CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SLIDESHARE Introduction, definition, heart'chamber, conduct of heart, cardiac cycle

1. Cardio vascular SYSTEM
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
PREPARED By......
JITENDRA BHARGAV.
jitendrabardebarde98@gmail.com

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4.  a hollow muscular organ of vertebrate
animals that by its rhythmic contraction acts
as a force pump maintaining the circulation of
the blood
 The average male heart weighs around 280 to
340 grams (10 to 12 ounces).
 In females, it weighs around 230 to 280 grams (8
to 10 ounces).

5. William Harvey’s discovery of the function of the
heart and the circulation of blood was the greatest
medical discovery
December 3, 1967, Barnard transplanted a heart
from a 25-year-old woman fatally injured in a car
accident into Lewis Washkansky, a 53-year-old
South African grocer dying from chronic heart
disease.

6. • The heart pumps around 6,000-7,500 litres of blood
in a day throughout the body.
• The heart is situated at the centre of the chest and
points slightly towards the left
• On average, the heart beats about 100,000 times a day,
i.e., around 3 billion beats in a lifetime.
 An adult’s heart beats about 60 to 100 times per
minute, and a newborn baby’s heart beats at a
faster pace than an adult which is about 90 to 190
beats per minute.

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11. Epicardium – This is the outermost layer of the
heart. It is composed of a thin layer of
membrane that protects and lubricates the
• The pericardium is a fibrous membrane that
envelops the heart.
• It also serves a protective function by producing a
serous fluid, which lubricates the heart and prevents
friction between the surrounding organs.
• Furthermore, the pericardium also holds the heart
in its position and provides a hollow space for the
heart to expand and contract.

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13. Myocardium – This is a layer of muscle tissue that
constitutes the middle layer wall of the heart. It is
responsible for the heart’s “pumping” action.

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15. • Endocardium – The innermost layer that lines
the inner heart chambers and covers the heart
valves.
• Prevents blood from sticking, thereby avoiding
the formation of fatal blood clots.

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19.  The heart has four chambers:

 The right atrium receives blood from the veins
and pumps it to the right ventricle.
• The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium
and pumps it to the lungs, where it is loaded with
oxygen.
• The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
and pumps it to the left ventricle.
• The left ventricle (the strongest chamber) pumps oxygen-
rich blood to the rest of the body. The left ventricle’s
vigorous contractions create our blood pressure.

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21.  Atrioventricular valves
are between ventricles
and atria.
 The valve between the
right ventricle and right
atrium is the tricuspid
valve, and the one which
is found between the left
ventricle and left atrium
is known as the mitral
valve.

22. • Semilunar valves
are located between
the left ventricle and
the aorta.
• It is also found
between the
pulmonary artery
and the right
ventricle.

23. • Tricuspid valve: This valve has three leaflets.
• They allow blood to flow from the right atrium to
the right ventricle.
• They also prevent blood from flowing backward
from the right ventricle to the right atrium.

24. • Pulmonary valve: This valve also has three
leaflets. They allow blood to pump from the right
ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
• This artery leads to the lungs, where blood picks up
oxygen.
• The pulmonary valve prevents blood from going
backward from the pulmonary artery to the right
ventricle.

25. • Mitral valve:
• They allow blood to flow from the lungs into
the left atrium.
• they prevent backward flow from the left
ventricle to the left atrium.

26. • Aortic valve: -
• They open to let blood flow from your heart’s left
ventricle to the aorta.
• The aorta is the largest blood vessel in your body.
It brings oxygenated blood from your heart to the
rest of your body.
• The aortic valve prevents backward flow from the
aorta into the left ventricle.

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31.  Types of Circulation
a. Pulmonary circulation
is a portion of circulation responsible for carrying
deoxygenated blood away from the heart, to the lungs and
then bringing oxygenated blood back to the heart.
 Systemic circulation
• is another portion of circulation where the
oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to every
organ and tissue in the body, and deoxygenated
blood comes back again to the heart.

32.  Coronary circulation
• is an essential portion of the circulation, where oxygenated
blood is supplied to the heart.
• This is important as the heart is responsible for supplying
blood throughout the body.

33.  The cardiac conduction system is a
collection of nodes and specialised
conduction cells that initiate and co-ordinate
contraction of the heart muscle
• Sinoatrial node
• Atrioventricula
r node
• Atrioventricula
r bundle
(bundle of His)
• Purkinje fibres

34. the steps of the heart conduction
1. Your atria (top heart chambers), telling them to
contract.
2. The atrioventricular (AV) node, delaying the
signal until your atria are empty of blood.
3. The bundle of His (center bundle of nerve
fibers), carrying the signal to the Purkinje
fibers.
4. The Purkinje fibers to your ventricles (bottom
heart chambers), causing them to contract.

36.  An excitation signal (an action potential) is created by the
sinoatrial (SA) nod
 The wave of excitation spreads across the atria, causing them
to contract.
 Upon reaching the atrioventricular (AV) node, the signal is
delayed.
 It is then conducted into the bundle of His, down the
interventricular septum.
 The bundle of His and the Purkinje fibres spread the wave
impulses along the ventricles, causing them to contract.

37.  Sinoatrial Node
 The sinoatrial (SA) node is a collection of specialised
cells (pacemaker cells), and is located in the upper
wall of the right atrium, at the junction where the
superior vena cava enters.
 These pacemaker cells can spontaneously
generate electrical impulses. The wave of
excitation created by the SA node spreads via
gap junctions across both atria, resulting in
atrial contraction (atrial systole) – with blood
moving from the atria into the ventricles.

38.  Sympathetic nervous system – increases
firing rate of the SA node, and thus
increases heart rate.
 Parasympathetic nervous system –
decreases firing rate of the SA node, and thus
decreases heart rate.

39. Atrioventricular node
• The atrioventricular node delays the SA node’s
electrical signal.
• It delays the signal by a consistent amount of
time (a fraction of a second) each time.
• The delay ensures that your atria are empty of
blood before the contraction stops.
• The atria are the heart’s upper chambers.
• They receive blood from your body and empty it
into the ventricles.

40. • AV node is located in an area known as the
triangle of Koch (located between the septal
leaflet of the tricuspid valve, the coronary
sinus and the membranous portion of the
interatrial septum).
• This is near the central area of the heart.

41. Bundle of His
• The bundle of His is also called the
atrioventricular bundle.
• It is a branch of fibers (nerve cells) that
extends from your AV node.
• This fiber bundle receives the electrical
signal from the AV node and carries it to
the Purkinje fibers.

42. • The bundle of His runs down the length of
the interventricular septum, the structure
that separates your right and left ventricles.
• The bundle of His has two branches:
 Left bundle branch sends electrical signals
through the Purkinje fibers to your left
ventricle.
 Right bundle branch sends electrical signals
through the Purkinje fibers to your right ventricle.

44. Purkinje fibers
• The Purkinje fibers are branches of specialized
nerve cells.
• They send electrical signals very quickly to your
right and left heart ventricles.
• Purkinje fibers are in the subendocardial
surface of your ventricle walls.
• The subendocardial surface is part of the
endocardium, the inner layer of tissue that lines
your heart’s chambers.

45. • the Purkinje fibers deliver electrical signals
to your ventricles, the ventricles contract.
• As they contract, blood flows from your
right ventricle to your pulmonary arteries
and from your left ventricle to your aorta.
• The aorta is the body’s largest artery.
• It sends blood from your heart to the rest of
your body.

46. • A healthy human heart beats 72 times per minute
which states that there are 72 cardiac cycles per
minute.
• The cardiac cycle involves a complete contraction
and relaxation of both the atria and ventricles and
the cycle last approximately 0.8 seconds.
Cardiac cycle

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YouPREPARED By......
JITENDRA BHARGAV.