Krannich Solar organizó en la Feria de Concreta (Oporto) unas jornadas formativas sobre energía solar fotovoltaica. Alexander Sami de Kaco presentó una de las ponencias de "Energía Solar Fotovoltaica para profesionales II".

1. Titelseite
Welcome to KACO new energy
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KACO new energy 1

2. Titelseite
We turn passion into power
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KACO new energy 2

3. Produkte
Our Products
- Photovoltaics -
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Our Products 3

4. Why choose KACO?
 Full range of inverters for ANY application
 High quality because all products made in Germany
 Guaranteed high yields and efficiency by using newest technology and
innovations
 Accordance to newest medium and low voltage official guidelines
 CO2 neutral production, environmentally-conscious company philosophy
 7 years factory warranty on all string inverters (5 years standard + 2 years if
registered online), extendable up to 25 years for an additional fee.
 5 years factory warranty on all XP central inverters (3 years standard + 2
years if registered online), maintenance contract can be extended at an
additional fee after expiration of the factory warranty.
 Full technical service on our after-sales hotline: +49-7132-3818-670
 Full commercial service on our sales hotline: +49-7132-3818-164
(For more detailed information call us, or donwload the relevant data sheets on our
website)
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KACO USP‘s 4

5. Flexible individualists
Transformerless inverters for systems up to 8 kVA output
 Our broad base in the Powador range, compact, reliable and
transformerless inverters for residential systems.
 Models available: 3200 / 4200 / 4400 / 6600 / 7700 / 7900 /
8600 / 9600
 Digital controllers included for international use, with country-
specific settings and languages. Noiseless passive convection
cooling guarantees no disturbance. Wide MPP range of
350-600 V, max. 96,5% efficiency, IP 54 for outdoor use.
Spring-type terminal connections (no cabling required).
 All models 6600-9600 have a Sym-Bus for interconnecting
several inverters to generate a three-phase AC current. This
prevents asymmetric grid load. Able to supply reactive power up
to cos phi of 0,8 inductive & capacitive.
Powador 4400
 Use your own solar-generated electricity. The KACO new
energy Powador-priwatt innovation is offered as an accessory.
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6. Technical details of our Powador 3200-9600 models
 3200: 3,2 kWDC UDC: 350-600 VMPP 800 VOC Rated output: 2.6 kVA, max. 2.85 kVA
 4400: 4,4 kWDC UDC: 350-600 VMPP 800 VOC Rated output: 3.6 kVA, max. 4.0 kVA
 5300: 5,3 kWDC UDC: 350-600 VMPP 800 VOC Rated output: 4.4 kVA, max. 4.8 kVA
 5500: 5,5 kWDC UDC: 350-600 VMPP 800 VOC Rated output: 4.6 kVA, max. 5.06 kVA
 6600: 6,6 kWDC UDC: 350-600 VMPP 800 VOC Rated output: 5.5 kVA, max. 6.0 kVA
 7700: 7,7 kWDC UDC: 350-600 VMPP 800 VOC Rated output: 6.4 kVA
 7900: 7,9 kWDC UDC: 350-600 VMPP 800 VOC Rated output: 6.65 kVA
 8600: 8,6 kWDC UDC: 350-600 VMPP 800 VOC Rated output: 7.2 kVA
 9600: 9,6 kWDC UDC: 350-600 VMPP 800 VOC Rated output: 8.0 kVA
 7700 models upwards have 4 integrated string fuses
 Number of MPP controllers: 1
 Communications devices: RS485, S0, Sym-Bus
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7. Flexible individualists
Galvanically isolated inverters for systems up to 5 kVA output
 Our broad base in the Powador range, compact, reliable and
galvanically isolated inverters for residential systems.
 Available models: 2002 / 3002 / 4202 / 5002 / 6002
 HF-transformer to have low weight at high efficiency, spring-
type terminal connections (no cabling required). Optionally
available with positive or negative earthing kit.
 Digital controllers included for international use, with country-
specific settings and languages. 2002 – 4202 models have
noiseless passive convection cooling which means no
disturbance. Wide MPP range of 200-510 V, efficiency max.
96,0 %, outdoor application through IP 54
 Use your own solar-generated electricity. The KACO new
energy Powador-priwatt innovation is offered as an accessory. Powador 2002
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8. Technical details of our Powador 2002-6002 models
 2002: 2.0 kWDC UDC: 125-510 VMPP 600 VOC 1,65 kVA
 3002: 3,0 kWDC UDC: 200-510 VMPP 600 VOC 2,5 kVA
 4202 : 4.0 kWDC UDC: 200-510 VMPP 600 VOC 3,5 kVA
 5002 : 5.0 kWDC UDC: 200-510 VMPP 600 VOC 4,2 kVA
 6002 : 6.0 kWDC UDC: 200-510 VMPP 600 VOC 5,0 kVA
 Number of strings: 3
 Number of MPP controllers: 1
 Communication devices: RS232, RS485, S0
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9. Our “Threevolution”
Powador three-phase transformerless inverters up to 12,5 kVA AC output
 Highest flexibility with our high performance three-phase
transformerless inverters. Suitable for any application.
 Models available: 10.0 / 12.0 / 14.0 TL3
 Features: Max. 98% efficiency
 Asymmetrical or symmetrical loading. Use your own
solar-generated electricity. The KACO new energy
Powador-priwatt innovation is offered as an accessory.
 Integrated data logger incl. web server and integrated
DC isolator switch.
 Able to supply reactive power up to cos phi of 0,8
inductive & capacitive.
 Modern graphical display with many configuration
options, optional individual designer case available.
 2 MPP-trackers (each 2 strings), use one tracker for Powador 10.0 TL3
100% output or reach 100% with a combination of both.
IP 65 for outdoor applications. Weight: only 40 kg
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10. Technical details of our Powador 10.0 / 12.0 / 14.0 TL3 models
 10.0 TL3: 10,0 kWDC UDC: *350-800 VMPP 1000 VOC 9,0 kVAAC
 12.0 TL3 : 12,0 kWDC UDC: *350-800 VMPP 1000 VOC 10,0 kVAAC
 14.0 TL3 : 14,0 kWDC UDC: *350-800 VMPP 1000 VOC 12,5 kVAAC
(*starts at 250V with slightly lower standard efficiency through a boost
converter)
 Number of strings: 4 (2 each MPP controller)
 Number of MPP controllers: 2
 Communications devices: Ethernet, USB, RS485, S0 output
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11. Our “Threevolution”
Powador three-phase transformerless inverters up to 33,3 kVA AC output
 Highest flexibility, high performance transformerless three-
phase inverters for any application.
 Available models: 30.0 / 37.5 / 39.0 TL3
 Features: Max. 98% efficiency
 Asymmetrical or symmetrical loading. Use your own solar-
generated electricity. The KACO new energy Powador-
priwatt innovation is offered as an accessory.
 Available in „M“ or „XL“ version with 3 MPP-trackers, each
able to process up to 20 kW or up to max. inverter rated
output. IP 54 for outdoor applications. Weight: 151 kg
 Integrated data logger incl. web server and integrated DC
isolator switch.
 Able to supply reactive power up to cos phi of 0,8
inductive & capacitive. Powador 30.0 TL3
 Also an option for efficient large plants in the Megawatt
class, with a decentral design.
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12. Technical details of our Powador 30.0 / 37.5 / 39.0 TL3 models
 30.0 TL3: 30,0 kWDC UDC: *350-800 VMPP 1000 VOC 25,0 kVAAC
 37.5 TL3 : 37,5 kWDC UDC: *350-800 VMPP 1000 VOC 30,0 kVAAC
 39.0 TL3 : 39,0 kWDC UDC: *350-800 VMPP 1000 VOC 33,3 kVAAC
(*starts at 250V with slightly lower standard efficiency through a boost
converter)
 Number of strings: „M“ version: 3 (1 each MPP controller)
„XL“ version: 12 (4 each MPP controller)
 XL versions have an integrated generator junction box, including a fuse and
overvoltage protection for each string. M versions have only 1 string each
MPP controller (optional use with our „Powador Mini-Argus“.)
 Communications devices: Ethernet, USB, RS485, S0 output
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13. Our “Threevolution”
Powador three-phase galvanically isolated inverters up to 15,0 kVA AC output
 Available models: 16.0 & 18.0 TR3
 Features: Efficiency max. 96,2%, 3 MPP-trackers (each 3
strings = total 9 strings) each tracker can take up to 5,5 kW
 Rated IP 54 for outdoor applications. Weight: only 80 kg
 HF-transformator to have low weight at high efficiency
 Integrated data logger incl. web server and integrated DC
isolator switch.
 Able to supply reactive power up to cos phi of 0,8 inductive &
capacitive.
Powador 18.0 TR3
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14. Technical details of our Powador 16.0 + 18.0 TR3 models
 16.0 TR3: 16,0 kWDC UDC: 200-510 VMPP 600 VOC 13,5 kVAAC
 18.0 TR3 : 18,0 kWDC UDC: 200-510 VMPP 600 VOC 15,0 kVAAC
 Number of strings: 9 (3 each MPP controller)
 Number of MPP controllers: 3
 Communications devices: Ethernet, USB, RS485, S0 output
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15. Reliable power packs – X’treme Power
Powador XP central inverters with transformer for 100 kW and more
 High performance galvanically isolated central inverters for any
application. State-of-the-art, DSP-based technology for highest
performance, reliability and efficiency.
 Available models: XP100-HV, XP200-HV, XP250-HV
 Fully digital inverter offering extensive interface and diagnostic
options, high availability e. g. by redundant internal supply and
efficient cooling, patented PWM (pulse-width modulation)
method for improved MPP control characteristics
 Fabulous error tracing and monitoring possibilities with integrated
software and TFT-LCD color touchscreen, optimized for large
solar plants combined with our other logging and monitoring
devices.
 Able to supply reactive power up to cos phi of 0,8 inductive &
capacitive. (acc. to German medium voltage guideline)
 XP inverters are all IP21, therefore need to be operated within Powador XP100-HV
some kind of housing.
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16. Technical details of our Powador XP100-HV / XP200-HV / XP250-HV
models:
 XP 100-HV: 110 kWDC* UDC: 450-830 VMPP 1000 VOC 100 kVAAC
 XP 100-HV : 220 kWDC* UDC: 450-830 VMPP 1000 VOC 200 kVAAC
 XP 250-HV : 275 kWDC* UDC: 450-830 VMPP 1000 VOC 250 kVAAC
* (rec. max. module power)
 Output voltage: 400V (+/-10%)
 Communications devices: Ethernet, USB, RS485, 1x S0 input, 1x S0 output,
SD card, 1x digital input, 1x digital output, 4x analog inputs
 AC and DC surge protection
 Efficiency: max. 97,4 %
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17. Reliable power packs – X’treme Power
Powador XP central inverters tranformerless for 200 kW and more
 High performance central inverters for any type of module. State-of-the-art,
DSP-based technology for highest performance, reliability and efficiency.
 Available models: XP200-HV TL, XP250-HV TL, XP350-HV TL, XP500-HV TL
(available from Q4/2012)
 Fully digital inverter offering extensive interface and diagnostic options, high
availability e. g. by redundant internal supply and efficient cooling, patented
PWM (pulse-width modulation) method for improved MPP control characteristics
 Fabulous error tracing and monitoring possibilities
with integrated software and TFT-LCD color touchscreen,
optimized for large solar plants combined with our logging
and monitoring devices.
 Able to supply reactive power up to cos phi of
0,8 inductive & capacitive.
(in accordance with German medium voltage guideline)
 XP inverters are all IP21, therefore require housing.
Powador XP500-HV TL
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18. Technical details of our Powador XP200-HV TL / XP250-HV TL /
XP350-HV TL / XP500-HV TL models:
 XP 200-HV TL: 220 kWDC* UDC: 450-830 VMPP 1000 VOC 200 kVAAC
 XP 250-HV TL: 275 kWDC* UDC: 450-830 VMPP 1000 VOC 250 kVAAC
 XP 350-HV TL: 385 kWDC* UDC: 450-830 VMPP 1000 VOC 350 kVAAC
 XP 500-HV TL: 550 kWDC* UDC: 550-830 VMPP 1000 VOC 500 kVAAC
*(rec max. module power)
 Output voltage: 3x290V (+/-10%) (XP500: 3x370V +/-10%)
 Communications devices: Ethernet, USB, RS485, 1x S0 input, 1x S0 output,
SD card, 1x digital input, 1x digital output, 4x analog inputs
 AC and DC surge protection
 Efficiency: max. 98,5 %
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19. Compact Power Base
The Powador 500 Kilowatt-Station
 The steel station includes: 2 pcs Powador XP250-HV TL, an integrated medium
voltage transformer and a switchstation for medium voltage grid connection
 Delivered turnkey ready at your plant for direct installation, only 11 tons!
 Communication devices: Ethernet, USB, RS485, 1x S0 input, 1x S0 output,
SD card, 1x digital input, 1x digital output, 4x analog inputs
 550 kWDC UDC: 450-830VMPP
 1000 VOC 500 kVAAC
 Efficiency: 98,1 %
 Ideal for large solar plants
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20. Ultimate Power Base
The Powador Megawatt-Station
 The concrete station includes: 3 pcs Powador XP350-HV TL, an integrated medium
voltage transformer and a switchstation for medium voltage grid connection
 Delivered turnkey ready at your plant for direct installation
 Communication devices: Ethernet, USB, RS485, 1x S0 input, 1x S0 output,
SD card, 1x digital input, 1x digital output, 4x analog inputs
 1155 kWDC UDC: 450-830VMPP
 1000 VOC 1050 kVAAC
 Efficiency: 98,3 %
 Ideal for large solar plants
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21. Powerful helpers for high-end power plants
 The assistant for large PV-plants, our string monitoring
box Powador Argus.
 Available with 16 or 24 DC input strings up to 16 mm², DC
connection to the inverter max. 240 mm². 16 string version
with 2 DC switches, 24 string version with 3 DC switches.
Connection protocol RS 485, IP 65 for outdoor applications,
weight approx. 43 kg.
Powador Argus
 Separate monitoring for each string including a fuse and
overvoltage protection. By connecting the Argus box to
the Powador-proLOG the monitoring is local-independent.
 The Powador Mini-Argus is a small version of the Powador
Argus, with a maximum of 5 strings with up to 16 mm²,
for connection to the inverter max. 35 mm². The maximum
each inverter is 3 Powador Mini-Argus.
It also includes a DC switch, overvoltage protection and
string fuses.
 The Powador Mini-Argus was especially designed in addition
to our Powador 30.0-39.0 TL3 series as the “M” version. The Powador Mini-Argus
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XL version already has these features all included.
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22. Powador-miniLOG and KACO-viso
Small interconnection and monitoring device
 Stores the data from ONE inverter via RS232
 Includes a 1 GB SD card, stores approx. 35,000
operating hours of inverter data
 One Powador-miniLOG is required for each inverter
 KACO-viso enables visualisation of up to 8 inverters
 KACO-viso supports data import using SD card or USB
Powador-miniLOG
 Data is saved in the event of a grid failure
 Minimum power consumption 1.5 W
 For 8 inverters via RS232
 Via USB adapter (optional)
 LIVE recording on PC (PC = Data logger)
 Inverter has no internal data storage
 Can display recorded data
 Can display charts without restrictions
KACO-viso

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Complimentary download
Our Products 22

23. Powador-LOG
Medium-sized interconnection and monitoring device
 Powador-LOG
- connects to max 6 inverters
- main application: small and medium size plants
- WIFI connection to smartphone
 All devices with Ethernet and WLAN (optional graphical
diaplay possible by using: Powador-monitor or Powador-
web on your PC, TV or mobile phone)
 Offers local evaluation with diagrams and yield information.
Powador-LOG
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Our Products 23

24. Powador-proLOG S, M and XL
Interconnection and monitoring devices for professionals
 Powador-proLOG S
– For systems up to max. 50 kWp via RS485
 Powador-proLOG M/XL
– XP series / `00 series / `02 series / TL3 & TR3 series
 1 address per inverter
– 25/30/33k -xi  3 addresses per inverter Powador-proLOG S
max. 10x 25/30/33k -xi on each Powador-proLOG
(= 30 addresses)
 All devices with Ethernet and display (optional graphical display
possible by using: Powador-monitor or Powador-web)
 Can be configured using Web browser, independent of operating
system. 256 MB memory, available contacting equipment:
– Analogue, ISDN, GSM, GPRS, DSL (for XL version)
 Data can be sent via e-mail, SMS or Fax (or direct display of
measured data)
Powador-proLOG XL
 The most important accessories for the Powador-proLOG XL are:
Solar Sensor (only irradiance or module temperature additionally),
ambient temperature sensor, counter sensor, wind sensor.
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25. Powador-monitor
Display program for evaluation and monitoring
 Local evaluation on PC or similar
 Transmission of data via modem or
Ethernet
 Data import from the CF card
 Enables data to be transmitted and
imported
 Can display charts without restrictions
 LIVE display
 Detailed view of inverters
 Daily, monthly and annual overview
 Alarm notification via Powador-proLOG
only
 Complimentary download Powador-monitor
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26. Powador-web
Display program for evaluation and monitoring
 Independent of operating system, decentral
operation
 Offers worldwide access with a personal password
using any Internet connection
 Imports data automatically
 Additional alarm notification via e-mail, fax, SMS Powador-web
 Graphic presentation and display of all measured
values
 Nominal/current comparison
 Counter management
 Alarm & report feature (by SMS, fax, email)
 Can be displayed on your own web site
 Enables creation of system parks
 Updates are done hourly and centrally by
KACO new energy, high security and permanent
availability of the system
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27. Powador PV-pilot
Our innovation for plant layout and PV system optimization
 Professional and updated design program and yield
simulator for on-grid PV-systems
 Replaces predecessor „KACOCALC Pro“
 Database of all PV module types (permanently
updated) and global irradiation data
 Flexible use by individual module configuration
 Available in German, English, Spanish, French,
Italian and Czech
 String and cabling simulation for lowest system
losses
 Complimentary download
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Our Products 27

28. Our Academy
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Our Academy 28

29. KACO new energy shares knowledge
Photovoltaics in theory and practice
 We do not only sell inverters, we share our
knowledge with you.
 We regularly offers seminars for beginners
and professionals.
 We provide extensive know-how:
-basic electro-technical knowledge
-functioning of a PV system, including our
complete product portfolio
-planning PV plant layouts and optimizing it
-practice lessons on how to bring inverters
into service and onto the grid
Our expert speakers are professionals with
years of experience in the PV industry.
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Our Academy 29

30. What is the advantage of reactive power?
Practical example: electrical grid with an overhead transmission network
Grid connection point
Residential connection 2
Medium voltage grid Residential connection 1
Connecting line
Transformer
P
P
P
20 kV 0,4 kV Load 2
Load 1
UL1
1,1 p.u. = 253 V
1,0 p.u. = 230 V
Length (distance)
0,9 p.u. = 207 V Max. Load (with voltage adjustment)
Max. Load (without voltage adjustment)
 Until now the distribution grid was dimensioned for the consumption case
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How to connect in case of high electrical impedance of the grid? 30

31. What is the advantage of reactive power?
Practical example: electrical grid with an overhead transmission network
PV
Grid connection point
Residential connection 2
Medium voltage grid Residential connection 1
Connecting line
Transformer
P 3~
P
P ~
P
20 kV 0,4 kV
Load 2
Load 1
UL1
1,1 p.u. = 253 V High feed-in with PV PV
power at a weak load
1,0 p.u. = 230 V
Length (distance)
Max. Load (with voltage
0,9 p.u. = 207 V
adjustment)
 The problem with maintaining the voltage level was achieved until now, by expensive
grid expansion including a lot of copper in new cables or stronger transformators.
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How to connect in case of high electrical impedance of the grid? 31

32. What is the use of reactive power?
 Often overvoltage is a problem in combination with PV plants connected to
the local low voltage distribution grid.
 The new postulation in Germany demands that PV plants are supposed to
participate in upholding grid stability during transiently voltage breakdowns
(e.g. a close or far short circuit)
 Typical Portuguese problem: Many small Portuguese low voltage grids have
high impedance due to small transformers and small cable cross sections.
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How to connect in case of high electrical impedance of the grid? 32

33. The problem with phase symmetry
 AC Power grids are available with three phases (L1; L2; L3)
 Theoretically the voltage should be the same for all three phases compared
to the neutral phase.
In practice these three phases are never loaded identically.
 Consequently there are different voltages on each of the three phases
 This makes it more difficult to implement a line regulation within the allowed
tolerances, because none of the three phases (voltages) is allowed to be
outside the tolerance (+/- 10%).
 Concluding from these issues, the larger the voltage fluctuations, the more
important it is to acquire identical voltages within the three phases as far as
possible.
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How to connect in case of high electrical impedance of the grid? 33

34. What is the advantage of reactive power?
Practical example: electrical grid with an overhead transmission network
PV
Grid connection point
Residential connection 2
Medium voltage grid Connecting line Residential connection 1
Transformer
P 3~
P
P ~
P
20 kV 0,4 kV
Load 2
Load 1
UL1
1,1 p.u. = 253 V High feed-in with PV
power at a weak load PV
1,0 p.u. = 230 V Length (distance)
Max. Load (with voltage
0,9 p.u. = 207 V
adjustment)
 The problem with maintaining the voltage level was achieved until now, by expensive
grid expansion including a lot of copper in new cables or stronger transformators.
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How to connect in case of high electrical impedance of the grid? 34

35. What is the advantage of reactive power?
Practical example: electrical grid with an overhead transmission network
PV
Grid connection point
Residential connection 2
Medium voltage grid Connecting line Residential connection 1
Transformer
P 3~
PQ
P ~
P High feed-in with PV
20 kV Q 0,4 kV
power at a weak load Load 2
Load 1
UL1
1,1 p.u. = 253 V Same as above, but
PV
now withdrawing
1,0 p.u. = 230 V reactive power
Length (distance)
0,9 p.u. = 207 V cos ϕ
Max. Load (with voltage adjustment) 0,9/0,95
0,2 0,5 1
 By implementing the cos ϕ regulation it is possible to 1
P/PEmax
prevent expensive grid expansion with copper inside of
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cables and transformers 0,9/0,95
How to connect in case of high electrical impedance of the grid? 35

36. Principals of upholding grid stability – with reactive power
 cos ϕ regulation is implemented by the grid operator
Option 1.) Fixed shift factor of cos ϕ
Option 2.) Shift factor acc. to the cos ϕ (P) –
characteristic curve
cos ϕ
0,9/0,95
inductive capacitive
1
0,2 0,5 1
P/PEmax
0,9/0,95
standard cos ϕ - characteristic curve
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How to connect in case of high electrical impedance of the grid? 36

37. Schematic layout of a PV plant with a „power-regulator“
Broadcast
receiver Control point Medium voltage grid
grid operator e. g. 20 kV Grid operator
P actual Q nominal
Medium voltage
switchgear with
measured value
acquisition PV plant
Reactive power P act
regulator Q act
P nom
Q nom Medium voltage Medium voltage Medium voltage
transformer transformer transformer
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How to connect in case of high electrical impedance of the grid? 37

38. Thank you for your attention!
Contact:
KACO new energy
Carl-Zeiss-Straße 1
D-74172 Neckarsulm
T: 07132-3818-454
F: 07132-3818-703
Alexander.Sami@kaco-newenergy.de
www.kaco-newenergy.de
06/2011
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