FEED FORMULATION OF SHRIMP

1. WEST BENGAL UNIVERSITY OF ANIMAL & FISHERY SCIENCES
FACULTY OF FISHERY SCIENCES
AN ASSIGNMENT ON
FEEDING HABITAND FEED FORMULATION OF SHRIMP
FAQ-213
SUBMITTED BY:
KArTIK MONDAL
B.F.Sc 2nd yr. 1st sem
FS : 10/13

2. INTRODUCTION
 Shrimps culture has made significant advances during the last decade in
many parts of the world. It has become the most target species for
culture & breeding purpose all over the world. The demand for the
shrimps seed is increasing day by day due to its fast growth, high
fecundity, high survibility, disease free, high meat quality & also earns a
great market for domestic & export purpose. The knowledge about the
nutritional requirement of shrimp is very significant for cultivation of
shrimp.
 Shrimps are cultured in waters rich in nutrients and natural food derived
both from plant and animal origin. Fertilization with either chemical or
organic fertilizers increases production of food organisms resulting in
higher shrimp production.
 In the case of intensive shrimp farming systems in addition to selective
stocking of desired species, feeds with high conversion ratios which
provide all the nutrients essential for shrimp such as proteins, amino-acids,
carbohydrates, lipids and fatty acids, vitamins and minerals are
also required.
 The quality feed and cost are critical and important factors in
determining profitability in a shrimp farm. In the selection of an
appropriate feed to match the shrimp farming, several factors have to be
considered and these include expert farm management, farm
infrastructure facilities.

3. SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF shrimp
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Arthropoda
Subphylum – Crustacea
Class –Malacostraca
Order –Decapoda
Sub-Order –Dendrobranchiata
Family – Penaeidae
Genus –Penaeus
Species –P. monodon

4. Different species of shrimp
Fenneropenaeus
indicus
Penaeus
merguiensis
P.semisulcata
s
Penaeus
vannamei
Penaeus
japonicus
Penaeus
monodon

5. Soon after hatching into nauplius stage, the
larvae of shrimp derive nutrition from the yolk.
The nauplious larvae grows by moulting about
6 times and enter the stage called zoea.During
this stage the larvae feed on phytoplankton such
as skeletoema.it moults about 3 times and
changes into mysis.During mysis stage ,the
larvae feds on zooplankton and grows into
postlrva.During post larva stage ,it gradually
moves to the bottom and lives there feeding on
bottom organism.

6. 1. Compared to common fish ,shrimp are slow in
digesting fats.
2. Their capacity to digest carbohydrates is also
not very high.
3. They mainly digest proteins. In view of their
growth ,which involves repeated moulting ,it is
necessary to include sufficient quantity of the
feed constituent which can easily help in
formation of chitin.

7. Feed and feeding regime of larvae shrimp :
Nutrient requirements of shrimp vary throughout their life-cycle. For meet the needs of
nutrient requirements larval shrimp proper feeding is needed.
Stage of shrimp
Artificial feed
*
* Feed four times a day.
Natural food
Size (μ)
Nauplius - Phytoplankton
Zoea 147 Chaetoceros + Rotifer
Mysis - P
2
<165 Brine shrimp + Rotifer
P
3
- P
7
>165 Artificial diet only
P
7
- P
20
"

8. FEED
FORMULATION
OF
SHRIMP

9. FEED FORMULATION
 Feed formulation is the combination of raw materials to satisfy the
pre established nutrient requirements of the species and age of fish.
 Raw materials should be selected on their ability to supply particular
nutrients (e.g., protein, energy, essential amino acids and essential
fatty acids) at the lowest cost.
 This assumes that nutrients present in different feedstuffs have the
same nutritional value, which permits the combination of many
different nutrient sources in different proportions to satisfy a given
set of nutrient requirements for a particular fish.
 However, the fact that a nutrient is chemically measurable in a given
feedstuff does not necessarily mean that it is biologically available.
 Feed formulation usually follows a certain sequence of virtually trial
and error steps.

10. FEED FORMULATION
So the procedure for feed formulation is as follows:
 Step1 – Use least cost analysis to select protein and energy
sources.
 Step2 – Ensure that these sources will provide the desired
levels of essential amino acids (EAA) and essential fatty acids
(EFA).
 Step3 – Remember that a better nutrient balance is likely to
be achieved by using several feedstuffs in combination.
 Step4 – Balance crude protein level.
 Step5 – Balance digestible energy level.
 Step6 – Calculate the levels of EAA and EFA in the finished
feed (if possible) and if these do not satisfy the requirements
of the carp, steps 4 and 5 are repeated.
 Step7 – Add binders, vitamins & minerals

11. Proteins and amino acids
 Protein are a large class of nitrogenous substance of a complex
union of amino acids and containing carbon (50%),
oxygen(22%), hydrogen (0.7%) and other elements such as
sulphur, phosphorus , iron and iodine. Nitrogen (16%) is the
most important element of protein.
 The basic units of protein are amino acids. There are some
twenty three major amino acids .The ten essential amino acids
can not be synthesized by the organism and have to be
provided for in the feed for aquatic animals. For complete
utilization of the dietary protein the amino acids have to be
balanced.
 Amino acids are not only the building block but are
also involved in growth , maintenance of body tissue
and energy for the well-being of the shrimp produce
hormones and enzymes. 1 g protein produce 4.1 kcal
energy.

12. Contd…
If an adequate protein source is not provided through the diet,
there is a rapid reduction of growth or even a loss of weight
because shrimp may withdraw protein from some tissues to
maintain the function of more vital tissues.
In addition to species, food-habit, age and water temperature,
the source of protein and energy levels of the diet as well as
stocking rate affects the protein requirement of shrimp.
Usually protein from animal source give better growth and
survival than plant protein.
The quality of the protein used in feed is also important.

13. Protein requirement(%) of
different species of shrimp
species Common name Requirement
Penaeus aztecus Northern brown
shrimp
25-45
Penaeus indicus Indian white prawn 36-43
Penaeus japonicus Kuruma prawn 35-60
Penaeus
merguiensis
Banana prawn 34-50
Penaeus monodon Tiger prawn 40-50
Penaeus vannamei White leg shrimp 30-35

14. Amino acids profile of Penaeus
monodon(g)
Amino acids Requirment
Arginine 9.16
Histidine 1.52
Isoleucine 3.86
Leucine 8.04
Lysine 6.83
Methionine 2.01
Phnylalanine 4.02
Tyrosine 3.05
Valine 3.70

15. carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are major source of dietary energy which
can be used to meet the entire metabolic energy
requirements leaving proteins for growth.
 1g carbohydrate produced 4.0 kcal energy.
 Carbohydrates are present in small quantities in the
shrimp body as glycogen, sugars and their derivatives.
Carbohydrate or saccharides are generally composed of
carbon, hydrogen , oxygen

16. Contd….
 In shrimp carbohydrate are important as energy source for
chitin synthesis and synthesis of non-essential fatty acids.
However, there are different in utilization of the
carbohydrate source. Monosaccharide such as glucose,
galactose and fructose inhibit the growth of brown
shrimp(Penaeus aztecus), kuruma shrimp(Penaeus japonicus).
 On the other hand disaccharides like sucrose, maltose and
polysaccharide such as dextrin and starch have high nutritive
value as carbohydrate source.
 Chitin is a linear polysaccharide with the formula(C6H13O5)n
and the major component of exoskeleton of shrimp. Due to
moulting this has to be steadily replaced. It is synthesised
from glucose via glucomine, a precursor of chitin.

17. fats
 Fats are the fatty acid esters of glycerol and are the
primary energy depots of shrimp. Aquatic animal ( like
shrimp) are able to metabolise lipid readily, particularly
when deprived of food.
 Dietary lipids have two major function .They are
sources of energy and fatty acids. The metabolizable
energy of fat is estimated to be 9.1 Kcal/g.
 Dietary lipids help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
and in addition play a very important role in the structure
of biological membranes such as phospholipids and
sterols esters.
 Lipids are also important in textural and flavor properties
of shrimp. Fats are easily digested (digestibility about
90% or higher) and assimilated by fishes.

18. Contd…
 In shrimp the requirement of fat is lower than for fish.
Recommendation are in the range of 4.0 to 10.0% for marine
shrimp.
 The reproductive performance of shrimp is insufficient when
there is lack of essential fatty acids(EFA). In the presence of
phospholipids larval Penaeus japonicus required less PUFA
than post larval stage.
 Shrimp have a dietary requirement for sterols because they are
incapable of synthesising de novo sterols from acetate and
mevalonic acid. Diet supplementation with o.25 to 1.0%
cholesterol meets the requirements of shrimp.

19. vitamins
 Vitamins are organic compounds required in trace amounts in the
function of most forms of life but which some organisms are unable to
synthesize. Like other aquatic animals ,Shrimps meet their vitamin
requirements from natural food in ponds. Since vitamins play a major role
in maintaining most of the physiological and metabolic processes of
shrimps, these are to be supplied in artificial complete feed and also
supplementary feeds.
 Vitamin A is involved in calcium transport across some membranes,
in reproduction and embryonic development.
 Vitamin D stimulates absorption of calcium from the intestine.
 Vitamin E protects highly unsaturated fatty acids in lipids of
biological membranes from oxidation in the presence of molecular
oxygen.
 Vitamin requirements of Shrimp are affected by the size, age and
growth rate of fishes, environmental factors. Table-gives the
quantitative requirements of vitamins in Penaeus monodon.

20. Vitamin Penaeus monodon
(mg/kg diet)
deficiency
Thiamin 30-32 Nervousness, fading of body colour.
Riboflavin 20-23 Skin and fin hemorrhages, mortality.
Pyridoxine 50-53 Nervous disorders
Pantothenic acid 75-77
Poor growth, anemia, skin hemorrhages,
exophthalmia.
Nicotinic acid 150 Skin hemorrhages, mortality
Biotin o.5 Poor growth
Folic acid 5 None detected
Vitamin B12 20 None detected
Choline 400 Fatty liver
Inositol 300 Skin lesions
Ascorbic acid 1000
Scoliosis and lordosis and impaired collagen
formation
Vitamin A 4000 IU
Faded colour, exophthalmia, warped operculum,
fin and skin hemorrhages
Vitamin D 1000 IU Not tested
Vitamin E 100 Muscular dystrophy, mortality
Vitamin K 5-7 Not tested

21. minerals
• Minerals are important nutrients as these are
required for normal bone, tissue, exoskeleton,
blood plasma and hemoglobin or hemocyanin
formations and also for many enzymatic
reactions. Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) are
required for the formation of skeletal tissues.
• Calcium is also essential for blood clotting, muscle
function, proper nerve impulse transmission,
osmoregulation and for serving as a cofactor
during various enzymatic processes.

22. Macro and trace mineral requirement of
shrimp(%)
Macro mineral
Requirement
Calcium 0.5-1.25
Phosphorus 1.0-2.0
Magnesium o.1-o.3
Sodium o.2-0.6
Potassium 0.7-o.9

23. Trace mineral
Requirement (mg/kg)
Iron 70-300
Copper 10-35
Manganese 20-45
Cobult 5-10
Zinc 90-110
Iodine 30
Selenium 0.1-o.2

24. Summary of nutrient requirements of
shrimps for diet formulation
Nutrient Growth stages requirement
Protein(%) Reproductive stage 38-40
Juvenile 35-37
Adult 28-30
Carbohydrate(%) For all stages 25-35
Lipid including
For all stages 3-7
phopholipids()%
HUFA(%) >0.08
Cholesterol(%) For all stages 0.5-0.6
Vit.C (mg/kg) Grow out 100
Calcoum/phosphorus 1.5-2:1
Zn(mg/kg) 90
Other minerals Quantitative requirements not
yet known
energy Reproductive stage 3.7-4 kcal/g feed
Other stages 2.9-3.2 kcal/g feed

25. conclusion
 The shrimp is one of the high value aquaculture product
emerging from Asia. At present feed is the largest single cost
item, as it constitute 40-60% of operational cost in shrimp
production.
 So the knowledge about the nutritional requirement of shrimp
is very significant for preparation of feed which helps in the
proper growth of shrimp and other physiological and
metabolic processes of shrimps.
 Hence feed to attain higher growth and more efficient feed
conversion ratio needs proper knowledge about the nutritional
requirement of shrimp.
 In this context , the use of feeding attractants will have
relevance in improving feed intake and fed efficiency and to
minimize feed wastage and water pollution.

26. REFERNCES
BOOKS
1. FISH NUTRITION IN AQUACULTURE – Sena S.De Silva & Trevor A. Anderson
2 . Advances in shrimp aquaculture management-S.Felix
WEBSITE
1.Shrimp nutrition in www.google.com
2.www.wikipedia.com