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Supply Chain of Orange in India
1. ORANGE G R O U P 1 5 :
1 8 0 2 0 7 3 – K A P I L
G A V A L I
1 8 0 2 0 7 4 – G O W T H A M M
1 8 0 2 0 7 5 – L I O N E L
G R A C I A S
1 8 0 2 0 7 6 – V E N K A T E S H
G
2. INTRODUCTION
• Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata) is most common among citrus fruits grown in
India.
• Orange is rich in vitamin C, A, B and phosphorus. Orange is consumed fresh or in the
form of juice, jam, squash and syrup.
• It is the main source of peel oil, citric acid and cosmetics which have international
market value.
• Varieties include:
– Mandarin (loose-sleeved, easily peeled oranges): Coorg, Nagpur, Darjeeling, Khasi, Sumthira,
Kinnow
– Sweet orange (peel adheres firmly to flesh): Blood red, Satgudi, Jaffa, Hamlin, Pineapple,
Haryana, and Valencia
3. AREA & PRODUCTION
Crop 2016-17 2017-18
Fruit Area Production Area Production
Mandarin 410 4438 428 5101
Sweet Orange
(Mosambi)
191 3209 185 3266
Area in ‘000 Ha
Production in ‘000
MT
• India Ranks 3rd in
terms of
production in the
world
• However, the
yield is low (11.01
T/Ha)
4. AREA & PRODUCTION
State Wise Area and Production of
Mandarin
State Wise Area and Production of Sweet Orange
8. DEMAND AND SUPPLY
PATTERNS
• Citrus industry in India is the
third largest fruit industry of
the country after mango and
banana. India ranks ninth
among top orange producing
countries contributing 3% to
the world’s total orange
production. Only 1.72% of
the country’s production is
exported.
Arrival Trend of Orange (2013)
9. WAREHOUSING
• Production is seasonal, demand is
longer.
• Various storage/warehousing
methods used for oranges based on
the location of cultivation:
10. FACTORS OF WAREHOUSING
1. Selection of storage facilities
1. Well-drained, accessible, protected from excessive humidity, heat, sunrays & pest
2. Cleaning of storage structures
1. Cleaned & fumigated
3. Cleaning and Drying of fruits
4. Separate storage of new and old stock
1. To check infestation and to maintain hygiene
5. Cleaning of vehicles
6. Proper aeration
1. Avoid accumulation of gases such as CO2, Ethylene etc.
7. Regular inspection
8. Post-harvest chemical changes during storage
1. During the storage at ambient temperature (24-28oC, RH 68%), vitamin C content in
monsoon Coorg Mandarin decreases from an initial value of 41 mg/100ml. to 36
mg/100ml. of juice by 22nd day of storage
14. LOGISTICS & DISTRIBUTION
• Factors in Transportation:
1. Transportation from farm to assembling markets
a. Type of packaging used in transportation
b. Distance covered and mode of transportation used
2. Transportation from farm/assembling market to consuming markets
a. Type of packaging used in transportation
b. Distance covered and mode of transportation used
3. Selection of Mode of Transportation
4. Cool Chain
16. PACKAGING
• Fruits are graded according to their size and colour
• Ethylene gas is used for treating the unripe green oranges
• Harvested fruits are washed with chlorine & coated with wax for shine
• Transportation:
– For small distance, packed in baskets of split bamboo & mulberry
– For large distance, packed in wooden baskets
– Chopped straw & dry grass used for padding
– Boxes or baskets are ventilated & fruits are wrapped in tissue paper or
newspaper for protection
17. PRESENT SCENARIO
Stats:
• India is 3rd largest producer of oranges in world
• Although 2nd in area under cultivation, due to
lesser productivity ranked 3rd in production
• In terms of productivity ranked 64th with 9.23
tons/hectare
Harvesting & Yield (Approx.):
• Total cost of planting material: ₹ 13750
• Cost of labour per man-day: ₹200
• Cost of farm yard manure: ₹2.5/Kg
• Cost of urea: ₹5.7/Kg
• Cost of super phosphate: ₹5.8/Kg
• Cost of muriate of Potash: ₹16.5/Kg
• Plant protection material: ₹350/litre
• Cost of irrigation pipeline with drip facility:
₹50,000
• Infrastructure charges like store and pump
house: ₹30,000
• Labour shed charges: ₹5000
• Agriculture equipment: ₹10,000
• Fencing: ₹50,000
• Approximately one orange plant produces: 10
Kgs of fruit
• Approximately one hectare of land produces:
2750 Kgs
• Cost of 1kg of oranges: ₹80
• Yield/Profit: ₹2,20,000-₹61,000 = ₹1,59,000
Areas of Improvement:
• Reducing post-harvest handling losses will play
a key role in expanding exports
• Lack of storage and transportation facilities,
post-harvest losses, costly packing material,
inadequate and inefficient labour for packing
work, high commission charges, delayed
payments are the major constraints in the
orange supply chain
• Seasonal gluts can be avoided by proper linking
of production, processing and marketing of
Oranges
• Marketing oranges on cooperative basis can
help farmers in getting higher prices for bySource: https://www.agrifarming.in/orange-farming-project-report-cost-profit
19. WASTAGES
Surveys were conducted in
Karnataka at IIHR, Bangalore to
assess the post harvest losses in
Coorg Mandarin which showed
that nearly 3.5% of the total
market arrival were discarded,
while another 37% were sorted
out and sold at 80% reduced
price
Harvesting injury and insect damage are the important causes of loss in mandarin reported
at farm level. The total losses reported in mandarins were 3% in Sikkim and 6.15% in Assam
from farm to retail level
20. LIMITATIONS
RF Odor:
• 1)They constitute a highly odor-contaminating cargo and must thus not be stowed or stored together with
fruit, vegetables and other odor-sensitive foodstuffs.
• 2) Cold stores must therefore be carefully deodorized.
RF Contamination
• 1)Oranges are sensitive to dust, dirt, fats and oils.
• 2)The holds or containers must accordingly be clean and in a thoroughly hygienic condition before loading.
• 3) Oranges does not cause contamination.
RF Mechanical influences
Attention must be paid to the level of filling of cartons in order to avoid damage: they should be filled no
higher than the top as overfilling will inevitably result in pressure damage, and thus premature spoilage, when
the cartons are stacked.
21. RF Temperature
Oranges require particular temperature, humidity/moisture and ventilation conditions
A written cooling order must be obtained from the consignor before loading is begun. This
order must always be complied with during the entire transport chain.
Green citrus fruits require higher transport
temperatures than do yellow; the higher is the
acid content of the fruit, the greater is its cold-
sensitivity.
RF Humidity/Moisture
1)Oranges require particular temperature humidity/moisture and ventilation conditions
2)Water content of citrus fruit of approx. 86%, a relative humidity of 85 - 90% is
required.
3)Only lemons, oranges and mandarins with a dark green peel color are able to
withstand a relative humidity of 82 - 85%.
LIMITATIONS
22. 1. Excessive pressure is exerted on the fruits due to faulty stacking
2. Handling issues
3. Diseases, pest and microbial attack
4. Vibration and bouncing of packages due to uneven road
conditions
5. Post harvest losses at different stages
a. During harvesting
b. Transportation
c. Grading / Packing
d. Assembling
e. Loading/Unloading
f. Storage
g. Ripening
ISSUES
Grading / Packing
23. 1. Solutions to excessive pressures
a. Refrigerated vans
b. Labelled crates
2. SOPs for handling
3. Use of natural fertilizers
4. Ensure interpackage space and complete utilization of vehicle size
5. Adopt following pre-harvest strategy and post-harvest management/technology
a. Pre-harvest treatment
b. Correct stage of harvesting
c. Proper harvesting method
d. Proper curing
e. Washing, cleaning and grading;
f. Scientific packing
g. Pre-cooling
h. Cold storage
i. Suitable means of transport and
j. Efficient marketing
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
24. 6. Direct marketing
7. Contract marketing/farming
8. Cooperative Marketing
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
25. BENEFITS
1. Minimization of post harvesting losses
2. The mechanical injury at the time of loading/ unloading is minimum
3. The packages within the truck would get immobilized
4. White tarpaulins will help to keep the packages cool to some extent because of heat
reflection
5. There would be no damage to the packages because of the protrusions of nuts/bolts, angles,
etc.
6. Reduction due to loss of diseases, pest and microbe attack
7. The damage during transportation would be minimized
26. BENEFITS
I. The benefits of the direct marketing would be:
a. It generates the idea of market oriented production.
b. It increases profit of the producer.
c. It helps in better marketing.
d. It minimizes marketing cost.
e. It encourages distribution efficiency.
f. It promotes employment to the producer.
g. Direct marketing enhances the consumer satisfaction.
h. It provides better marketing techniques to producers.
i. It encourages direct contact between producers and consumers.
j. It encourages the farmers for retail sale of their produce.
27. BENEFITS
Benefits of the contract marketing
a. Advantage to the farmers:
i. Price assurance, ensuring fair return to the producer.
ii. Proper production planning.
iii.Assured market.
iv.Availability of cost free production and post- harvest technology.
v. Freedom from the clutches of middlemen.
vi.Fair trade practices.
vii.Credit facility.
viii.Crop insurance.
ix.Exposure to new technology and best practices
28. BENEFITS
Benefits of the contract marketing
b. Advantages to contracting agency:
i. Assured supply of produce (raw materials).
ii. Control on need based production/post-harvest handling.
iii.Control on quality of produce.
iv.Stability in price as per mutually agreed contract terms and conditions.
v. Opportunities to acquire and introduce desired varieties of crop.
vi.Help in meeting specific customer needs/choice.
vii.Better control on logistics.
viii.Strengthen producer-buyer relationship
29. BENEFITS
I. The benefits of the cooperative marketing would be:
a. Remunerative price to producers.
b. Reduction in cost of marketing.
c. Marketing without commission charges.
d. Effective use of infrastructure.
e. Credit facilities.
f. Reduces malpractices.
g. Marketing information.
h. Supply of agricultural inputs.
i. Collective processing.
j. Timely and easy transportation service.
