Jr JR, Jensen RL, Jones NA, Schultes SS. Reliability of the Prudential FITNESSGRAM™ Trunk Lift Test in
Young Adults. Research quarterly for exercise and sport. 1996 Mar 1;67(1):115-7.

28. V.CARDIO RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE
CVS
RS
Def- the ability of the circulatory and respiratory system to supply
oxygen during sustained physical activity.
Why to do it ?
1. To know the physiological responses of the body to various
intensities of physical exercise:
• Linear Increase: SBP , CO,Vo2 max,HR
• Doesn’t increase- DBP
• Non linear-RR,SV
2. Screen and identify coronary artery diseases and health
status: symptom limited and exhaustion limited tests

29. Cardiovascular related
Cardiovascular related
MSK and RS related

30. What to measure?
• Absolute Vo2 max
• HR
• Blood Pressure
• ECG
• Pulmonary Function, gas exchange
How long should it last?
• 6-12minutes
Choosing the test protocol depends of what?
1. Reason for testing
2. Current fitness level
3. Presence of risk factors
4. Age
CVS
RS

32. time time time
1. 6MWT
2. Cooper 12 min
run test
3. 12 min WC push
test
4. YMCA step test
5. 7 min Astrand
cycle test
1. Bruce
2. Naughton
3. Balke
1. Vam-Eval
protocol
2. Track Test
TYPES OF EXCERCISE TESTING DEPENDING ON INTENSITY

33. BRUCE’S MODIFIED BRUCE’S
BALKE MODIFIED BALKE

34. MODIFIED NAUGHTON
USE:
•Patients with Sedentary lifestyle
•Old age
•Medical co morbidities like kidney dysfunction, diabetis mellitus etc.
•With CVS co morbidities

35. Activity Resting Horizontal
Component
Resistance
Component
Limitations
Walking 3.5 0.1 x speed 1.8 speed x grade Most accurate for
speeds of 1.9–3.7
min/h
Running 3.5 0.2 x speed 0.9 speed x grade Most accurate for
speeds > 5 min/h
Stepping 3.5 0.2 x steps/min 1.33 x (1.8x step
Height x steps
min)
Most accurate for
stepping rates of
12–30 steps /min
Leg cycling 3.5 3.5 (1.8 x work rate)/
body weight
Most accurate for
work rates of 300–
1,200 kg /m/ min
Arm cycling 3.5 (3 x work rate)/
body weight Most accurate for
work rates between
150–750 kg /m
/Min
Vo2 max = Resting + Horizontal + resistance
ACSM Predictive Vo2 Max Equations

37. SKILL RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS
• Skill- or performance-related fitness involves skills that will enhance one's
performance in tasks or sports events.
• Function specific skills are only assessed.
AGILITY
BALANCE
COORDINATION
POWER
REACTION TIME
SPEED

38. B
A
L
A
N
C
E
Ablity to maintain LOG within BOS during postures and movements

39. Age group Interpretation Procedure
Healthy Adults
•static-
1.flamingo balance
test
2. Tandem Romberg's
Hold duration – 60
secs.
Record sways and
hold duration no. Of
falls
•Dynamic- 1. Star excursion test
2. Y test
Tap length- 1.5-2.4 m
At 45°
Normative values
depend on health
related fitness factors,
dominance of leg ,
Sex.
Sarkar, et al. Normative values of Star excursion balance test in young adults cross sectional study. International Journal of
Advanced Research.

40. HIGH
FUNCTIONING
HEALTHY
ELDERLY/ HIGHLY
ACTIVE STROKE
SURVIVORS
/TBI/CEREBRAL
PALSY/
UNILATERAL
AMPUTEE
Both static and
dynamic
1.Community balance
and mobility scale.
It has 13 components
Each component is
rated on a
0-5 ordinal scale.
Total score 96.
Age and condition
related normative
values are available
Howe J, Inness E, Venturini A, Williams J, Verrier M. The Community Balance and Mobility Scale - A balance measure for individuals with
traumatic brain injury. Clin Rehabil. 2006 Nov 1;20:885–95.

41. 8.
4.
7.
3.
2m
4m

42. C
O
O
R
D
I
N
A
T
I
O
N
The ability to use the senses, such as sight and hearing, together
with body parts in performing tasks smoothly and accurately.

43. Alternative Hand Wall Toss Tests For
Hand Eye Coordination
1.2-2m
distance National
player
Regional
player
Local
player
1m 29±5 26±5 17±7
2m 17±5 18±3 12±5
Netherlands Table Tennis Association (2011) Test protocol – new eye
hand coordination test. Zoetermeer: Netherlands Table Tennis Association
Normative data
•Time-30secs
•Use a tennis ball
•Start with the
dominant hand
catching the ball.

44. LOWER LIMB PERFORMANCE-BASED
COORDINATION ASSESMENT IS DONE
ALONG WITH AGILITY AND REACTION
TIME.

45. SPEED
The ability to perform a movement within a
short period of time.

46. 1. RUNNING-
SPRINTS 60M,100M, 400M
• Normative cutoffs values are specific to the Sports,age,gender,weight.
2. SWIMMING –
• Critical Swimming Speed (m/sec) = (D2 - D1) ÷ (T2 - T1)
D1-100m
D2-400m.
3. CYCLING
40 Meter Cycle Sprint Test
Mark out a 80m distance and place witches hats/marking tape at 0m,
40m and 80m.
Standing start Time- 0 - 80m
Flying start time- 40m – 80m
Ginn, E. (1993), "The application of the critical power test to swimming and swim training programs", National Sports Research Centre
start
80m
40m

47. SPEED OF WHEELCHAIR
20m sprint test
• three maximal sprints of 20 m each trial followed by 2min rest
period .Speed calculated at 5, 10 and 20 m to know the
starting and maximum speeds attained.
• Stop watch with accuracy of 0.01 should be used.
• Use the best timing and compare with the cut-off values for
sport qualification depends on the sport and severity of the
condition.

48. AGILITY
Being agile is all about being able to change
your direction and the speed at which you are
travelling, quickly and efficiently.

49. Agility
Illinois Agility Test(Getchell, 1979)
• Setup
⮚ The cones should be set up using the measurements provided.
⮚ Four cones are placed on the corners of a 5- x 10-meter rectangle.
⮚ Four additional cones are placed in a straight line that runs through
the center of the rectangle.
⮚ Starting from the bottom/center, the four cones are placed 3.3
meters apart with one cone on the top line and another on the
bottom line of the rectangle.
⮚ The runner begins in a stationary position behind the starting mark
and holds the position for one second.

50. • Procedure
⮚ On command, the runner takes off into a sprint and the timer
starts the stopwatch.
⮚ The runner sprints 10 meters, touches the line at the first cone
with the left foot, sprints to the first of the middle four cones, and
zigzags between them.
⮚ Once the last cone has been circled, the runner runs to the top
right corner of the box, touches the line at the first cone with the
right foot, and sprints through the finish line.
⮚ The timer stops the stopwatch when the runner's hips cross the
finish line.

51. Procedure
Results
references: Getchell B. Physical Fitness: A Way of Life, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1979.

52. Agility T-Test
⮚ The T-Test is a simple running test of agility, involving forward,
lateral, and backward movements, appropriate to a wide range of
sports.
• procedure
⮚ The subject starts at cone A. On the command of the timer, the
subject sprints to cone B and touches the base of the cone with
their right hand.
⮚ They then turn left and shuffle sideways to cone C, and also
touches its base, this time with their left hand.
⮚ Then shuffling sideways to the right to cone D and touching the
base with the right hand.
⮚ They then shuffle back to cone B touching with the left hand, and
run backwards to cone A.
⮚ The stopwatch is stopped as they pass cone A.

53. procedure
Males
(seconds)
Females
(seconds)
Excellent < 9.5 < 10.5
Good 9.5 to 10.5 10.5 to 11.5
Average 10.5 to 11.5 11.5 to 12.5
Poor > 11.5 > 12.5
Results
references:
•Semantic, D. (1990). The T-test. NSCA Journal, 12(1), 36-37.
•PAUOLE KAINOA; MADOLE, KENT; GARHAMMER, JOHN; LACOURSE, MICHAEL; ROZENEK, RALPH.
(2000). Reliability and Validity of the T-Test as a Measure of Agility, Leg Power, and Leg Speed in College-Aged
Men and Women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 14. 10.1519/00124278-200011000-00012.

54. P
O
W
E
R
Power is the product of strength and speed. When we perform a task as quickly
and as forcefully as we can, the result is powerful. For example, a sprint start, a
shot-put or javelin throw or long-jump.

55. Power
Margaria Kalamen Power Test
⮚ The Margaria Kalamen Power Test is a simple test of power of the
lower extremities, involving running up a flight of stairs.
⮚ The test described here was introduced by Kalamen (1968), and is
a variation of the original Margaria Step Test developed by
Margaria et al. (1966)

56. • Procedure
⮚ A starting line 6 metres in front of the first step; the 3rd, 6th and
9th step clearly marked with tape or chalk.
⮚ Measure and record the athletes weight.
⮚ Measure and record the vertical distance between the 3rd and 9th
steps.
⮚ The athlete takes 2 or 3 practice runs up the steps to warm up.
⮚ On the command "Go", sprint from the start line to the stairs, then
spring up three steps at a time (i.e. landing on the 3rd, 6th and 9th
stairs).
⮚ The assistant records the time from the 3rd step to the 9th step.
⮚ Repeat twice more, with a 2-3 minute recovery between each test.

57. • scoring
Power (Watts) is calculated from the formula below,
⮚ P = ( M x D ) x 9.8 / t
where P = Power (Watts)
M = Body mass (kg)
D = Vertical distance, between steps 3 & 9 (meters)
t = Time (seconds)
9.8 is the constant of gravity
• references:
• Margaria, R., Aghemo, P. and Rovelli, E. (1966) Measurement of muscular power (anaerobic) in
man. Journal of Applied Physiology 221, 1662-1664.
• Kalamen, J. (1968) Measurement of maximum muscular power in man. Doctoral thesis, Ohio State
University

58. Vertical Jump Test (Sargent Jump, Vertical Leap)
⮚ The vertical jump test is a test of lower body power. The test was
first described nearly 100 years ago (Sargent, 1921).
• Procedure
⮚ The athlete stands side on to a wall and reaches up with the hand
closest to the wall.
⮚ Keeping the feet flat on the ground, the point of the fingertips is
marked or recorded. This is called the standing reach height.
⮚ The athlete then stands away from the wall, and leaps vertically as
high as possible using both arms and legs to assist in projecting
the body upwards. The jumping technique can or cannot use a
counter movement.
⮚ Attempt to touch the wall at the highest point of the jump. The
difference in distance between the standing reach height and the
jump height is the score. The best of three attempts is recorded.

59. rating (inches)
Males
(cm) (inches)
Females
(cm)
excellent > 28 > 70 > 24 > 60
very good 24 - 28 61-70 20 - 24 51-60
above
average
20 - 24 51-60 16 - 20 41-50
average 16 - 20 41-50 12 - 16 31-40
below
average
12 - 16 31-40 8 - 12 21-30
poor 8 - 12 21-30 4 - 8 11-20
very poor < 8 < 21 < 4 < 11
reference: Sargent, D.A. The Physical Test of a Man. American Physical Education Review, 26, 188-194. (1921)
Procedure
Results

60. Seated Medicine Ball Throw
⮚ This test is also called the medicine ball chest pass.
⮚ The "Seated Power Throw" test, part of the US Army
Occupational Physical Assessment Test, is very similar that
described below, though using a 4.4 pound (2 kg) medicine ball.
⮚ This test measures upper body (arm) strength and power, by
keeping the back in contact with the wall the strength of the arms
only are tested.

61. • Procedure
⮚ The athlete sits on the floor with his legs fully extended, feet 24
inches (~60 cm) apart and with the back against a wall.
⮚ The ball is held with the hands on the side and slightly behind the
center and back against the center of the chest.
⮚ The forearms are positioned parallel to the ground.
⮚ The athlete throws the medicine ball vigorously as far straight
forward as he can while maintaining the back against the wall.
⮚ The distance thrown is recorded.
• Scoring
⮚ The distance from the wall to where the ball lands is recorded.
⮚ The measurement is recorded to the nearest centimeter (other
protocols have used the nearest 0.5 foot or 10 cm).
⮚ The best result of three throws is used.

62. Procedure
References:
Gambetta ,V., and M. Clark .Building and Rebuilding the Com-plete Athlete Seminar.Colorado Springs: Gambetta Sports Training
Systems, October 1998
Kreighbaum ,E., and K.M. Barthels. Biomechanics: A Qualitative Approach for Studying Human Movement(3rd ed.). NewYork:
Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990

63. R
E
A
C
T
I
O
N
T
I
M
E
Reaction time is how quickly your
brain can respond to a stimulus and
initiate a response.

64. Reaction Time
Reaction Time Ruler Test
⮚ This test uses the known properties of gravity to determine how
long it takes a person to respond to the dropping of an object by
measuring how far the object can falls before being caught.
⮚ Aim is to measure reaction time, hand-eye quickness and
attentiveness.
⮚ equipment required: 1 meter long ruler or Yardstick, calculator.

65. • Procedure
⮚ The person to be tested stands or sits near the edge of a table,
resting their elbow on the table so that their wrist extends over the
side.
⮚ The assessor holds the ruler vertically in the air between the
subject's thumb and index finger, but not touching. Align the zero
mark with the subjects fingers.
⮚ The subject should indicate when they are ready.
⮚ Without warning, release the ruler and let it drop - the subject
must catch it as quickly as possible as soon as they see it fall.
⮚ Record in meters the distance the ruler fell. Repeat several times
(e.g. 10 times) and take the average score.

66. • Calculation
⮚ Calculate the average distance the meterstick fell.
⮚ Use the table below to determine how long it took the ruler to fall
the measured distance (distance in cm, time in seconds).
⮚ The table is based on the following formula,
⮚ t = sqrt ( 2d / g )
where d = the distance the ruler fell in meters
g = the acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s^2)
t = the time the ruler was falling (seconds)

67. distance
(cm)
time
(seconds)
distance time distance time distance time
1 0.045 26 0.230 51 0.323 76 0.394
2 0.064 27 0.235 52 0.326 77 0.396
3 0.078 28 0.239 53 0.329 78 0.399
4 0.090 29 0.243 54 0.332 79 0.402
5 0.101 30 0.247 55 0.335 80 0.404
6 0.111 31 0.252 56 0.338 81 0.407
7 0.120 32 0.256 57 0.341 82 0.409
8 0.128 33 0.260 58 0.344 83 0.412
9 0.136 34 0.263 59 0.347 84 0.414
10 0.143 35 0.267 60 0.350 85 0.416
11 0.150 36 0.271 61 0.353 86 0.419
12 0.156 37 0.275 62 0.356 87 0.421
13 0.163 38 0.278 63 0.359 88 0.424
14 0.169 39 0.282 64 0.361 89 0.426
15 0.175 40 0.286 65 0.364 90 0.429

68. 16 0.181 41 0.289 66 0.367 91 0.431
17 0.186 42 0.293 67 0.370 92 0.433
18 0.192 43 0.296 68 0.373 93 0.436
19 0.197 44 0.300 69 0.375 94 0.438
20 0.202 45 0.303 70 0.378 95 0.440
21 0.207 46 0.306 71 0.381 96 0.443
22 0.212 47 0.310 72 0.383 97 0.445
23 0.217 48 0.313 73 0.386 98 0.447
24 0.221 49 0.316 74 0.389 99 0.449
25 0.226 50 0.319 75 0.391 100 0.452
Normal values

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