These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how Graphene is becoming economic feasible for an increasing number of applications as its price falls and its quality/performance rises through improvements in chemical vapor deposition processes. Graphene is one of the strongest materials discovered, has high electronic and thermal conductivities, and unusual optical properties. These slides describe a number of applications for which Graphene is gradually becoming economically feasible including displays, integrated circuits, solar cells, water desalination, and natural gas tanks.

1. GRAPHENE
THE MATERIAL FOR THE
FUTURE
AVISHEK KUMAR, CHUA JIAN SERNG,
MOHAMMAD DANESH, NUR AZIZ
YOSOKUMORO, PRISCILLA MARIANI,
SAMUEL RAJ
For information on other technologies, please see Jeff Funk’s slide
share account (http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations) or his book
with Chris Magee: Exponential Change: What drives it? What does it tell
us about the future?
http://www.amazon.com/Exponential-Change-drives-about-future-
ebook/dp/B00HPSAYEM/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1398325920&sr=8-
1&keywords=exponential+change

4. Overview
What is Graphene
What make Graphene so special
Fabrication of Graphene
Applications
Improved applications
Whole new world of applications.
Summary

5. What is Graphene ?
 2-Dimensional hexagonal
lattice of carbon
 SP2 hybridized carbon atoms
 Basis for Nanotubes and
graphite
 Among strongest bond in
nature
A. K. Geim & K. S. Novoselov. The rise of graphene. Nature Materials Vol 6 183-191 (March 2007)

6. What make Graphene so special?
 Mechanical properties
 Graphene is the strongest material ever
discovered
 Extremely light 0.77mg/m2
 Optical Properties
 With largest optical absorption and widest
absorption spectrum
 Electronic Properties
 Travel sub-micrometer distances without
scattering
 Thermal Properties
 Graphene's thermal conductivity is amongst the
highest values currently available

7. 7
Fabrication of Graphene
 Exfoliation
 Mechanical Exfoliation
 Liquid Phase Exfoliation
 Graphene Oxide Reduction
 Carbon Segregation
 Epitaxial Growth
 Chemical Vapour Deposition
 etc

8. Epitaxial Growth
 High quality graphenes
❏ Most commonly used
substrate (SiC) is
expensive
❏ Difficult to transfer
❏ High temperature

9. Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
 Inexpensive substrate
 Large area
❏ Imperfections (wrinkles and
grain boundaries)
❏ Further quality loss during
transfer

10. Copper
Substrate
Oxide
Copper
Substrate
Copper
Substrate
Graphene
Copper
Substrate
Graphene
PMMA
Graphene
PMMA
Silicon
Substrate
Graphene
PMMA
NiFe
ElectrodeSilicon
Substrate
Graphene
NiFe
Electrode
Oxide layer removal
with H2 plasma
Graphene synthesis with
Methane gas through
PECVD
Spin coated Poly(methyl
methacrylate) (PMMA)
Cu substrate
removal with
wet etch
Transferred to Silicon
substrate with pre-
fabricated NiFe
Removal of
PMMA with
aceton
Chemical Vapor Deposition on Copper substrate with Methane gas
yields Graphene layer
Semiconductor fabrication techniques path the way for large scale
manufacturability
Graphene Fabrication (CVD)

11. Graphene Fabrication (CVD)-The
Samsung way

12. Quality-Cost: Graphene Production
Novoselov, Konstantin S., et al. "A roadmap for graphene." Nature 490.7419 (2012): 192-200.

13. Better Processes Lead to Lower Prices (Euros/cm2)
http://www.graphenea.com/pages/graphene-
price#.Ut8YMRAZ6Uk

14. Novoselov, Konstantin S., et al. "A roadmap for graphene." Nature 490.7419 (2012): 192-200.
Quality-Application: Graphine

15. Patent trends

16. Applications

17. Improved Applications
Integrated circuit
Schwierz, Frank. "Graphene transistors." Nature nanotechnology 5.7 (2010): 487-496.

18. Improved Applications
Integrated circuit
 Advantages
 Highest current density. Million times
than copper at room temperature
 Highest intrinsic mobility. 100 times
than Silicon
 Graphene processor is >400 times
faster than current processor
 Challenges
 Growth on wafer scale
 Band gap engineering
 Encapsulation to protect from
environment
 New device physics.

19. Improved Applications
Integrated circuit: Band gap engineering
Zhang, Yuanbo, et al. "Direct observation of a widely tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene." Nature 459.7248 (2009): 820-823.

20. Graphene Nanoribbon Transistors
Wang, Xinran, et al. "Room-temperature all-semiconducting sub-10-nm graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors." Physical
review letters 100.20 (2008): 206803.
Integrated circuit: New device physics
Improved Applications

21. Improved Applications
OLED display
 Few nanometers of graphene as transparent conductor
 replace indium-based electrodes in organic light emitting diodes
(OLED), require lower power consumption.
 Currently 55’ LG OLED cost $12,000, as compared to $3000 for
a LED TV.

22. Improved Applications
Solar Cells
 High efficiency up to 2 times
 Transparent
 Low cost
Source: http://www.greenoptimistic.com/2014/01/16/graphene-solar-cells-double-efficiency/#.U0ac71feNWc
http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1319307

23. Electronics Applications of Graphine
Novoselov, Konstantin S., et al. "A roadmap for graphene." Nature 490.7419 (2012): 192-200.

24. Water desalination
Whole New World of Applications
 New Graphene Desalination
Requires Nearly 100 Times Less
Energy
 Energy consumption accounts for
as much as one-third of the total
cost of desalinated water
 It’s 500 times thinner than the best
filter on the market today and a
thousand times stronger

25. Water desalination-Working & Challenges
 Method to use to make holes:
 Selective oxidation
 Laser drilled
 helium-ion bombardment
 chemical etching
 self-assembling systems
 First prototype to be ready by 2015

26. Whole New World of Applications
Lightweight natural gas tanks
Advantage
 CNG fuel tanks currently have to be made out of thick, bulky metal
in order to properly contain the gas, which can leak straight
through plastics and polymers.
 Lining a lightweight polymer tank with graphene would create huge
fuel efficiency benefits without compromising on safety.
 Current issue with CNG powered vehicle is its storage capacity.
GNR tank could be a solution.
 Compliment the development of shale gas as gas storage is one of
the major challenge

27. Whole New World of Applications
Lightweight natural gas tanks: Cost analysis

28. 28
Comparison gas tank of different material
Steel Tank Composite Material Tank Graphene Material Tank
Price : US$1,000.00
Surface area : 6m2
Weight : 160kg
Application : Durable and proven
Still in the market because it is
cheap and durable
Price : US$3,000.00
Surface area : 6m2
Weight : 65kg
Application : Light and durable but
brittle.
Currently most favourite
Price : US$833,000.00 (now)
US$600 (in 10 years time)
Surface area : 6m2
Weight : < 1kg (4.62mg to be exact)
Application : Flexible, light and able to
withheld higher pressure
Unproven at the moment, but great
potential as it can carry “higher fuel to
weigh ratio”.

29. Battery and Supercapacitor/Ultracapacitor: Energy storage
Source: graphene.manchester.ac.uk
Whole New World of Applications
 Challenge
 Irreversible capacitance of graphene still too high
 Electrochemical interaction with electrolyte characterization and
requirement
 Cost
 Advantage
 Large surface area to mass of
Graphene => very efficient
electrode to store large amount of
electrical energy in small volume
and weight by 20 times
 Maintain 97% performance for
over 10,000 charge/discharge
cycle

30. Whole New World of Applications
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
 Researchers have prepared graphene layers to increase the
binding energy of hydrogen to the graphene surface in a fuel tank
 resulting in a higher amount of hydrogen storage and therefore a
lighter weight fuel tank. This could help in the development of
practical hydrogen fueled cars.
 a GOF can absorb hydrogen, it does not take in significant
amounts at below 50 Kelvin (-223 degrees Celsius).

31. Whole New World of Applications
Bioapplications
Novoselov, Konstantin S., et al. "A roadmap for graphene." Nature 490.7419 (2012): 192-200.
Manipulating the hydrophilic–lipophilic properties of graphene (blue hexagonal planes) through chemical
modification would allow interactions with biological membranes (purple-white double layer), such as
drug delivery into the interior of a cell (blue region).

32. Graphene: Commercial Viability
“HEAD's graphene tennis racket won Popular Science's
Best of What's New Award”
 Graphene is integrated into the racquet shaft, making it more stable
and allowing an optimized redistribution of weight.
 Weight has been shifted to the grip and racquet head, providing
better maneuverability and increased swingweight
 These rackets are now shipping, ranging from $170 to $286
Novac Djokovic's tennis racket uses graphene. Photo: Reuters

33. Graphene: Commercial Viability
 Graphenstone (graphene-based paint) by Graphenano
 3 types of paint according to the usage: interior, exterior,
conductive
 Advantages: super strong and durable, washable, breathable,
adsorbs CO2 and reacts with other polutants, chemical-free,
reduces sound transfer, anti bacteria/fungi/spores/mold/etc.
 Conductive paint: potential coating for solar-powered building
http://www.graphenano.com/#work.

34. The Future with Graphene Technology
“So Are you ready to enter the new world of technology with
Graphene that will change the way you see the world now”

35. The Future with Graphene Technology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YbS-YyvCl4#t=13.

36. Industry Development

37. TEAM: Q&A

39. Challenges in CVD Graphene
 CVD graphene is a scalable and low cost production method. However
the quality of CVD graphene is lower than mechanically exfoliated
graphene.
 Unfortunaltely so far there has been no scalable process for mechanical
exfolaiation of graphene and exfoliation remains as a in lab research
method for graphene production. In result much effort has been put into
improcing the quality of CVD graphene.
 In the CVD method, graphene is synthesized on a thin metal layer. The
metal layer is placed on a substrate such a SiO2. During the synthesis
process the metal goes through high thermal fluctuations, as high as
1000C.
 The difference in the thermal coefficients causes the metal layer to
become stressed and develop non-uniformities on its surface. In result
the synthesized graphene will contain wrinkles and have lower quality
than exfoliated graphene.

40. Improving CVD Graphene
 A method recently proposed by researchers in Korea is to a buffer layer with very low
surface tension such a rGO between the metal and the substrate.
 This will also the metal to release its mechanical stress by sliding on the buffer layer. The
graphene synthesized by this method has extremely higher quality. (91 percent single
layer and 15000 cm2/Vs mobility
Mun, Jeong Hun, and Byung Jin Cho. "Synthesis of Monolayer Graphene Having a Negligible Amount of Wrinkles by Stress Relaxation." Nano letters 13.6 (2013): 2496-2499.

41. http://www.graphenea.com/pages/graphene-price#.UzMbaIXeNWc

42. Theory
 Currently desalination can be done through vacuum distillation which require
boiling of salt water or reverse osmosis which uses an applied pressure is used to
overcome osmotic pressure.
 Holes created in Graphene sheet act as a “filter”
 When water molecules (red and white) and sodium and chlorine ions (green and
purple) in saltwater, on the right, encounter a sheet of graphene (pale blue,
center) perforated by holes of the right size, the water passes through (left side),
but the sodium and chlorine of the salt are blocked
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=k5Tjy_90WBU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=F4-T2tYkAvc

43.  Smithsonian Magazine acknowledge Graphene water desalination as
Top 5 Surprising Scientific Milestones of 2012
 Lockheed Martin has been awarded a patent for Perforene™
material, Graphene perforated with holes
Source: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/mythical-particles-goldilocks-planets-and-more-top-5-surprising-scientific-
milestones-of-2012-161395279/?no-ist=
Graphene application –water desalination

44. Graphene Water Desalination
44
• nanoholes for disallowance chlorine ions is nominally nine
nanometers.
• nanoholes are nominally spaced apart by fifteen nanometers.
• nanoholes to disallow sodium ions is nominally six nanometers.
• Nanoholes hydrophobic nature improved ions repellence
• Method to use to make holes:
 Selective oxidation
 Laser drilled
 helium-ion bombardment
 chemical etching
 self-assembling systems
• First prototype to be ready by 2015
Source: US Patent publication Pub No: US2012/0048804