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Similar a Researching your Immigrant Ancestor’ arrival to the
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Researching your Immigrant Ancestor’ arrival to the
- 1. Researching your ImmigrantResearching your Immigrant Ancestors’ arrival to the UnitedAncestors’ arrival to the United StatesStates Kathy Petlewski Genealogy & Local History Librarian Plymouth District Library 2012
- 2. • Question must be answered in the context of history. • Were they leaving for a reason, or coming for a reason? • Reasons for leaving: Religious persecution, crop failures, military conscription, no land in the family, outstanding crimes… • Reasons for coming: abundance of land, promised jobs, freedom of religion, stable government. Why Did Our Ancestors Come toWhy Did Our Ancestors Come to America?America?
- 3. When Did They Come; MajorWhen Did They Come; Major Waves of Immigration after 1800Waves of Immigration after 1800 • First wave: 1815-1862- Irish, British, German, Scandinavians • Second wave: 1865-1890 – Asians, & northwestern Europeans, mostly German • Third wave: 1890-1914 – eastern & southern Europeans (Russian, Greek, Italian, Slovak, Romanian, Turkish, Austro-Hungarian) • Fourth wave: 1965 to present – Asian, Latin American & Caribbean, Middle Eastern
- 4. Where Did They Land in the U.S.?Where Did They Land in the U.S.?
- 5. Ports of Entry – New YorkPorts of Entry – New York • Over 70 Federal Immigrant Stations along the coast of the United States • Of the 5.4 million who arrived in US between 1820 & 1850, 2/3 entered through New York. • By 1860, ¾ of immigrants arrived through New York. • By 1890, 4/5 of immigrants came in through the Port of New York.
- 6. History of N.Y. Port StationsHistory of N.Y. Port Stations • Castle GardenCastle Garden Immigration StationImmigration Station – 1855-1890. Eight million immigrants passed through there. Inadequate to meet later demands. • The Barge OfficeThe Barge Office – 1890-1892, 1897- 1900
- 7. History of N.Y. Port StationsHistory of N.Y. Port Stations • Ellis IslandEllis Island Immigration StationImmigration Station 1892-1954 • Typical price for trip was $35. (steamer) • Approximately 100 million people came through the portals of this center.
- 8. Other Major PortsOther Major Ports • Locust PointLocust Point (Baltimore, MD)(Baltimore, MD) – 2nd leading port of entry between 1867 and 1914. Used by the North German Lloyd Steamship Line which had an agreement with the B & O Railroad. • World War I put an end to most business.
- 9. Angel Island – San Francisco BayAngel Island – San Francisco Bay • Between 1910 and 1940, This place served as the primary debarkation point for immigrants from Punjab, the Philippines, Japan, China, Mexico & Australia. Because of harsh conditions here for the Chinese, and strict laws, it was called Guardian of the Western Gate.
- 10. • Philadelphia PAPhiladelphia PA – Much more important in 18th Century than later. Only 5% of immigrants came through here in 19th Century. • Boston, MA • Charleston, SC • Savannah, GA • New Orleans, LA – Germans went up river to St. Louis & established the beer industry. • Mobile, AL • Galveston, TX Lesser Ports in the 19Lesser Ports in the 19thth CenturyCentury
- 11. Finding Passenger Ship RecordsFinding Passenger Ship Records • Pre – 1820 • No Records exist in the National Archives • Most have been published as printed lists in books. • After 1820 • Microfilmed copy of lists at the National Archives or at the Family History Library. • You may also find information online at sites such as Ellisislandrecords.orgEllisislandrecords.org or Castlegarden.orgCastlegarden.org..
- 12. UsingUsing AncestryAncestry for Passenger Listsfor Passenger Lists • Ancestry LibraryAncestry Library EditionEdition • Must be used in the Library • Both pre 1820 & post 1820 • Info also taken from books.
- 13. Passenger List – Philadelphia 1912Passenger List – Philadelphia 1912 • This is the U.S. Form that was filled out for an arrival in 1912.
- 14. Hamburg Emigration ListsHamburg Emigration Lists • Passenger Lists were also made at the port of departure for many immigrants. • Some on Ancestry & others at LDS Family History Library.
- 15. Emigration Indexes on AncestryEmigration Indexes on Ancestry • Baden, Germany Emigration Index, 1866-1911 • Brandenburg, Prussia Emigration Records • Hamburg Passenger Lists, 1850-1934 • Hamburg Passenger Lists, Handwritten Indexes, 1855-1934 • Irish Canadian Emigration Records, 1823-1849 • Swedish Emigration Records, 1783-1951 • Swiss Emigrants in the 18th Century • Wuerttemberg, Germany Emigration Index
- 16. UsingUsing FamilySearchFamilySearch for Passenger Listsfor Passenger Lists • Border Crossings From Canada to United States, 1895-1956 • Border Crossings From Mexico to United States, 1903-1957 • Massachusetts, Boston Passenger Lists, 1820-1891 • New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island), 1892-1924 • New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1891 • New York, Northern Arrival Manifests, 1902-1956 • Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Case Files of Chinese Immigrants, 1900-1923 • Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Passenger Lists • 25 collections as of May 1, 2012(Some are indexed and some are browsing images only!)
- 17. Other Sources for Passenger ListsOther Sources for Passenger Lists • National Archives –National Archives – AAD web siteAAD web site • http://aad.archives.gov /aad • Choose “genealogy” & then “passenger lists.” • Have both name files and ship files
- 18. What info should you have beforeWhat info should you have before looking for Ship Records ?looking for Ship Records ? 1. Full name of your ancestor. 2. Approximate age at arrival in America 3. Approximate date of arrival in America Where in the world do I find all of this ?
- 19. Places to lookPlaces to look • Birth and/or Death Certificates • Marriage Licenses • Newpaper Obituaries • Tombstones OR…. The United State Census Records !
- 20. United States Census RecordsUnited States Census Records • In 1870 Census, in column 19, there was a check mark if the male was a US citizen. • In the 1900, 1910, 1920 & 1930 Censuses, there is a spot to mark if foreign-born was: − NA = Naturalized American Citizen − AL = Alien − PA = First Papers filed toward citizenship. The 1900 & 1910 Census lists the year of immigration The 1920 Census also lists the year of naturalization.
- 21. 1910 Census for Michigan1910 Census for Michigan
- 22. 1920 U.S. Census for Michigan1920 U.S. Census for Michigan
- 23. Naturalization ProcessNaturalization Process • According to Act of January 29 1795. • Declaration of Intention filed 3 years before admission as a citizen. (In 1824 this was shortened to two years.) • Residence of five years in the United States, one in state where naturalization takes place. • Oath of Allegiance and be of good moral character • Renunciation of any title of nobility and foreswearing of allegiance to foreign power.
- 24. Naturalization Process –Naturalization Process – Exceptions to the RuleExceptions to the Rule • Derivative citizenship granted to wives and minor children of naturalized men. From 1790 – 1922, wives of naturalized men automatically became citizens. • In 1922, women who were 21 years of age and older were entitled to citizenship. Residency requirement to file a declaration of intention was waived. • From 1824 to 1906, minor aliens who had lived in the US five years before their 23rd birthday could file both their declarations & petitions at the same time.
- 25. Naturalization Process –Naturalization Process – More Exceptions to the RuleMore Exceptions to the Rule • With the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868, African Americans automatically became citizens. • Special Consideration given to veterans – After 1862, any veteran could become a citizen after having been here only 1 year. (1918 law allowed over 192,000 aliens from WW I to become citizens immediately after serving in the War.) • The Citizen Act of 1924 provided that all “non- citizen Indians born within the territorial limits of the United States” be citizens.
- 26. Naturalization RecordsNaturalization Records • Pre-1906 • No uniform standards for amount or type of information asked on Naturalization Records. • No special place to store these records – could be in any court of record, in libraries, archives – or destroyed. • Very little biographical information found in these older records.
- 27. Naturalization RecordsNaturalization Records • After Sept. 27,1906 • Bureau of Immigration & Naturalization required standardized forms including age, occupation, personal description, date & place of birth, citizenship, present & last foreign addresses, ports of embarkation & entry, name of vessel and date of arrival in US. • Duplicate copies of these forms were sent to Bureau of Naturalization in Washington DC & a third copy kept in naturalizing court. (Original went to citizen.)
- 28. Naturalization ProcessNaturalization Process 1. Declaration of Intent 18411. Declaration of Intent 1841
- 29. Naturalization ProcessNaturalization Process 2. Petition for Naturalization2. Petition for Naturalization
- 30. Naturalization ProcessNaturalization Process 3. Certificate of Naturalization3. Certificate of Naturalization
- 31. Declaration of Intention 1915Declaration of Intention 1915
- 32. Declaration of Intention, 1930Declaration of Intention, 1930
- 33. Finding Records OnlineFinding Records Online • Ancestry Library EditionAncestry Library Edition – − U.S. Naturalization Records Indexes, 1794-1995 − Selected U.S. Naturalization Records - Original Documents, 1790-1974 − U.S. Naturalization Records - Original Documents, 1795-1972 (World Archives Project) − Index to Petitions for Naturalization filed in New York City, 1792-1989 − Pennsylvania, U.S. Naturalization Originals, 1795- 1930
- 34. Finding Records OnlineFinding Records Online • Fold3.comFold3.com – − Naturalization petitions for the Southern District Of California, 1887-1949. − Naturalization records in this publication include petitions and oaths for new citizens in New Orleans, Louisiana from 1838 to 1861. − Petitions and records of naturalizations of the U.S. District and Circuit courts of the District of Massachusetts, 1906-1929. − Index cards for locating naturalization records for soldiers serving in the U.S. Armed Forces during World War I.
- 35. Finding Records OnlineFinding Records Online • FamilySearch.orgFamilySearch.org – − Wisconsin, Dane County Naturalization Records, 1887-1945 − West Virginia, Naturalization Records, 1814-1991 − United States, New England Naturalization Index, 1791-1906 − Texas, Naturalization Records, 1906-1989 − California, Northern U.S. District Court Naturalization Index, 1852-1989 − Illinois, Northern District Naturalization Index, 1840-1950
- 36. Ordering Records OnlineOrdering Records Online
- 37. Questions & CommentsQuestions & Comments
Notas del editor
- The reasons for coming to America were unique to each person, but it’s best to look at what was happening in their native country as a starting point. We’ve all heard of the various religious groups who left Europe to escape persecution. Among the early groups were the Huguenots who fled from France to New York, Pennsylvania and South Carolina; the Palatines who left the German Rhineland to settle in Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Later groups would include the Jews Who fled Russia and other eastern European countries to escape the Pogroms of the late 19th century and Nazi Germany in the 20th Century. When we think of crop failures as a reason for emigration, the Irish Potato Famine of the 1840’s comes to mind, but other countries in Europe also suffered major crop failures throughout the 19th Century, including Germany, and several of the Scandinavian countries. Between 1850 & 1860 a famine hit Sweden that killed many thousands of people. Their population had doubled between 1750 & 1850 and tillable land was getting scarce. All of these factors prompted a massive movement of Swedes between 1861 & 1881 to the United States. Fear of military conscription was another motive of immigrants in the 19th Century, especially those who lived in Prussia, which included most of Germany and parts of other countries such as Poland.
- Tonight I’m not going to dwell on those settlers who came to America during the Colonial Period, prior to the American Revolution. There tend to be passenger lists in book form, on CD-ROM, and now online for a majority of these individuals. Rather, my talk tonight will be limited to the waves of immigrants who arrived in America during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. A collection of upwards of thirty thousand names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French and other immigrants in Pennsylvania from 1727-1776 : with a statement of the names of ships, whence they sailed, and the date of their arrival at Philadelphia, chronologically arranged, together with the necessary historical and other notes, also, an appendix containing lists of more than one thousand German and French names in New York prior to 1712 / by I. Daniel Rupp. Ref. 292.11 Immigrants to the middle colonies : a consolidation of ship passenger lists and associated data from the New York genealogical and biographical record / edited by Michael Tepper. Ref 292.11 First wave started coming right after the War of 1812 Norwegians arrived in the mid 1820s in search of religious freedom. The Swedes started in the 1830s and 40s in search of more land. In Germany, group settlements started, with first a few settlers coming and then bringing more later. By the 1840’s, the German government was paying paupers to leave, and deporting revolutionaries after a failed revolt in 1848. Along with those, many artisans and professions make the trek to America in the period of the 1840s & 1850s. The series of potato crop failures led to the Irish Famine 1845-1851. Mass immigration started to New York and Boston. By 1850, the Irish made up 43% of the foreign born population. The first wave of increasing English immigration began in the late 1820s and was sustained by unrest in the United Kingdom until it peaked in 1842 and declined slightly for nearly a decade. Most of these were small farmers and tenant farmers from depressed areas in rural counties in southern and western England and urban laborers who fled from the depressions and from the social and industrial changes of the late 1820s-1840s. While some English immigrants were drawn by dreams of creating model utopian societies in America, most others were attracted by the lure of new lands, textile factories, railroads, and the expansion of mining. Industrial Revolution started in America in approx. 1797, much later than in Great Britain. SECOND WAVE: Germany was wracked by a series of wars – 1866 the Austro-Prussian War and 1870/71, the Franco-German War. Many left for America during this period of unrest. The Chinese arrive in large numbers due to the gold rush and to help build the Transcontinental Railroad. This led to the Page Act of 1875 to limit number of “cheap Chinese labor.” The Polish immigration was fueled by a desire for land – called “for bread” immigrants. This first and large group of immigrants is difficult to account for since they came from Poland when Poland did not exist as a separate country but was partitioned between Prussia, Russia and Austria. So they were registered as citizens of these countries rather than Poland.
- In the 1920 Census for Calumet Township, Houghton County Michigan, My great-grandfather, John Petlewski is listed as immigrating to the United States in 1881 and the next column indicates that he is a naturalized American
- This 1920 Census for Houghton County Michigan shows that my great-grandfather, John Petlewski, arrived in the United States in 1879. He is listed as NA – meaning Naturalized American – and gives his naturalization year as 1901.
- Declaration of Intentions were usually filed three to seven years before becoming a citizen. Often filed shortly after arrival in this country, sometimes year the port of arrival. Final papers did not have to be filed in the same court or even the same state as the first papers, since the immigrant may have moved during that time period. The residency requirement was waived after 1922.
- You may also find Naturalization Depositions, also known as affidavits of witnesses - - normally two witnesses who could attest to the length of residence of the applicant in the U.S. These were submitted at the time the Petition for Naturalization was filed. These depositions contain the name and address of the witness; name and residence of the applicant; statement of length of residence for applicant, and a statement of the applicant’s character. The Petition for Naturalization were sent to the court to petition to grant citizenship. They should show where the declaration of intention was filed, along with the applicant’s name, current residence, occupation, date of birth , port of entry and date of entry. Later Petitions include much more, such as physical descriptions and photographs (after 1940).
- The Certificate of Naturalization and Oath of Allegiance registered the granting of citizenship. The person who was naturalized kept the original certificate but copies were kept by the courts. These are usually less informative than the first papers, but after 1929 they did contain a photograph of the new citizen.