Managing water variability: multiple dimensions
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A changing climate will lead to greater variability in water supply. The response needs to be multi-sectoral, encompassing social, financial and engineering innovation.
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Managing water variability: multiple dimensions
- 1. Managing water variability: multiple dimensions Jeremy Bird International Water Management Institute Photo: Fraser Sugden Led by:
- 2. Consumers: poor affected most by food price fluctuations Photo: ILRI
- 3. 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 Irrigatedareain1000ha Canal irrigated area Tank irrigated area Groundwater irrigated area Canal Tanks The water resource: pressure on groundwater will continue Source: Mukherji et al. 2013.
- 4. Understanding the underlying problems facing marginalized groups in farming systems is essential for addressing climate variability, e.g. • pressures to seek employment outside of agriculture • insecurity of land tenure • lack of access to credit, pumps • poor service provision • …. Marginalized groups: concerned about more than climate variability Photo: Fraser Sugden Sugden, F.; Maskey, N.; Clement, F.; Ramesh, V.; Philip, A.; Rai, A. Agrarian stress and climate change in the Eastern Gangetic Plains: Gendered vulnerability in a stratified social formation.
- 5. Farmer adaptation: e.g. flood-tolerant rice • 4 m tons of rice lost to floods in India and Bangladesh, annually • ‘Scuba’ rice resilient to complete submergence up to 17 days Source and Photo: IRRI
- 6. Rural development agencies: Linking knowledge to action in climate-smart villages
- 7. Irrigation system manager: new potential to increase water productivity by identifying high performers Doukalla Irrigation Scheme, Morocco
- 8. Private sector response: Increasingly looking to reduce water footprint Coffee in Viet Nam - 3% of GDP; employs around 2 million people • Water scarcity is a significant threat • Agronomic research showed benefit of ‘water stress’ and strategic timing of irrigation to boost yield • Savings on water and production costs Photo Credit: Creative Commons, Wikimedia
- 9. 2001 2012 2014 Insurance industry: looking for an objective indicator
- 10. Urban planner / manager: What type and level of protection is appropriate?
- 11. Source: McCartney and Smakhtin 2010 Planning agencies: Consider the full range of storage options
- 12. Water resources planner: rethinking storage Underground ‘taming’ of floods for irrigation (UTFI) Source: Pavelic 2012
- 13. 0.2 2.2 4.2 6.2 8.2 10.2 12.2 14.2 16.2 18.2 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Natural flows Environmental flow requirement Environmental services: Maintaining natural variability Crops Hydropower Industrial Regulation of water balance Erosion control Climate regulationSoil formation Nutrient cycling Recreation Multifunctional “green” basin
- 14. Source: MRC Transboundary manager: How is variability reflected in agreements? Percentage allocation Adaptation – ‘buffer’ storage Communication and consultation Cross-sector trade-offs Adapted from Drieschcova, Giodarno, Fischhendler, 2008
Notas del editor
- Key issues: Groundwater Huge increases in use in India and China. California now having to regulate for the first time.
- Evidence base- Almost 100 villages in Bihar, Haryana, Punjab and Maharashtra (India), plains of Nepal, southern Bangladesh Plans to scale-out in 1000 villages in Maharashtra Nepal reaching 15000 rice, maize, sugarcane farmers Several climate-smart villages
- Builds on existing expertise in drought monitoring in Asia Will feature near-real time, weekly high-spatial resolution information on drought severity online Will integrate remote sensing and ground data for better drought characterisation (vegetation indices, rainfall, soil, etc), Aims to supports regionally coordinated drought mitigation efforts that can be further tailored to analysis at the national level Needs to deliver timely and targeted messages to main economics sectors and communities that trigger certain anti-drought action(s) by decision makers Needs to be continuously maintained and hence needs a business model.
- Flood management. Here we consider not floods in isolation but at the patterns of floods and droughts and how excess floodwater through aquifer recharge upstream can be used for irrigation in the dry period. The key message is not to look at one problem in isolation but consider integrated solutions. And again taking a basin scale approach, here looking at the urban as well as rural areas.
- This graph shows a typical annual flow hydrograph – with a peak wet season in February and a dry season in August (Southern Hemisphere). The environmental flow requirement is only about 50% during the wet season, but may be nearly 100 percent in the dry season when there is no flow to spare. The allocatable water is that amount, variable over the year, that can be allocated to different users and taken out the system without ill-effects. The box and whisker plots show the natural variability in each month. As can be seen the wet season is particularly variable.