International Journal of Solid State Materials provides an international medium for publication of experimental and theoretical research papers and review articles related to solid state material. Novel devices, quasicrystals, advanced material for CMOS are other major fields served by this journal.

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Focus andScopeoftheJournal
 Amorphous oxide semiconductors
 Photovoltaics
 Advanced materials for CMOS
 Novel devices
 Thin films
 Crystal structure
 Quasicrystals
 Spin glasses
 High-temperature superconductivity
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Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Deepika Bhadauria
Rekha Rani
Commissioning Editors
Dr. Chhavi Goel
Manisha Dhoble

6. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Nitu R Katariya
Rajiv Gandh Technical University,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Bhavana Singh
Jabalpur Engineering College,
Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Dr Saikat Kumar Seth
Department of Physics, Mugberia Gangadhar
Mahavidyalaya Bhupatinagar, Purba Medinipur
West Bengal, India
Tanmaya Badapanda
Department of Physics, C.V.Raman College of
Engineering, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India
Alexander Samardak
Far Eastern Federal University, Russian
Federation
Dr. Pravanjan Mallick
North Orissa University, Orissa,
India
P D Sahare
Department of Physics & Astrophysics,
University of Delhi, Delhi,
India
Joydeep Chowdhury
Department of Physics, Sammilani
Mahavidyalaya, E.M. Bypass, Baghajatin,
Kolkata, India
Mohammad Mirzazadeh
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of
Mathematical Sciences, University of Guilan,
Rasht, Iran, Islamic
Dr. Malay Kanti Sikdar
The Indian Association for the Cultivation of
Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata,
India
Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi
Neijing Normal University, Department of
Mathematics, Neijiang, Sichuan, China
Dr Ramachandran Esakki
Department of Physics, Thruvalluvar College
Papanasam, Tamilnadu, India
Hong Van Nguyen
Department of Computational Physics, School of
Engineering Physics, Hanoi University of
Science and Technology, Vietnam
Dr. Binay Prakash Akhouri
Ranchi University,
Ranchi,
India
Mustafa Okumuş
Batman University,
Turkey
Dr. Nabachandra Singh Asem
Department of Physics, Thoubal College,
Thoubal, Manipur, India
Dr. P Murali Krishna
National Institute of Food Technology,
Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat,
Haryana, India
Dr Gurmeet Singh Lotey
DAV University,
Jalandhar, Punjab,
India
Ajay D. Thakur
Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences
& Center for Energy and Environment, Indian
Institute of Technology, Patna Patliputra, India
Dr. M. Jayasimhadri
Department of Applied Physics,
Delhi Technological University,
Bawana Road, Delhi, India

7. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Ajaykumar P Patel
Arts, Commerce and Science College,
Kinhavali, Tal. Shahapur, Dist. Thane, India
Dr. Narendra Kumar
Department of Physics (CASH), Mody
University of Science & Technology, India
Dr. M Wasi Khan
Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of
Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh, India
Prof. Rupayan Bhattacharya
University of Calcutta,
India
Hemen ch. Medhi
Lecturer , Department of Electronics
St. Edmund's College, Shillong -
793003,Meghalaya,, India
Dr. Santanu K. Maiti
Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit
Indian Statistical Institute 203 Barrackpore
Trunk Road Kolkata, India
Dr. Kushal Kalita
Physics Department, Gauhati University,
Shillong, India

8. From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Solid State Materials. This journal is part of the physics,
and is devoted to the scope of present physics issues, from theoretical aspects to
application-dependentstudiesandthevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of
Solid State Materials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part
of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Solid State Materials
community,addressing researchersandpractitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Solid State Materials in JournalsPub is to propagate novel
awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research
societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Solid State Materials in general. Journals Pub acts
as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time &
successfully.
International Journal of Solid State Materials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
Amorphous oxide semiconductors, Photovoltaics,Advanced materials for CMOS, Novel devices, Thin films,
Crystalstructure,Quasicrystals, Spinglasses, High-temperaturesuperconductivity.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Solid State
Materialsand solutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Solid State Materials
community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developmentsinthefieldofSolidStateMaterials.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Solid State Materials readers
and willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofsolidstatematerials.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

9. 1. Fabrication and Testing of a Light Weight Solar Concentrator
S. Mahavar, A. Bhardwaj, P. Dashora 1
2. Parametric Comparison of Organic Solar Cells, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Quantum Dot Solar Cells and
Perovskite Solar Cells
Amit Mishra, Abhinav Shekhar, Vivek Kumar, Mohit Kumar 10
3. Applications of Paraffin as Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in Different Areas
Sonali Mangal, Diksha Joshi 19
4. Analysis of Different Output Parameters of Multi-junction Inorganic Solar Cell
Nidhi Sinha, Varun Chandra, Diksha Joshi 26
5. Revolution and Expansion of Nanofluids in Different Sectors
Arvind Mahla, Ashok Rinwa, Sourabh Soni 32
Contents

10. IJSSM (2016) 1–9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Solid State Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Fabrication and Testing of a Light Weight Solar Concentrator
S. Mahavar*, A. Bhardwaj, P. Dashora
Department of Physics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
ABSTRACT
Solar energy is the prime inexhaustible energy available to all. India is one of the sun’s most
favoured nations, blessed with 5,000 trillion kWh/year insolation. Thus, investment in solar
energy is a natural choice for India. Solar energy can be collected and utilized to generate
electricity through photovoltaic system or to generate heat through solar thermal systems.
Different solar thermal appliances uses different solar collectors. Among those,
concentrators are the most efficient way to collect solar radiation. A low price, light weight
material with good reflectivity is desirable to decrease the cost and weight of solar
concentrators and to reduce tracking complications. Considering this aspect present
research work is focused on fabrication and testing of a light weight parabolic dish solar
concentrator. This light weight solar concentrator (LWSC) (having 1.2 m diameter, 0.2 m
height and focal length 0.45 m) is fabricated of iron supporting structure and six polymeric
reflector sheets. Study of thermal performance of the system is done using two metallic disks
coated with thin matt black paint. During experimental studies, azimuth-elevation tracking of
this small system is done manually. Experimental studies done over a number of days show
that with manual tracking of LWSC the highest temperature about 177 °C is achieved for
steel receiver (0.057 m2
) within 15 min under an average solar insolation of 850 W/m2
. This
study shows that polymeric reflector can be a suitable material to be used in large size solar
concentrator to reduce weight of the system as well as tracking complications.
Keywords: parabolic solar concentrator, polymeric reflector, receiver, tracking system
INTRODUCTION
The Sun, source of energy for our earth, is
an averaged sized star of Milkyway
[Akashganga] galaxy having mass around
1.987x1030
kg, diameter about 1.39x109
m
and temperature around 6000˚K. At its
centre fusion process of hydrogen to form
helium is continuously occurring which
causes release of a great amount of energy
at the rate of 3.83×1026
W. The intensity
(solar radiation leaving the sun) is constant
and it is called solar constant (at mean
distance of 1 AU) denoted by, Isc = 1367
W/m2
. The solar energy that hits the earth
every second is equivalent to 4 trillion
hundred-watt light bulbs. Furthermore, the
solar energy received at one square mile in
a year is equivalent to the energy produced
by 4 million barrels of oil. Thus, the
potential of solar energy is immense [1–4].
Due to continuously increasing demand of
electricity, our country needs to shift to
non-polluting renewable sources of energy
to meet future demand for electricity. Solar
is the prime inexhaustible energy available
to all. India is one of the sun’s most
favoured nations, blessed with about 5,000
trillion kWh/year of solar insolation every
year with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh
per meter square per day. Thus, investment
in solar energy is a natural choice for India
[3]. Solar energy can be collected and
utilized to generate electricity through
photovoltaic system or to generate heat

11. IJSSM (2016) 10–18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10
International Journal of Solid State Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Parametric Comparison of Organic Solar Cells, Dye-Sensitized
Solar Cells, Quantum Dot Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells
Amit Mishra*
, Abhinav Shekhar, Vivek Kumar, Mohit Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India
ABSTRACT
Organic solar cells have great potential due to their advantages such as low cost, easy
manufacturing techniques, made of abundant earth materials, ability to overcome Shockley
Queisser efficiency limit etc., but as of current technology status, the widespread
commercialization of organic solar cells are limited due to low lifetime. Two modeling
approaches are studied, equivalent circuit model and optical model. Two studies conducted
in this section, two diode model studies on degradation of organic solar cell under
continuous illumination and comparison of two diode model parameters for various
emerging photovoltaic technologies including organic solar cells, quantum dot solar cells,
perovskite solar cells and dye sensitized solar cells.
Keywords: equivalent circuit, organic solar cell, perovskite solar cell, quantum dot solar cell,
Queisser efficiency
INTRODUCTION
Energy is the backbone of any economy.
All economic activities including
production of goods and services,
development of basic amenities,
eradication of poverty and development of
standard of living, all requires a
continuous reliable supply of energy. Solar
energy is an important source of renewable
energy and as of the current status it
contributes 0.24% of the total energy
demand [3]. Along with wind energy it
constitutes two high potential and growing
energy markets. Solar energy technologies
can be broadly classified as active solar
and passive solar.
Solar cells are classified into three
categories namely – first, second and third
generation solar cells. The first generation
solar cells are also called conventional or
wafer based solar cells. They are made of
mono and poly crystalline silicon and are
the commercially predominant solar cell
technology. Second generation of solar
cells includes thin film solar cells, which
include amorphous silicon, CdTe and
CIGS solar cells. Third generation of solar
cells is often seen as emerging
photovoltaic technologies. They are
predicted to have high efficiencies and
performances but most technologies are in
research or developmental phase. They
include organic solar cells, quantum dot
solar cells, dye sensitized solar cells, etc.
Organic Solar Cell: Principle and
Mechanism
The major difference of organic
semiconductors and atomic
semiconductors is the presence of
molecules instead of atoms. This results in
optical properties like absorption and
luminescence and the electrical properties
including transport gaps, charge carrier
localization, separation, and transport. The

12. IJSSM (2016) 19–25 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19
International Journal of Solid State Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Applications of Paraffin as Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in
Different Areas
Sonali Mangal*, Diksha Joshi
Poornima University, Jaipur, India
ABSTRACT
Plants of renewable sources of energy are situating across many places as they are never
ending resources. But their cost is very high, their efficiency is less. Their day time utility is
present but it is hard to utilize solar energy in night. Hence solution to these problems
coming is Thermal Energy Storage systems. PCM i.e. phase change materials are used as
storage material in these TES system. Paraffin wax is commercially available and in use as
PCM. This paper investigates and reviews on the paper presented previously on the
applications of Paraffin wax in TES in different areas like water distillation, storage and how
their efficiency can be increased. It is found that now-a-days paraffin wax is better than other
because of its high thermal conductivity and using composite with paraffin makes it more
productive. But at some areas Paraffin fails in front of hydrated PCM salts. Moreover overall
system is reliable.
Keywords: composite, distillation, hydrated PCM salt, thermal energy storage, paraffin wax
INTRODUCTION
Human sustainability requires energy in
any form that can be from renewable
source or non-renewable sources of
energy. Since human activity demand is
increasing day by day and the store of non-
renewable source of energy is decreasing
with a greater rate, hence there is a great
demand of non-renewable source of
energy. There are many non-renewable
energy resources in which solar energy is
one, which provides thermal energy. But
the prime drawbacks of this are efficiency
of this is very less, they are dependent on
time and their storage [1–6].
Hence, there is a great requirement to
upgrade its efficiency through other ways
like using a product which can trap and
store its energy and can provide whenever
needed. PCM i.e. Phase Change Material
as Thermal Energy storage material is one
of those product which increases its
efficiency, its utility, decreases the
wastage and effects the overall gain.
THEORY
Thermal Energy Storage
Thermal energy storage method is used in
order to cool or heat buildings or tanks
when the temperature inside is above or
below the internal energy in the stored
substance. It is used so that energy could
not be wasted and can be utilized with its
maximum efficiency whenever required.
This method is a solution to the drawbacks
of solar energy:
(1) Storing and delivering power
according to the time requirement for
e.g. storing in daytime and delivering
in night time.
(2) Security of energy supply.

13. IJSSM (2016) 26–31© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 26
International Journal of Solid State Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Analysis of Different Output Parameters of Multi-junction
Inorganic Solar Cell
Nidhi Sinha*, Varun Chandra, Diksha Joshi
Poornima University, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
One of the partial solutions to the urgent crisis of global warming and energy shortage is the
replacement of fossil fuels with renewable sources. The solar cell is one of the most attractive
sources of renewable energy. To increase the efficiency of Solar cell various multi-junction
solar cell designs were proposed and analyzed. In general, By and large, the productivity of
the multi-junction solar cell relies on different outline parameters, for example, material sort,
thickness of the layers, doping concentration, type of texturing and thickness of anti-reflective
coating. Multi-junction solar cells comprising of series stacked p-n junction layers offer a
huge change in efficiency over ordinary solar cells by generating power over a bigger range
of daylight. The plan of multi-junction solar cells is confused by both the longing to have
maximally effective intersection layers and the need to coordinate the current delivered in
every junction layer under ideal load conditions. Maximum reported efficiency was >50%
with the four junction InGaP/GaAs/MQW/Ge solar cell.
Keywords: multijunction inorganic solar cell, photovoltaic cell, solar cell
INTRODUCTION
Solar Power (otherwise called Solar
radiation or insolation) is energy from the
Sun. This energy, as warmth and light,
bolsters all life on earth, drives the Earth's
atmosphere and climate and is
predominately in charge of class of
resources all things considered known as
renewable energy.
Every hour the sun beam onto the Earth
more than lots of energy to satisfy global
energy needs for an entire year. Solar
energy is the technology used to harness
the sun’s energy and make it usable.
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an
electrical device that converts the energy
of light directly into electricity by the
photovoltaic effect, which is physical and
chemical phenomenon. It is a form of
photoelectric cell, defined as a device
whose electrical characteristics, such as
current, voltage, or resistance, change
when exposed to light. The operation of a
photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic
attributes:
 The assimilation of light, creating
either electron-hole pair or excitons
 The partition of charge carriers of
opposite types.
 The different extraction of those
carriers to an outside circuit.
Cells, Modules, Panels and Systems
Different solar based cells in a coordinated
gathering all situated in one plane,
constitute a solar photovoltaic board or
solar photovoltaic module. Photovoltaic
modules regularly have a sheet of glass on
the sun-confronting side, permitting light
to pass while ensuring the semiconductor

14. IJSSM (2016) 32–43 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 32
International Journal of Solid State Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Revolution and Expansion of Nanofluids in Different Sectors
Arvind Mahla*
, Ashok Rinwa, Sourabh Soni
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sobhasaria Engineering College, Sikar, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
Generally, heat transfer has become critical issue in many sectors due to compact designs as
one cannot manipulate with design much more. But in this technical era, there has been a
huge demand of an alternative source which can enhance the heat transfer rate with less
power consumption and maximum efficiency. Traditional fluids + nanoparticles could only
enhance the thermal conductivity by 25% (approx.) with the application in limited sectors.
For the enhancement of thermal conductivity, liquid-metal fluid with the addition of recent
predicted nanoparticles such as CNTs, Cerium-oxide, Al2O3, graphite increased the
applications in many sectors.
This paper discusses applications in electronic, electrical, automotive, aerospace,
aeronautics, optics, heating and air conditioning systems. Heat removal and control are the
demanding challenges in some high heat flux systems such as nuclear fission, fusion,
micro/nanoelectronics mechanical systems, solar collectors and micro chemical reactions.
Keywords: heat flux, thermal conductivity, stability of nanofluids
INTRODUCTION
New focus is on the world’s oil production
and concern of greenhouse gas emissions
which led to increased propellant
performance and environment
sustainability. Current propellant use
Hydrazine which have many negative
health and environmental effects to living
being. According to U.S. environmental
protection agency [EPA] [1], short term
exposure to hydrazine can result in
permanent damage to the central nervous
system, kidneys, livers.
Thus wide use of diesel engines leads to
harmful threat of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and
hydrocarbon (HC) emissions.
Improvement in the performance of diesel
engines is a very important challenge to be
addressed, in the recent era due to the fast
depletion of fossil fuel resources as well as
due to the harmful hydrocarbon and
nitrogen oxide emissions. Efforts are also
made for the reformulation of diesel fuel to
decrease these harmful emissions without
affecting the physicochemical properties
of fuel such as viscosity, flash and fire
point. Improvements in heat transfer
systems can be achieved by increasing the
surface area or the heat transfer
coefficient.
Fins or extended surfaces are employed to
augment the heat dissipation area. The heat
transfer coefficient for forced convection
depends on multiple parameters such as
geometry, fluid velocity and thermo-
physical properties, flow regime, etc. but
with increase in fins, the geometry has to
be changed, which causes increase in the
size. A nanofluid is a fluid consisting of
uniformly dispersed and suspended
nanometer-sized particles in fluids with the
purpose of improving their properties,
such as the thermal conductivity and the
viscosity. The innovative idea of

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