This paper investigates the performance and emissions of a single cylinder spark ignition engine operating in dual fuel mode using gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) through computational simulations. The aim is to reduce emissions from the engine to meet future emission norms while maintaining acceptable power output. Simulations are conducted using AVL Boost software to predict the engine's performance and emissions characteristics when operating on different fuel combinations. The study focuses on reducing emissions such as nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by utilizing LPG, which has a simpler molecular structure and produces fewer emissions than gasoline. While power output may decrease when using LPG, the simulations aim to lower overall emissions from the engine.

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! Two-stroke, Four-stroke (Otto cycle) and Six-stroke engine
! Diesel engine
! Atkinson cycle
! Miller cycle
! Wankel rotary engine
! Engine configurations
! Fuels and oxidizers
! Measures of engine performance
! Jet engines
! Turboprop engines
! Aeroderivative and Amateur gas turbines
! Gas turbine locomotive
! Gas turbine modular helium reactor
! Non-Intrusive Stress Measurement System
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7. From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines. This journal is part of the
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PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

8. 1. Computational and Parametric Investigation on Single Cylinder SI Engine-Based Generator to Improve Its
Performance and Emission Charectoristics as Per the Future Emission Norms
U. Qadri, M. Marouf Wani 1
2. Thermodynamics Modelling and Performance Assessment of Gas Turbine Power Plant
S.O. Oyedepo, R.O. Fagbenle, S.S. Adefila, M.M. Alam 11
3. Analysis and Overhauling of Two Stage Reciprocating Air Compressor of a Conventional
Locomotive – A Case Study
Ravi Shankar, Amit Suhane, Manish Vishwakarma 36
4. Review on Vibration Problems in Turbomachinery
Priyanka Garg 52
5. Highlights on Performance Standards Used in Gas Turbine Testing
Priyanka Garg 56
Contents

9. IJIECGT (2016) 1–10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Computational and Parametric Investigation on Single Cylinder
SI Engine-Based Generator to Improve Its Performance and
Emission Charectoristics as Per the Future Emission Norms
U. Qadri, M. Marouf Wani
National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
Abstract
This work is based on single cylinder SI engine based generator,which basically works on
Gasoline and LPG in Dual fuel mode. The main purpose of this work is to use Alternative
fuel, for reducing the emissions of the generator in dual fuel mode. As the engine is dedicated
to Gasoline engine,which is conventional fuel. So power is comparativily increasing in case
of gasoline engine,but emissions are more as compared to Alternative fuels. Since alternative
fuel is having less number of carbon atoms. So, less formation of NOx, HC and CO emissions
occurs. Our main focus is on emission formation. We are trying to reduce the emissions as
per the future emission norms. Although power is comparatively going down in case of
alternative fuel,but emission formation are less. So in order to investigate the performance
and emissions charecteristics we are using AVL boost software for predicting the
performance of SI engine and emissions,when using the engine in dual fuel mode.
Keywords: alternative fuels, AVL boost, emissions, SI engine, simulation
INTRODUCTION
Most of the natural gas is found in the
upper part of the oilwells or gas wells.It
mainly consists of methane (75% to 95%)
with small quantities of
ethane,propane,and higher hydrocarbons.It
may also contain small quantities of
nitrogen,carbon dioxide and hydrogen
sulphide.It is nearly odourless and
colourless. During the refining process of
petroleum,considerable amount of propane
and butane gases are produced.Propane
gas liquifies at 8.8 bar and butane gas
liquifies at 2.1 bar at atmospheric
temperature of 21.1C. Natural-gas
processing is a complex industrial process
designed to clean raw natural gas by
separating impurities and various non-
methane hydrocarbons and fluids to
produce what is known as pipeline quality
dry natural gas. [1]
The liquified gas can be
stored in steel cylinders and these gases
are suitable for domestic and industrial
applications. A powerful odorant, Ethyl
Mercaptan is added, in order to detect leak
on the container (tank) or at any
connection, it made leaking can be easily
detected. It is generally accepted that the
emission form a LPG powered vehicle are
less than those from the unleaded petrol
(ULP) fuelled equivalent.[2–12]
Result from corroborated by Klausmeier
and Billick[4]
Wu et al.[5]
and Newkirk et
al.[6]
presented measured data showing that
NOx emission from LPG fuels are lower
compared to ULP. It is also comparably
light and cost effective. Ceviz and Yuksel
in their study on cyclic variation on LPG
when fuelled as lean burn SI engine is

10. IJICEGT (2016) 11–35 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 11
International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Thermodynamics Modelling and Performance Assessment of Gas
Turbine Power Plant
S.O. Oyedepo1
*, R.O. Fagbenle2
, S.S. Adefila3
, M.M. Alam4
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
4
Institute for Turbulence-Noise-Vibration Interaction and Control, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute
of Technology, Shenzhen, China
Abstract
In this study, thermodynamics modelling of gas turbine engine is performed based on
thermodynamic relations. The thermodynamic model reveals that the influence of operating
parameters including the compression ratio, turbine inlet temperature and ambient
temperature has significant effect on the performance of gas turbine engine. Energy and
exergy analyses were conducted to evaluate performance of the selected power plant and to
assess the effect of operating parameters on energy loss and exergy destruction in the plant.
Energy analysis shows that the turbine has the highest proportion of energy loss (31.98%) in
the plant. The exergy analysis results reveal that the combustion chamber is the most exergy
destructive component compared to other cycle components. In addition, it was found that
increase in the gas turbine inlet temperature (GTIT) decreases the exergy destruction of this
component. The effects of design parameters on exergy efficiency show that an increase in
the compression ratio and TIT increase the total exergy efficiency of the cycle due to a rise in
the output power of the turbine and a decrease in the combustion chamber losses. The overall
exergetic efficiency of the plant decreased with increased ambient temperature. It was found
that a 5 K rise in ambient temperature resulted in a 1.03% decrease in the overall exergetic
efficiency of the plant. Based on the results of this research work, the possible economical
methods and technologies to improve performance of the selected gas turbine power plant
are suggested.
Keywords: ambient temperature, energy analysis, exergy analysis, gas turbine engine,
simulation
INTRODUCTION
Energy is an important factor in wealth
generation, economic and social
development in any nation. Based on
historical data, there is a strong
relationship between economic activities
and availability of energy resources. [1]
Gas turbines have come to play a
significant role in distributed energy
systems due to its multi-fuel capability,
compact size and low environmental
impact and reduced operational and
maintenance cost. Growing demand of
power and degradation of environment has
made gas turbine power plants of scientific
interest for the efficient utilization of
energy resources. [2]
A gas turbine as a device designed to
convert the heat energy of fuel into useful
work is different from steam turbine in the
sense that there is no change of phase in

11. IJICEGT (2016) 36–51 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 36
International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Analysis and Overhauling of Two Stage Reciprocating Air
Compressor of a Conventional Locomotive – A Case Study
Ravi Shankar*
, Amit Suhane, Manish Vishwakarma
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
Abstract
Reciprocating air compressor is the most widely used type of compressor found in many
industrial applications and is a crucial machine in gas transmission pipelines, petrochemical
plants, refineries, etc. Due to high pressure ratio requirements, reciprocating air compressor
is commonly used in locomotives. After a period of life unexpected failures of internal
components due to miscellaneous reasons occur, which affects the operating system
performance. This paper presents a case study on reciprocating air compressor of a
locomotive highlighting the associated problems, diagnosis and effective solutions supported
by appropriate maintenance strategies for overhauling and repairing arising out due to
frequent failure of parts. It is predominantly essential to establish the recommended
clearances given for the various parts of the compressor. Based on dimensional measurement
of compressor parts selection of repair and replacement is becomes easy and it is best for
economical point of view.
Keywords: dimensional measurement, frequent failure, overhauling, repair and replacement
INTRODUCTION
An air compressor is a device to facilitate
converts power (usually from an electric
motor, a diesel engine or a gasoline
locomotive) into kinetic energy by
compressing and pressurizing the air,
which, on control can be unconfined in
rapid bursts Compressor is a device that
extracts air from the ambiance and
compresses it into a holding chamber. [1]
In certain application such as air
compression, multi stage double-acting
compressors are said to be the most
efficient compressors available and are
typically larger and more costly. Most
multi-stage compressors use intercoolers
which are heat exchangers with the
intention of remove the heat of
compression between the stages of
compression.
Inter-cooling affects the overall
effectiveness of the machine. While
mechanical energy is applied for
compression of air, after compression
density of air increase due to which the
temperature of the gas increases. After-
coolers are installed after the last stage of
compression to decrease the air
temperature.
As the air temperature is reduced, water
vapor in the air is condensed, separated,
collected, and exhausted from the system.
Nearly all of the condensate from a
compressor with inter-cooling is removed
in the intercooler, and the remains in the
after-cooler. Approximately all
engineering systems, except those that
supply process air to heat indifferent
operations, require after-cooling (Figures
1, 2). [2–16]

12. IJICEGT (2016) 52–55 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 52
International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Review on Vibration Problems in Turbomachinery
Priyanka Garg*
University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Vibration suppression of turbomachinery is an important engineering problem. Vibration
caused by mass imbalance is a common problem in rotating the turbomachinery systems.
Imbalance occurs if the principal axis of inertia of the rotor is not coincident with its
geometric axis. Higher speeds cause much greater centrifugal imbalance forces, and the
current trend of rotating equipment toward higher power density clearly leads to higher
operational speeds. In this paper, a review of the research work performed in real-time active
balancing and active vibration control for turbomachinery, as well as the research work on
dynamic modeling and analysis techniques of turbomachinery systems, is presented. The
basic methodology and a brief assessment of major difficulties and future research needs are
also provided.
Keywords: turbomachinery, rotor, vibration, control, aerodynamic loading, structural
instabilities, damping, blade.
INTRODUCTION
Vibration problems in modern
turbomachinery systems instill equal
concern as those in their design,
manufacture and general maintenance.
Considerable amount of precise energy go
unused due to machinery breakdown and
associated costs to machine downtime add
up to unproductive overheads. The modern
trend of building high-speed engines
requires new, dependable techniques to
reduce vibrations.[1]
Vibration problems, usually unrelated to
unbalance, represent another kind of
problem for turbomachinery in which the
rotor vibrates at nonsynchronous (other
than rotating speed) frequencies.
Nonsynchronous vibrations can be
subsynchronous, when the frequency is
lower than the rotational speed of the
shaft, supersynchronous, when the
frequency is higher than the rotational
speed of the shaft, or a combination of
both. One of the most harrowing of rotor
vibration scenarios is the case of rotor
instability causing subsynchronous
vibrations. The onset mechanisms of
subsynchronous vibrations are related to a
great diversity of destabilizing forces,
some of them not well understood yet, and
therefore, special attention must be paid to
this type of vibration. While considerable
literature exists on analyzing, predicting
and implementing passive techniques for
reducing vibrations due to rotor instability,
no publications on active control of these
phenomena exists. Active control through
AMBs stands as a promising solution for
the prevention of this type of vibration
problem.
In this paper, a brief review is made on
various vibration problems that occur in
turbomachinery systems due to various
factors involved such as, hydraulic/

13. IJICEGT (2016) 56–60 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 56
International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Highlights on Performance Standards Used in Gas Turbine
Testing
Priyanka Garg*
University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
INTRODUCTION
A gas turbine is a kind of spinning device
that uses the action of a gas to produce
work. Various engineering applications
have included the use of gas turbines for
decades to turn the core of an electrical
generator to produce power for both
industrial and to some extent residential
consumption. The gas turbine is a complex
machine and its performance is governed
by many standards. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
performance test codes have been written
to ensure that the test is conducted in a
manner that guarantees that all turbines are
tested under the same set of rules and
conditions to ensure that the test results
can be compared in a judicious manner. [1]
Factors Affecting Gas Turbine
Performance
Air Temperature and Site Elevation
Since the gas turbine is an air-breathing
engine, its performance is changed by
anything that affects the density and/or
mass flow of the air intake to the
compressor.
Ambient weather conditions are the most
obvious changes from the reference
conditions of 59 F/15 C and 14.7
psia/1.013 bar. Correction factor for Heat
rate is from 0.92 from -29 0C to 1.1 at 45
0C. Correction factor for Power is from
1.25 from -19 0C to 0.83 at 40 0C. [4, 5]
Altitude
Heat rate is not affected by altitude.
Correction factor for power from 1 at 0 m
(sea level) to 0.8 at 1800 m above sea
level, at 1000 m is about 0.89. [5]
Humidity
Humid air, which is less dense than dry
air, also affects output and heat rate. In the
past, this effect was thought to be too
small to be considered. However, with the
increasing size of gas turbines and the
utilization of humidity to bias water and
steam injection for NOx control, this effect
has greater significance. It should be noted
that this humidity effect is a result of the
control system approximation of firing
temperature such as, used on GE heavy-
duty gas turbines. [4, 5]
Inlet And Exhaust Losses
Inserting air filtration, silencing,
evaporative coolers or chillers into the
inlet or heat recovery devices in the
exhaust causes pressure losses in the
system. The effects of these pressure
losses are unique to each design.
Correction factor Heat rate is 0 for 0 mm
H2O inlet losses to 1.02 at 300 mm H2O.
Correction factor Power is from 0 for 0
mm H2O inlet losses to 0.98 at 300 mm
H2O. [4, 5]
Fuels
Work from a gas turbine can be defined as
the product of mass flow, heat energy in
the combusted gas (Cp), and temperature
differential across the turbine. The mass
flow in this equation is the sum of
compressor airflow and fuel flow. The heat
energy is a function of the elements in the

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Engineering
« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
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Material Sciences and Engineering
« International Journal of Energetic Materials
« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials
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Engineering
Chemistry
« International Journal of Photochemistry
« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry
« International Journal of Green Chemistry
« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics and
Mechanical Behaviour
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Manufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics
and Analysis
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« International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials
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« International Journal of Immunological Nursing
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