Renewable energy models for rice residues - SNV Vietnam

Renewable energy models for rice residues -
Potentials for Green Growth and Experience
through SSC project by SNV
Forum
Green growth in Agriculture:
Potentials, Experience and Recommendations
Do Duc Tuong
Renewable Energy Advisor
tdo@snvworld.org
Hanoi, 31st October 2014

Overview | Problems | Re. Energy models | Challenges | Conclusion
Climate Change – What we see?
Sea level rise
3
Drought
Flood

Climate Change - Causes
ƩCO2
Global
Warming
Climate
Change
The main cause of climate change and global warming is the
emission of Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other GHGs

Climate Change - Causes

Vietnam National GHG inventory for 2010
6
Energy
141,171 mil. tons
(53.06%)
Agriculture
88,355 mil. tons
(33.21%)
Industrial
Processes
21,172 mil. tons
(7.96%)
Waste
15,352 mil.tons
(5.77%)
Source: “Capacity building for National GHG inventory in
Vietnam MONRE/JICA (2010-2014), draft report May-2014)

Based on the Decision 403/QĐ-TTg dated 20/3/2014 on National Action plans for green
growth to 2020 (2014-2020)
7

GHG Emission plan for Agriculture by 2020 – MARD
8
Based on the Decision 319/QĐ-BNN-KHCN dated 16 Dec 2011 on GHG Emission
reduction plan for Agriculture 2020

Vietnam is the 2nd largest rice exporter in the world,
producing each year more than 40 mil. tons of rice
Farming areas and Productivity of paddy rice from 2000-2010
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
9
Title
0
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Production
(Mil. Tons)
Farming area
(1000 ha)
Farming area Production
Source: GSO, 2010
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Annually, 32 million tons of rice residues is produced
32 mil. tons
of rice straw
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Milling sector produces 8 million tons of rice husk/year
8 mil. tons
of rice husk
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What do farmers do with
such abundant biomass
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resources?

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Rice husk and rice straw are not useTdi tfoler cooking

1 hour of cooking tin such condition is polluted
equivalent to smoking 400 cigarettes
Because low bulk density fuels with traditional stoves create a
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Title
polluted, uncomfortable environment for cooking

15
Title
That’s why rice straw burning became popular practice

Open straw burning causes:
- Road accidents
- Polluted environment for local communities

Dumping of rice husk also causes:
- Polluted energy sources
- Stuck rivers and channels
- Polluted environment for communities
Open burning of husk at big mill in
Le Thuy, Quang Binh June 2013
Dumping husk in Mekong delta
few years ago
17

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On the other hand…
As a result of the rapid economic development, the
primary energy consumption in Vietnam has been
increasing steadily.
It is forecasted that Vietnam will likely become an
energy importer by 2015, expecting to increase its
energy demand 4 times by 2030.

Energy balance of Vietnam to 2030
19
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Energy
shortage
1990 2000 2005 2009 2015 2020 2030
(Mtoe)
Coal Oil
Natural Gas Hydro
Nuclear Biomass
Total primary supply (TPS)
Source: Do Duc Tuong (2012), from complied difference sources

Two questions worth to answer:
1. How to reduce GHG emission in rice
20
sector?
2. How to increase renewable energy
supply to increase energy security for
Vietnam?
One answer
Converting rice residues to
renewable energy !

Example 1. Rice straw thermal power plant in China
First thermal power plant run on 100% straw
Capacity: 150MW (150000 kW)
Straw use: 220.000 tonnes/year
Electricity prod.: 1.9 billion kWh/year
Source: Prof. Cheng Xu, CAU
21
1ha straw ~ 6000kWh
(powering 60 homes for 1 month)

Example 2. Straw thermal power plant in Denmark
• Straw is baled and co-fired in coal power plants in Denmark

Example 3. Off-grid rice husk power plant in India
• Produce electricity from gasification of rice husk
• Use 300kg husk/hour to power 500 homes (6 hours/day)
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Title

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RE models introduced by SNV in SSC project

25
Model 1. Straw baling system
Title

1 person can collect 8 tonnes of straw/day
Capacity = 500 bales/day (~2ha)

Convenient for handling, transportation, and storage
27
This mini truck is loading 1 tonne of straw

Convenient for handling, transportation, and storage
Straw becomes a commercial product

• 1st installation: The Husbandry Breeding Centre in Quang Binh
• 2nd installation: Phước Hưng cooperative, Tuy Phuoc, Binh Định
Bố Trạch, Quảng Bình
Tháng 5/2014
Model 1. Straw baling – Results

32
Technical training at Dai Trach commune, Quang Binh

Using straw bales in Quang Binh (demo only)
Rơm cuộn - Làm thức ăn cho trâu bò

Straw bale is used for mushroom production in Binh Dinh
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Mushroom yeilds
increased 30% compared
to hand-cut straw
An Nhơn, Bình Định
July 2014

Model 2. Rice husk briquette system
Principle: Rice husk is converted to briquette through
a press-crew system with heater, briquette is used as fuel

Environmental benefits:
• Reduced open-burning of excess husk in big rice mills
• Use briquette to replace coal and other fossil fuels

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 High energy density
 Low dust
 Longer burning time
 Much cheaper than charcoal and hard coal

Ms.Tran Thi Quynh rice mill
(briquette machines operated from July 2014)
Produced: 110 tonnes briquette
Revenue: 130 million VNĐ
Profit: 10 million VNĐ/month
New jobs: 3 local jobs
38
Model 2. Rice husk briquette system - Results

Model 3. Rice husk gasifier stove + biochar
39

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Model 3. Rice husk gasifier stove + biochar
Gasification is the process that converts solid biomass into
combustible gases that could be conveniently used as clean fuel
for heat and electricity generation later
Direct combustion Gasification
Primary air Secondary air

Model 3. Rice husk gasifier stove – WHY?
3 billion people are relying on tradditional biomass stoves
4 million people died each year due to indoor air pollution
(Source: WHO, 2014)

This woman in Quang Hoa village.
She cooked in such polluted
kitchen for most of her life

TRADDITIONAL COOKSTOVES
= CHEAP FUELS
+ SMOKE, DUST, POLLUTANTS
+ INCONVENIENT
+ LONG COOKING TIME
+ LABOR-INTENSIVE FOR
COLLECTING FUELS
43

Many households are now having LPG stoves

LPG STOVES= CLEAN+ COMFORT
(but…. )
+ HIGH COST
+ CO2 EMISSION
45

Rice husk gasifier stove provides Clean cooking and Biochar
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• Biochar as by-product from rice husk gasifier stove
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Not use biochar Biochar applied
Source: Josiah Hunt, The Basics of Biochar : A Natural Soil Amendment
48

Burning Burning
CO2
Natural growth and decay
of plants (incl. burning)
Biomass
(living and death)
is carbon neutral:
C=
100 million years
( C- )
100 minutes ( C- )
Fossil fuels Bio-coal
Used as soil
amendment
200+ years of fossil fuels,
positive carbon emission:
C+
Carbon storage:
Negative Carbon: C-Biochar
into soil C-Carbon
storage for thousand years
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Source: Dr. Paul Anderson et al.

Model 3. Rice husk gasifier stove - Results
Lab testing of different gasifier stoves in Vietnam
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Source: Do Duc Tuong, 2012

User preference workshops in Quang Binh and Binh Dinh
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Improvement and 3D designs for newly improved stove
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Mass-production of improved gasifier stove
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High quality of production with modern machines

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Improved gasifier stoves are produced

The new improved gasifier stove - finish product
Some features
• Long lifespan: up to 18 months
• Cooking time: 40-50mins
• Fuel use: 1.4kg/batch
• Inner combustion chamber is
replaceable, 1 year guarantee
• Better fan performance,
6months guarantee
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Developing a brand name for the improved stove

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Setting up local shops and distribution network
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2
3

Xây dựng chuỗi phân phối
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Title
1

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Title
2

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3

Technical Challenges
• Rice husk briquette machines require daily maintenance
• Straw baling machine requires pulling tractor
• Gasifier stove requires high quality material + precise
manufacturing equipment
• Stove fan need electrician to repair
• GHG emission reduction for each model requires is
complicated. It must take into account lifecycle emission
(e.g: straw baling = diesel for machine, transportation, emission
during mushroom cultivation or CH4 in animal raising…)
62

Implementation challenges
• Select suitable beneficiary (preferably private)
• Seek local co-funding from local government
• Technical training and technology transfer
should be smart and effective
• Should support business development +
finding customers in first stage (create market)
• Capacity building (local gov leaders) and
awareness raising for local community
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Scaling up Challenges
• Farming area or milling scale should be large enough
• Regional geographical/farming characteristics should be
considered (seasons, land condition…)
• Competition of resources (straw/husk in other uses)
• A must-do is to change local habits (field burning, straw
bale uses, biochar uses, briquette uses…)
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Conclusion
• It is clearly seen that the RE-models are economically
feasible (economic GROWTH)
• Intensive baseline survey is required
• RE-models should be mainstreamed into Government
policies to seek inclusive support and strong funding
(The National Program on New Rural Development,
Large-scale fields…)
• In-depth GHG emission reduction assessment should be
carried (how GREEN?)
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Thank you for attention!
Title 66

Renewable energy models for rice residues - SNV Vietnam

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