Spatial urban structure matters on equity: A case study in Bogota - Luis Guzman - Universidad de los Andes - Transforming Transportation 2015
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Luiz Guzman, a researcher from the Universidad de los Andes investigates equity and accessibility issues in terms of the geographic distribution of people and jobs in Bogota. Transforming Transportation 2015: Smart Cities for Shared Prosperity is the annual conference co-organized by the World Resources Institute and the World Bank.
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Spatial urban structure matters on equity: A case study in Bogota - Luis Guzman - Universidad de los Andes - Transforming Transportation 2015
- 1. www.TransformingTransportation.org Spatial urban structure matters on equity: A case study in Bogota Luis A. Guzmán, Researcher for the Universidad de los Andes Presented at Transforming Transportation 2015
- 2. Luis A. Guzmán, Ph.D January 2015 ¿Spatial urban structure matters on equity? A case study in Bogota
- 3. 3 The Bogota region Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional Bogota city and 12 contiguous municipalities: • 7.35 million people in Bogota city • 1.22 million of inhabitants in these municipalities (in 2011) The city offers the same opportunities (access to work) to its citizens equitably? Let's see…
- 4. 4 The average household (HH) income Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional Average income by household [USD/month]: Low income households < 545 Medium income households 545 - 1,800 High income households ≥1,800 Population by income group: Low income group = 66% Medium income group = 28% High income group = 6%
- 5. 5 Households’ income distribution Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional 66% of HH in the city belong to the low-income category and 82% of HH in the city earn less than USD 1,050/month.
- 6. 6 The Bogota’s “super-densities” Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional Bogota is one of the densest cities in the world and is the densest in Latin America with 20,531 inh/km2 (Cervero, 2013). Average population density by income group [inh/km2]: Low income ≈ 23,100 Medium income ≈ 12,700 High income ≈ 7,500
- 7. 7 The location of the population in recent years Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional The population has concentrated
- 8. 8 Frequency distribution of densities Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional
- 9. 9 Cumulative frequency distribution of densities Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional In 2010, 90% of people in Bogota live in densities of 25,000 inh/km2 or more, compared to 86% in 2005.
- 10. Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional 10 Main activity centers There is a dominance of a large central core, along major road corridors and especially the north part of city center (the richest zones). Just over one-third of the city’s employment occurs in zones occupying only 10% of its urban area. Central core
- 11. 11 Territorial balance Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional The location of people and jobs is balanced? 30% of low income HH lives far from their jobs This implies longer travels to work
- 12. 12 So, the people are where the jobs are? Population density [inh/km2] Employment density [jobs/km2] It seems that not ... Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional
- 13. 13 Spatial distribution of population Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional The profile density by income group
- 14. 14 Land distribution by income level Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional The high income group has an evenly distribution of urban land than others The inequality is much higher if we speak of green land (parks)
- 15. 15 And the accessibility to work? Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional is evenly distributed among income groups? The high-income group enjoy a high accessibility levels, higher than average, for most of the population, around 90%
- 16. 16 Trips to work by person Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional The richest people make about 76% more trips to work than poorest.
- 17. 17 Average travel time (trip to work) Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional And travel faster…
- 18. 18 Share on income spent on housing and transport Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional and also spend much less on transport and housing
- 19. 19 Share on income spent on housing and transport Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional Low income group High income group Medium income group The location is a key factor for transport costs (particularly for low-income groups).
- 20. 20 How can improve quality of life in our city? A great mobility system is not sufficient to achieve sustainable development. Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional A sustainable long-term urban development/planning is essential Income levels Sustainable development
- 21. 21 Equality vs. Equity Grupo de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional Given everyone the same thing: only work if everyone starts from the same place. Same income levels? Access to same opportunities: we must first ensure equity before we can enjoy equality. Shared prosperity!
Notas del editor
- Very high densities are mostly achieved in low and medium-income groups while high-income holds substantially lower levels of density. The densest sectors are located in the low-income zones, settled in the southern and western border of the urban area, which can reach densities of up to 70,000 inh/km2, both in consolidated zones and in new settlements, generally those of informal origin (Paez et al., 2014).
- An interesting and general first result shows that, unlike most cities in the world, the population of Bogota has concentrated around urban periphery. This can be seen in Figure 7(left) which shows how in recent years the population has concentrated slightly (around 3%, at its maximum value) in a range between 10 and 20 km from CBD. Definitely an element that has contributed to this is the low quality of the transport system (high travel times) and high housing prices in the expanded center. These differences point out that the population is concentrated mostly around 12 km of the center, which are generally the poorest areas. This also explains in part, the very high densities in these areas.
- It is possible to conclude that almost a half of population (45%) lives in densities close to 30,000 inh/km2. Figure show the frequency distribution of densities, indicating that in the last years has been an increase in density in zones that are already hyper-dense (>40,000 inh/km2).
- Another way to look at this data is a cumulative frequency distribution of densities. Figure allows read off the median density for the city: in 2005 35,500 inh/km2 and in 2010 37,500 inh/km2. It is possible to see that in 2010, 90% of people in Bogota live in densities of 25,000 inh/km2 or more, compared to 86% in 2005. This analysis also shows the concentration process (higher densities) that is happening in Bogota.
- 3D
- Gradientes densidad
- gini
- Gini accesi
- Fotos